الموضوع
:
اعظم 100 كتاب في التاريخ: ما سر هذه العظمة؟- دراسة بحثية
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01-14-2013, 01:39 PM
المشاركة
257
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
Abū-Muhammad Muslih al-Dīn bin Abdallāh Shīrāzī, Saadi Shirazi
[1]
(
Persian
:
ابومحمد مصلح الدین بن عبدالله شیرازی) better known by his pen-name as Saʿdī (
Persian
: سعدی) or simply Saadi, was one of the major
Persian poets
of the medieval period. He is not only famous in
Persian-speaking
countries, but has also been quoted in western sources. He is recognized for the quality of his writings and for the depth of his
social
and
moral
thoughts.
Biography
A native of
Shiraz
, his father died when he was an infant. Saadi experienced a youth of poverty and hardship, and left his native town at a young age for
Baghdad
to pursue a better education. As a young man he was inducted to study at the famous
an-Nizamiyya
center of knowledge (1195–1226), where he excelled in
Islamic sciences
,
law
,
governance
,
history
,
Arabic literature
, and
Islamic theology
.
The unsettled conditions following the
Mongol
invasion of
Khwarezm
and Iran led him to wander for 30 years abroad through
Anatolia
(he visited the Port of
Adana
, and near
Konya
he met proud
Ghazi
landlords),
Syria
(he mentions the famine in
Damascus
),
Egypt
(of its music and
Bazaars
its clerics and elite class), and
Iraq
(the port of
Basra
and the
Tigris
river). He also refers in his work about his travels in
Sindh
(Pakistan across the
Indus
and
Thar
with a Turkic Amir named Tughral), India (especially
Somnath
where he encountered
Brahmans
) and
Central Asia
(where he meets the survivors of the Mongol invasion in Khwarezm).
He also performed the pilgrimage to
Mecca
and
Medina
and also visited
Jerusalem
.
[2]
Saadi traveled through war wrecked regions from 1271 to 1294. Due to Mongol invasions he lived in desolate areas and met caravans fearing for their lives on once lively silk trade routes. Saadi lived in isolated refugee camps where he met bandits, Imams, men who formerly owned great wealth or commanded armies, intellectuals, and ordinary people. While Mongol and European sources (such as
Marco Polo
) gravitated to the potentates and courtly life of
Ilkhanate
rule, Saadi mingled with the ordinary survivors of the war-torn region. He sat in remote teahouses late into the night and exchanged views with merchants, farmers, preachers, wayfarers, thieves, and
Sufi
mendicants. For twenty years or more, he continued the same schedule of preaching, advising, and learning, honing his sermons to reflect the wisdom and foibles of his people. Saadi's works reflects upon the lives of ordinary Iranians suffering displacement, plight, agony and conflict, during the turbulent times of Mongol invasion.
Saadi was also among those who witnessed first-hand accounts of
Baghdad
's destruction by Mongol Ilkhanate invaders led by
Hulagu
during the year 1258. Saadi was captured by
Crusaders
at
Acre
where he spent 7 years as a slave digging trenches outside its fortress. He was later released after the
Mamluks
paid ransom for Muslim prisoners being held in Crusader dungeons.
When he reappeared in his native Shiraz he was an elderly man. Shiraz, under
Atabak Abubakr Sa'd ibn Zangy
(1231–60) was enjoying an era of relative tranquility. Saadi was not only welcomed to the city but was respected highly by the ruler and enumerated among the greats of the province. In response, Saadi took his
nom de plume
from the name of the local prince, Sa'd ibn Zangi. Some of Saadi's most famous panegyrics were composed an initial gesture of gratitude in praise of the ruling house, and placed at the beginning of his
Bustan
. The remainder of Saadi's life seems to have been spent in Shiraz.
The Journey of Saadi Shirazi
Due to the
Mongol Empire
invasion of the
Muslim World
, especially
Khwarizm
and
Persia/Iran
, Saadi like many other Muslims was displaced by the ensuing conflict thus beginning a 30 year journey. He first took refuge at
Damascus
and witnessed the
famine
in one of the most efficient cities of the world. After the frightful
Sack of Baghdad
in 1258 by
Hulegu
and the
Ilkhanate
Horde, Saadi visited
Jerusalem
and then set out on a pilgrimage to
Mecca
and
Medina
. It is also believed that Saadi may have also visited
Oman
an other lands south of the
Arabian Peninsula
.
Saadi then visits
Mamluk
Egypt
, of Sultan
Baibars
. He mentions the
Qadis
,
Muftis
of
Al-Azhar
, the grand
Bazaar
, music and art. At
Halab
Saadi joins a group of
Sufis
who had fought arduous battles against the
Crusaders
. Further Saadi travels to
Turkey
first, mentions the port city of
Adana
and the wealthy
Ghazi
landowners in
Anatolia
.
Saadi mentions Honey-gatherers in
Azerbaijan
, fearful of Mongol plunder. Saadi finally returns to Persia where he meets his childhood companions in
Isfahan
and other cities. At
Khorasan
Saadi befriends a
Turkic
Emir
named Tughral. Saadi joins him and his men on their journey to
Sindh
where he met Pir Puttur, a follower of the
Persian
Sufi
grand master Shaikh Usman Marvandvi (1117–1274),
[3]
Saadi then traveled across the
Indus River
and when they reach the
Thar Desert
, Tughral hires
Hindu
sentinels. Tughral later enters service of the wealthy
Delhi Sultanate
and Saadi is invited to
Delhi
and later visits the
Vizier
of Gujarat. During his stay in
Gujarat
Saadi learns more of the
Hindus
and visits the large temple of
Somnath
; Saadi flees the temple due to an unpleasant encounter with the
Brahmans
.
Soon after Saadi returns to his native
Shiraz
and earns the patronage of its leaders.
رد مع الإقتباس