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The Odyssey
by Homer, Greece, (c 700 BC)
The Greeks attributed both the Iliad and the Odyssey to a single poet whom they named Homer. Nothing is known of his life, though received opinion dates him c. 700 BC and places him in Ionia, the Greek-inhabited coast and islands off central western Turkey. Most modern scholars place the composition of the Iliad in the second half of the eighth century BC. Robert Graves was born in 1895 in Wimbledon. He went from school to the First World War, where he became a captain in the Royal Welch Fusiliers. Apart from a year as Professor of English Literature at Cairo University in 1926 he earned his living by writing, mostly historical novels which include I, Claudius and Claudius the God. He wrote his autobiography, Goodbye to All That in 1929 and it rapidly established itself as a modern classic. He translated Apuleius, Lucan and Suetonius for the Penguin Classics series, and compiled the first modern dictionary of Greek Mythology. He was elected Professor of Poetry at Oxford in 1961, and made an Honorary Fellow of St John's College, Oxford, in 1971. He died on 7 December 1985 in Majorca, his home since 1929.
==
The Odyssey
(
Greek
: Ὀδύσσεια,
Odysseia
) is one of two major ancient
Greek
epic poems
attributed to
Homer
. It is, in part, a
sequel
to the
Iliad
, the other work ascribed to Homer. The poem is fundamental to the modern
Western canon
, and is the second oldest extant work of Western literature, the
Iliad
being the first. It is believed to have been composed near the end of the 8th century BC, somewhere in
Ionia
, the Greek coastal region of
Anatolia
.
[1]
The poem mainly centers on the Greek hero
Odysseus
(or
Ulysses
, as he was known in
Roman
myths) and his journey home after the fall of
Troy
. It takes Odysseus ten years to reach
Ithaca
after the ten-year
Trojan War
.
[2]
In his absence, it is assumed he has died, and his wife
Penelope
and son
Telemachus
must deal with a group of unruly suitors, the
Mnesteres
(Greek: Μνηστῆρες) or
Proci
, who compete for Penelope's hand in marriage.
It continues to be read in the
Homeric Greek
and translated into modern languages around the world. Many scholars believe that the original poem was composed in an
oral tradition
by an
aoidos
(epic poet/singer), perhaps a
rhapsode
(professional performer), and was more likely intended to be heard than read.
[1]
The details of the ancient oral performance, and the story's conversion to a written work inspire continual debate among scholars. The
Odyssey
was written in a poetic dialect of Greek—a literary amalgam of
Aeolic Greek
,
Ionic Greek
, and other
Ancient Greek dialects
—and comprises 12,110 lines of
dactylic hexameter
.
[3]
[4]
Among the most noteworthy elements of the text are its
non-linear
plot, and the influence on events of choices made by women and
serfs
, besides the actions of fighting men. In the
English language
as well as many others, the word
odyssey
has come to refer to an epic voyage.
The
Odyssey
has a lost sequel, the
Telegony
, which was not written by Homer. It was usually attributed in Antiquity to
Cinaethon of Sparta
, but in one source was said to have been stolen from Musaeus by Eugamon or Eugammon of Cyrene (see
Cyclic poets
).
Synopsis
Exposition
The
Odyssey
begins ten years after the end of the ten-year
Trojan War
(that is the subject of the
Iliad
), and Odysseus has still not returned home from the war. Odysseus' son
Telemachus
is about 20 years old and is sharing his absent father’s house on the island of
Ithaca
with his mother
Penelope
and a crowd of 108 boisterous young men, "the Suitors", whose aim is to persuade Penelope to marry one of them, all the while enjoying the hospitality of Odysseus' household and eating up his wealth.
Odysseus’ protectress, the goddess
Athena
, discusses his fate with
Zeus
, king of the
gods
, at a moment when Odysseus' enemy, the god of the sea
Poseidon
, is absent from
Mount Olympus
. Then, disguised as a
Taphian
chieftain named
Mentes
(otherwise known as “Mentor”), she visits Telemachus to urge him to search for news of his father. He offers her hospitality; they observe the Suitors dining rowdily while the bard
Phemius
performs a narrative poem for them. Penelope objects to Phemius' theme, the "Return from Troy",
[5]
because it reminds her of her missing husband, but Telemachus rebuts her objections.
That night Athena, disguised as Telemachus, finds a ship and crew for the true Telemachus. The next morning, Telemachus calls an assembly of citizens of Ithaca to discuss what should be done with the suitors. Accompanied by Athena (still disguised as Mentor), he departs for the Greek mainland and the household of
Nestor
, most venerable of the Greek warriors at Troy, now at home in
Pylos
. From there, Telemachus rides overland, accompanied by Nestor's son,
Peisistratus
, to
Sparta
, where he finds
Menelaus
and
Helen
who are now reconciled. He is told that they returned to
Sparta
after a long voyage by way of
Egypt
. There, on the island of
Pharos
, Menelaus encountered the old sea-god
Proteus
, who told him that Odysseus was a captive of the nymph
Calypso
. Incidentally, Telemachus learns the fate of Menelaus’ brother
Agamemnon
, king of
Mycenae
and leader of the Greeks at Troy: he was murdered on his return home by his wife
Clytemnestra
and her lover
Aegisthus
.
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