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اعظم 100 كتاب في التاريخ: ما سر هذه العظمة؟- دراسة بحثية
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Sep 2009
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Authorship and sources
Sæmundur Sigfússon
(or Sæmundur fróði) (
Sæmundur the Learned
) (1056–1133) was an Icelandic priest and scholar. Sæmundur is known to have studied abroad. Previously it has generally been held that he studied in
France
, but modern scholars rather believe his studies were carried out in
Franconia
. In Iceland he founded a long-lived school at
Oddi
. He was a member of the
Oddaverjar
clan and had the son
Loftur Sæmundsson
.
Sæmundur wrote a work, probably in
Latin
, on the
history of Norwegian kings
. The work is now lost but was used as a source by later authors, including
Snorri Sturluson
. The poem
Nóregs konungatal
summarizes Sæmundur's work. The authorship of the
Poetic Edda
, or, more plausibly, just the editor's role in the compilation, was traditionally attributed to Sæmundur but is not accepted today.
In
Icelandic folklore
, Sæmundur is a larger-than-life character who repeatedly tricks the
Devil
into doing his bidding.
==
Snorri Sturluson
[1]
(1179 – 23 September 1241) was an
Icelandic
historian, poet, and politician. He was twice elected
lawspeaker
at the Icelandic parliament, the
Althing
. He was the author of the
Prose Edda
or
Younger Edda
, which consists of
Gylfaginning
("the fooling of Gylfi"), a narrative of
Norse mythology
, the
Skáldskaparmál
, a book of poetic language, and the
Háttatal
, a list of verse forms. He was also the author of the
Heimskringla
, a history of the
Norwegian
kings that begins with legendary material in
Ynglinga saga
and moves through to early medieval
Scandinavian history
. For stylistic and methodological reasons, Snorri is often taken to be the author of
Egil's saga
.
As an historian and
mythographer
, Snorri is remarkable for proposing the theory (in the Prose Edda) that mythological gods begin as human war leaders and kings whose funeral sites develop cults (see
euhemerism
). As people call upon the dead war leader as they go to battle, or the dead king as they face tribal hardship, they begin to venerate the figure. Eventually, the king or warrior is remembered only as a god. He also proposed that as tribes defeat others, they explain their victory by proposing that their own gods were in battle with the gods of the others.[
citation needed
]
Early biography
Snorri Sturluson was born at Hvammr
[2]
into the wealthy and powerful
Sturlungar
family of the
Icelandic Commonwealth
, in 1179. His parents were Sturla Þórðarson
[3]
of
Hvamm
and Guðný Böðvarsdóttir.
[4]
He had two older brothers,
Þórðr
Sturluson (the oldest) and
Sighvatr Sturluson
.
By a quirk of circumstance he was raised from the age of three (or four) by
Jón Loftsson
, a relative of the Norwegian royal family, in
Oddi
, Iceland. As Sturla was trying to settle a lawsuit with Father Páll Sölvason, the latter's wife lunged suddenly at him with a knife, intending, she said, to make him like his hero
Odin
(who was one-eyed), but bystanders deflected the blow to the cheek. The resulting settlement would have beggared Páll. Jón Loftsson intervened in the Althing to mitigate the judgement and to compensate Sturla, offered to raise and educate Snorri.
Snorri therefore received an education and made connections that he might not otherwise have made. He attended the school of
Sæmundr fróði
, grandfather of Jón Loftsson, at Oddi, and never returned to his parents' home. His father died in 1183 and his mother as guardian soon wasted Snorri's share of the inheritance. Jón Loftsson died in 1197. The two families then arranged a marriage in 1199 between Snorri and Herdís, the first daughter of Bersi. From her father, Snorri inherited an estate at Borg and a chieftainship. He soon acquired more property and chieftainships.
Snorri and Herdís were together for four years at Borg. They had a few children. The marriage succumbed to Snorri's philandering, and in 1206 he settled in
Reykholt
as manager of an estate there, but without Herdís. He made significant improvements to the estate, including a hot outdoor bath (
Snorralaug
). The bath and the buildings have been preserved to some extent. During the initial years at Reykholt he had several more children by different women: Gudrun, Oddny, and Thuridur.
- طبعا لا يمكننا الا ان نسلم بأن مؤلف هذه القصيدة مجهول لكن اذا اخذنا ان Snorri Sturluson قد ساهم في تأليفها كما هو مذكور اعلاه فانظروا ماذا ترون في سيرته الذاتية اعلاه انه طفل متبنى.
مجهول الطفولة.
رد مع الإقتباس