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Metamorphoses
by Ovid, Italy, (c 43 BC)
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==
Publius Ovidius Naso was born in Italy on 20 March 43 BC. He was educated in Rome and worked as a public official before taking up poetry full-time. His earliest surviving work is the collection of love poems called the Amores, which was followed by the Heroides. The Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love) and the Remedia Amoris (The Cure for Love) were probably written between 2 BC and 2 AD. These were followed by his two epic poems the Fasti and the Metamorphoses. In 8 AD Ovid fell out of favour with the Emperor Augustus due to a 'carmen et error' ('a poem and a mistake') and was banished to what is now Romania. While in exile he wrote Tristia, Ibis and the Epistulae ex Ponto which consists of letters appealing for help in his efforts to be recalled to Rome. Ovid died in exile in 18 AD.
==
Metamorphoses
(from the
Greek
μεταμορφώσεις, "transformations") is a
Latin
narrative poem
in fifteen books by the
Roman
poet
Ovid
, describing the history of the world from its
creation
to the deification of
Julius Caesar
within a loose mythico-historical framework. Completed in AD 8, it is recognized as a masterpiece of
Golden Age
Latin literature
. One of the most-read of all classical works during the
Middle Ages
, the
Metamorphoses
continues to exert a profound influence on Western culture.
Content
Ovid works his way through his subject matter, often in an apparently arbitrary fashion, by jumping from one transformation tale to another, sometimes retelling what had come to be seen as central events in the world of
Greek mythology
and sometimes straying in odd directions. The poem is often called a
mock-epic
[
citation needed
]. It is written in
dactylic hexameter
, the form of the great heroic and nationalistic
epic poems
, both those of the ancient tradition (the
Iliad
and the
Odyssey
) and of Ovid's own day (the
Aeneid
of
Virgil
). It begins with the ritual "invocation of the
muse
", and makes use of traditional
epithets
and
circumlocutions
. But instead of following and extolling the deeds of a human
hero
, it leaps from story to story with little connection.
The recurring theme, as with nearly all of Ovid's work, is love—be it personal love or love personified in the figure of
Amor
(
Cupid
). Indeed, the other
Roman gods
are repeatedly perplexed, humiliated, and made ridiculous by
Amor
, an otherwise relatively minor god of the
pantheon
, who is the closest thing this putative mock-epic has to a hero.
Apollo
comes in for particular ridicule as Ovid shows how irrational love can confound the god out of
reason
. The work as a whole inverts the accepted order, elevating humans and human passions while making the gods and their desires and conquests objects of low humor.
The
Metamorphoses
can be said to be unique in that it is the only Latin mock-epic to have an epilogue. This epilogue (Book 15, lines 871–879) is Ovid's way of telling his readers that everything is in flux, but that the exception to this is the
Metamorphoses
, "Now stands my task accomplished, such a work as not the wrath of
Jove
, nor fire nor sword nor the devouring ages can destroy". The idea that this implies is that the authors gain "immortality" through the survival of their works.
==
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