الموضوع
:
اعظم 100 كتاب في التاريخ: ما سر هذه العظمة؟- دراسة بحثية
عرض مشاركة واحدة
01-08-2013, 06:56 PM
المشاركة
177
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
Robert Musil (German:
[ˈmuːzɪl]
or [ˈmuːsɪl]; 6 November 1880 – 15 April 1942)
[1]
was an
Austrian
writer
. His unfinished novel
The Man Without Qualities
(
German
:
Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften
) is generally considered to be one of the most important
modernist
novels
. However, the novel has not been widely read both because of its delayed publication and intricate, lengthy plot. It is, nonetheless, a significant literary achievement that foresaw the impending disaster in Europe after the
first world war
.
Family
Musil was the son of engineer Alfred
Edler von
[1]
Musil (1846,
Temesvár
– 1924) and his wife Hermine Bergauer (1853,
Linz
– 1924), who lived together with an unrelated "uncle" Heinrich Reiter (born 1856), the houseguest in the Musil family. The family moved to
Chomutov
until October 1881, and in 1891 father was appointed to the chair of Mechanical Engineering at the German
Technical University in Brno
, and awarded a hereditary nobility in the
Austro-Hungarian Empire
shortly before it collapsed. He was a second cousin of orientalist
Alois Musil
.
[2]
Hermine Bergauer was the daughter of a
Bohemian German
engineer,
Franz (Xaver von) Bergauer
(3 December 1805,
Hořovice
– 11 October 1886, Linz).
[3]
Biography
-
The young Musil was short in stature, but strong and skilled at wrestling, and by his early teens already more than his parents could handle.
-
Accordingly they sent him to military boarding school at
Eisenstadt
(1892–1894) and then
Hranice
(1894–1897). These school experiences are reflected in his first novel,
Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törless
(
The Confusions of Young Törless
).
-
After graduating as a cadet, Musil briefly studied at a military academy in Vienna during the fall of 1897, but then switched to mechanical
engineering
, joining his father's department at Technical University in Brno.
During his university studies he studied engineering by day, but at night read literature and philosophy, and went to the theatre and art exhibits.
Nietzsche
,
Dostoyevsky
,
Ralph Waldo Emerson
, and
Ernst Mach
were particular interests of his university years. Musil finished his studies in three years, then in 1902–1903 served as an unpaid assistant to Professor
Julius Carl von Bach
, in
Stuttgart
. During this time he began work on
Young Törless
and invented the device "Musil'scher Farbkreisel", The Musil color top, a simple tool for continuous production of mixed colors by additive color mixing with two differently colored rotating disks.
Even then, however, Musil was growing tired of engineering and what he perceived as the limited world-view of engineers, and rather than settle into an engineering career, he launched a new round of doctoral studies (1903–1908) in psychology and philosophy at the
University of Berlin
under the renowned Professor
Carl Stumpf
. In 1905, Musil had met his future wife, Martha Marcovaldi (née Heinemann, January 21, 1874 – November 6, 1949).
-
She had already been widowed and remarried, with two children, and was seven years older than Musil.
In the midst of these studies his first novel,
Young Törless
, was published in 1906.
In 1909, Musil completed his doctorate and was offered a position by Professor
Alexius Meinong
, at the
University of Graz
, which he turned down to concentrate on writing of novels. Over the next two years, he wrote and published two stories ("The Temptation of Quiet Veronica" and "The Perfecting of a Love") collected in
Vereinigungen
(
Unions
) published in 1911. During this same year, Martha's divorce was completed and Musil married her. Until this time, Musil had been supported by his family, but he now found employment first as a librarian in the
Technical University of Vienna
, and then in an editorial role with the
Berlin Literary Journal
, during which time he worked on a play entitled
Die Schwärmer
(
The Enthusiasts
), which was eventually published in 1921.
-
When
World War I
began, Musil joined the Army, stationed first in
Tirol
, and then away from danger at Austria's Supreme Army Command in
Bolzano
.
In 1916 Musil visited
Prague
and met
Franz Kafka
, whose work he held in high esteem, as he did the work of Bohemian poet
Rainer Maria Rilke
. At the memorial service for Rilke in Berlin, Musil remarked that Rilke was "undervalued" for most of his life, and by the time of his death, he had turned into "a delicate, well-matured liqueur suitable for grown-up ladies", but that his work is "too demanding" to be "considered relaxing".
[5]
After the war's end, and the collapse of the
Austro-Hungarian empire
, Musil returned to his literary career in Vienna. He published a collection of short stories,
Drei Frauen
(
Three Women
), in 1924, and then in 1930 and 1933
[6]
in Berlin - 1,074-page
[7]
Volume 1 (Part I: A Sort of Introduction, and Part II: The Like of It Now Happens) and 605-page unfinished Volume 2 (Part III: Into the Millennium (The Criminals)) of his masterpiece,
The Man Without Qualities
(
Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften
).
[8]
Part III did not include 20 chapters withdrawn from Vol. 2 of 1933 while in printer's galley proofs. The novel deals with the moral and intellectual decline of the Austro-Hungarian empire through the eyes of the book's protagonist Ulrich, an ex-mathematician who has failed to engage with the world around him in a manner that would allow him to possess 'qualities'. It is set in
Vienna
on the eve of
World War I
.
The Man Without Qualities
brought Musil only mediocre commercial success. Though he was nominated for the
Nobel Prize
, he felt he did not receive the recognition he deserved. He sometimes expressed annoyance at the success of more famous colleagues like
Thomas Mann
or
Hermann Broch
, who admired his work deeply, and, moved by his material poverty, tried to shield him against daily worries and encouraged him to further his literary work, even though Musil was initially critical of Mann.
In the early 1920s Musil lived mostly in Berlin. In Vienna Musil was a frequent visitor to
Eugenie Schwarzwald's
salon (the model for
Diotima
in
The Man Without Qualities
). In 1932, the Robert Musil Society was founded in Berlin on the initiative of Thomas Mann. The same year Thomas Mann was asked to name an eminent contemporary novel and he cited exclusively
The Man Without Qualities
. In 1936, Musil suffered his first
stroke
.
The last years of Musil's life were dominated by
Nazism
and
World War II
: the Nazis banned his books. He saw early Nazism first-hand while living in Berlin from 1931 to 1933. In 1938, when Austria became a part of the
Third Reich
, Musil and his Jewish wife Martha left for exile in Switzerland, where he died on April 15, 1942.
Legacy
After his death Musil's work was almost forgotten in German-speaking countries. His writings began to reappear during the early 1950s. The first translation of
The Man Without Qualities
in English was published by Ernst Kaiser and Eithne Wilkins in 1953, 1954 and 1960. An updated translation by Sophie Wilkins and
Burton Pike
, containing extensive selections from unpublished drafts, appeared in 1995.
[11]
Musil's work has been getting more attention recently,
[12]
including the philosophical aspects of his novels. The philosophy journal
The Monist
is seeking submissions for a special issue on "The Philosophy of Robert Musil" to be published in January 2014 and edited by
Bence Nanay
.
[13]
Timeline
1880 November 6, Robert Musil born in Klagenfurt. Father Engineer Alfred Musil, mother Hermine.
1881–1882 The Musils move to Chomutov in Bohemia.
1882–1891 The Musils move to
Steyr
(Austria). Robert attends the Elementary School and the first grade of the
gymnasium
.
1891–1892 Moves to Brno. Attends the
Realschule
.
1892–1894 Attends the military boarding school in Eisenstadt.
1894–1897 Attends the military
Militär-Oberrealschule
in
Hranice
(present-day in the Czech Republic) During his working with artillery Musil discovers his interest in technique.
1897 Attends the
Technische Militärakademie
in Vienna.
رد مع الإقتباس