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Gustave Flaubert
(French pronunciation:
[ɡystav flobɛʁ]
; December 12, 1821 – May 8,
1880) was a French writer who is counted among the greatest novelists in
Western literature
. He is known especially for his first published
novel
,
Madame Bovary
(1857), for his
Correspondence
, and for his scrupulous devotion to his art and style.
Life
Early life and education
Flaubert was born on December 12, 1821, in
Rouen
, in the
Seine-Maritime
department of
Upper Normandy
, in northern France.
He was the second son of Anne Justine Caroline (née Fleuriot; 1793–1872) and Achille-Cléophas Flaubert (1784–1846
), a surgeon. He began writing at an early age, as early as eight according to some sources.
[1]
He was educated at the
Lycée Pierre Corneille
in Rouen. and did not leave until 1840, when he went to
Paris
to study
law
. In Paris, he was an indifferent student and found the city distasteful. He made a few acquaintances, including
Victor Hugo
. Toward the end of 1840, he traveled in the
Pyrenees
and
Corsica
.
-
In 1846, after an attack of
epilepsy
, he left Paris and abandoned the study of law.
Personal life
From 1846 to 1854, Flaubert had a relationship with the poet
Louise Colet
; his letters to her survive. After leaving Paris, he returned to Croisset, near the
Seine
, close to Rouen, and lived with his mother in their home for the rest of his life. He made occasional visits to Paris and England, where he apparently had a mistress. Flaubert never married. According to his biographer Émile Faguet, his affair with Louise Colet was his only serious romantic relationship. He sometimes visited
prostitutes
.
[3]
Eventually, the end of his affair with Colet led Flaubert to lose interest in romance and seek platonic companionship, particularly with other writers.
With his lifelong friend
Maxime Du Camp
, he traveled in
Brittany
in 1846. In 1849–1850 he went on a long journey to the Middle East, visiting
Greece
and
Egypt
. In
Beirut
he contracted
syphilis
. He spent five weeks in
Constantinople
in 1850. He visited
Carthage
in 1858 to conduct research for his novel
Salammbô
.
Flaubert was very open about his sexual activities with prostitutes in his writings on his travels. He suspected that a
chancre
on his penis was from a
Maronite
or a
Turkish
girl.
[4]
He also engaged in intercourse with male prostitutes in Beirut and Egypt; in one of his letters, he describes a "pockmarked young rascal wearing a white turban" with whom he had
anal sex
.
[5]
[6]
He had intercourse with a 14-year-old Maronite boy in 1850.
[7]
Flaubert was a tireless worker and often complained in his letters to friends about the strenuous nature of his work. He was close to his niece, Caroline Commanville, and had a close friendship and correspondence with
George Sand
. He occasionally visited Parisian acquaintances, including
Émile Zola
,
Alphonse Daudet
,
Ivan Turgenev
, and
Edmond
and
Jules de Goncourt
.
The 1870s were a difficult time for Flaubert. Prussian soldiers occupied his house during the
War of 1870
, and his mother died in 1872. After her death, he fell into financial difficulty. Flaubert suffered from
venereal diseases
most of his life. His health declined and he died at Croisset of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1880 at the age of 58. He was buried in the family vault in the cemetery of Rouen. A monument to him by
Henri Chapu
was unveiled at the museum of Rouen
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