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The Divine Comedy
by Dante Alighieri, Italy, (1265-1321)
The Divine Comedy
begins in a shadowed forest on Good Friday in the year 1300. It proceeds on a journey that, in its intense recreation of the depths and the heights of human experience, has become the key with which Western civilization has sought to unlock the mystery of its own identity.
Allen Mandelbaum’s astonishingly Dantean translation, which captures so much of the life of the original, renders whole for us the masterpiece of that genius whom our greatest poets have recognized as a central model for all poets.
This Everyman’s edition–containing in one volume all three cantos, Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso–includes an introduction by Nobel Prize—winning poet Eugenio Montale, a chronology, notes, and a bibliography. Also included are forty-two drawings selected from Botticelli's marvelous late-fifteenth-century series of illustrations
==
The
Divine Comedy
(
Italian
:
Divina Commedia
) is the title usually employed to designate an
epic poem
written by
Dante Alighieri
between 1308 and his death in 1321; the author's own title for the work was simply "Comedìa". The epithet
Divina
was later applied to it by
Giovanni Boccaccio
, and the first printed edition to add the word
divine
to the title was that of the Venetian
humanist
Lodovico Dolce
,
[1]
published in 1555 by
Gabriele Giolito de' Ferrari
. It is widely considered the preeminent work of
Italian literature
,
[2]
and is seen as one of the greatest works of
world literature
.
[3]
The poem's imaginative and
allegorical
vision of the
afterlife
is a culmination of the
medieval world-view
as it had developed in the
Western Church
. It helped establish the
Tuscan dialect
, in which it is written, as the standardized
Italian language
.
[4]
It is divided into three parts:
Inferno
,
Purgatorio
, and
Paradiso
.
On the surface, the poem describes Dante's travels through Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven;
[5]
but at a deeper level, it represents
allegorically
the soul's journey towards God.
[6]
At this deeper level, Dante draws on medieval Christian theology and philosophy, especially
Thomistic philosophy
and the
Summa Theologica
of
Thomas Aquinas
.
[7]
Consequently, the
Divine Comedy
has been called "the
Summa
in verse"
Structure and story
The
Divine Comedy
is composed of 14,233 lines that are divided into three canticas (Ital. pl.
cantiche
)—
Inferno
(
Hell
),
Purgatorio
(
Purgatory
), and
Paradiso
(
Paradise
)—each consisting of 33
cantos
(Ital. pl.
canti
). An initial canto serves as an introduction to the poem and is generally considered to be part of the first cantica, bringing the total number of cantos to 100. It is generally accepted, however, that the first two
cantos
serve as a unitary prologue to the entire epic, as well as the opening two cantos of each cantica serving as a prologue to each of the three cantiche. The number three is prominent in the work, represented here by the length of each cantica. The verse scheme used,
terza rima
, is
hendecasyllabic
(lines of eleven syllables), with the lines composing
tercets
according to the
rhyme scheme
aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ...
.
The poem is written in the first person, and tells of Dante's journey through the three realms of the dead, lasting from the night before
Good Friday
to the Wednesday after
Easter
in the spring of 1300. The Roman poet
Virgil
guides him through Hell and Purgatory;
Beatrice
, Dante's ideal woman, guides him through Heaven. Beatrice was a Florentine woman whom he had met in childhood and admired from afar in the mode of the then-fashionable
courtly love
tradition which is highlighted in Dante's earlier work
La Vita Nuova
.
The structure of the three realms follows a common numerical pattern of 9 plus 1 for a total of 10: 9 circles of the Inferno, followed by Lucifer contained at its bottom; 9 rings of Mount Purgatory, followed by the
Garden of Eden
crowning its summit; and the 9 celestial bodies of Paradiso, followed by the
Empyrean
containing the very essence of God. Within the 9, 7 correspond to a specific moral scheme, subdividing itself into three subcategories, while two others of more particularity are added on for a completion of nine. For example, the
seven deadly sins
of the Catholic Church that are cleansed in Purgatory are joined by special realms for the Late repentant and the
excommunicated
by the church. The core seven sins within purgatory correspond to a moral scheme of love perverted, subdivided into three groups corresponding to excessive love (
Lust
,
Gluttony
,
Greed
), deficient love (
Sloth
), and malicious love (
Wrath
,
Envy
,
Pride
).
In central Italy's political struggle between
Guelphs and Ghibellines
, Dante was part of the Guelphs, who in general favored the
Papacy
over the
Holy Roman Emperor
. Florence's Guelphs split into factions around 1300, the White Guelphs, and the Black Guelphs. Dante was among the White Guelphs who were exiled in 1302 by the Lord-Mayor Cante de'
Gabrielli
di
Gubbio
, after troops under
Charles of Valois
entered the city, at the request of
Pope Boniface VIII
, who supported the Black Guelphs. This exile, which lasted the rest of Dante's life, shows its influence in many parts of the Comedy, from prophecies of Dante's exile to Dante's views of politics to the eternal damnation of some of his opponents.[
citation needed
]
In Hell and Purgatory, Dante shares in the
sin
and the penitence respectively. The last word in each of the three parts of the
Divine Comedy
is
stelle
, "stars
=
Dante Alighieri was born in 1265. Considered Italy's greatest poet, this scion of a Florentine family mastered in the art of lyric poetry at an early age. His first major work is La Vita Nuova (1292) which is a tribute to Beatrice Portinari, the great love of his life. Married to Gemma Donatic, Dante's political activism resulted in his being exiled from Florence to eventually settle in Ravenna. It is believed that The Divine Comedy-comprised of three canticles, The Inferno, The Purgatorio, and The Paradiso-was written between 1308 and 1320. Dante Alighieri died in 1321. Robin Kirkpatrick is a poet and widely-published Dante scholar. He has taught courses on Dante's Divine Comedy in Hong Kong, Dublin, and Cambridge where is Fellow of Robinson College and Professor of Italian and English Literatures
==
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