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اعظم 100 كتاب في التاريخ: ما سر هذه العظمة؟- دراسة بحثية
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مراقب عام سابقا
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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
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Lu Xun
simplified Chinese
:
鲁
迅
;
traditional Chinese
:
魯迅
;
pinyin
:
Lǔ Xùn
) or Lu Hsün (
Wade-Giles
), was the
pen name
of Zhou Shuren (
simplified Chinese
:
周
树
人
;
traditional Chinese
:
周樹人
;
pinyin
:
Zhōu Shùrén
;
Wade–Giles
: Chou Shu-jen) (September 25, 1881 – October 19, 1936), one of the major Chinese
writers
of the 20th century. Considered by many to be the leading figure of modern Chinese literature, he wrote in
baihua
(
白話
) (the vernacular) as well as
classical Chinese
. Lu Xun was a fiction writer,
editor
,
translator
,
critic
,
essayist
and poet. In the 1930s he became the titular head of the Chinese
League of the Left-Wing Writers
in Shanghai.
Lu Xun's works exerted a very substantial influence after the
May Fourth Movement
to such a point that he was highly acclaimed by the
Communist
regime after 1949.
Mao Zedong
himself was a lifelong admirer of Lu Xun's works. Though sympathetic to the ideals of the Left, Lu Xun never actually joined the
Chinese Communist Party
. Like many leaders of the
May Fourth Movement
, he was primarily a liberal.
Lu Xun's works became known to English readers through numerous translations, beginning in 1960 with
Selected Stories of Lu Hsun
translated by
Yang Hsien-yi
and
Gladys Yang
. More recently, in 2009,
Penguin Classics
published a complete anthology of his fiction titled
The Real Story of Ah-Q
and Other Tales of China: The Complete Fiction of Lu Xun
which the scholar Jeffrey Wasserstrom
[1]
said "could be considered the most significant Penguin Classic ever published."
[2]
Early life
Born in
Shaoxing
,
Zhejiang
province, Lu Xun was named Zhou Zhangshou (
周樟壽
, P:
Zhōu Zhāngshòu
, W:
Chou Chang-shou
) with his
style name
Yushan (
豫山
, P:
Yùshān
, W:
Yü-shan
). The style name was later changed to Yucai (
豫才
, P:
Yùcái
, W:
Yü-ts'ai
). In 1898, before he went to Jiangnan Naval Academy, he took the given name of "Shuren" (
樹人
, P:
Shùrén
, W:
Shu-jen
), figuratively, "to be an educated man".
[3]
The Shaoxing Zhou family was very well-educated, and his paternal grandfather Zhou Fuqing (
周福清
, P:
Zhōu Fúqīng
, W:
Chou Fu-ch'ing
) held posts in the
Hanlin Academy
; Zhou's mother, née Lu, taught herself to read. However, after a case of
bribery
was exposed – in which Zhou Fuqing tried to procure an office for his son, Lu Xun's father, Zhou Boyi – the family fortunes declined.
Zhou Fuqing was arrested and almost beheaded
.
Meanwhile, a young Zhou Shuren was brought up by an elderly servant Ah Chang, whom he called Chang Ma; one of Lu Xun's favorite childhood books was the
Classic of Mountains and Seas
.
His father's chronic illness and eventual death during Lu Xun's
adolescence
,
apparently from tuberculosis
, persuaded Zhou to study medicine. Distrusting
traditional Chinese medicine
, he went abroad to pursue a
Western
medical degree
at Sendai Medical Academy (now medical school of
Tohoku University
) in
Sendai
, Japan, in 1904.[
citation needed
]
Education
Lu Xun was educated at Jiangnan Naval Academy (T:
江南水師學堂
, S:
江南水
师学堂
, P:
Jiāngnán Shuǐshī Xuétáng
, W:
Chiang-nan Shui-shih Hsüeh-t'ang
) (1898–99), and later transferred to the School of Mines and Railways (T:
礦路學堂
, S:
矿路学堂
, P:
Kuànglù Xuétáng
, W:
K'uang-lu Hsüeh-t'ang
) at Jiangnan Military Academy (T:
江南陸師學堂
, S:
江南
陆师学堂
, P:
Jiāngnán Lùshī Xuétáng
, W:
Chiang-nan Lu-shih Hsüeh-t'ang
). It was there Lu Xun had his first contacts with Western learning, especially the sciences; he studied some German and English, reading, amongst some translated books,
Huxley
's
Evolution and Ethics
,
J. S. Mill
's
On Liberty
, as well as novels like
Ivanhoe
and
Uncle Tom's Cabin
.
On a
Qing
government
scholarship
, Lu Xun left for Japan in 1902. He first attended the
Kobun Gakuin
(Kobun Institute
ZH
,
JA
,
Hongwen xueyuan
,
弘文學院
), a preparatory language school for Chinese students attending Japanese universities. His earliest essays, written in
Classical Chinese
, date from here. Lu also practised some
jujutsu
.
Lu Xun returned home briefly in 1903. At age 22, he complied to an
arranged marriage
with a local
gentry
girl, Zhu An (
朱安
, P:
Zhū Ān
, W:
Chu An
). Zhu, illiterate and with
bound feet
, was handpicked by Lu Xun's mother. Lu Xun possibly never consummated this marriage, although he took care of her material needs all his life.
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