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اعظم 100 كتاب في التاريخ: ما سر هذه العظمة؟- دراسة بحثية
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12-28-2012, 04:30 PM
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14
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
Jose Saramago
The Portuguese Nobel Laureate JOSE SARAMAGO (1922 - 2010) was a novelist, playwright and journalist. His numerous books, including the bestselling All the Names, Blindness, and The Cave, established him as one of the world's most influential writers. He died in June 2010. GIOVANNI PONTIERO (1932 - 1996) was the ablest translator of twentieth century literature in Portuguese and one of its most ardent advocates. He was the principal translator into English of the works of Jose Saramago and was awarded the Teixeira-Gomes Prize for his translation of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ.
--
José de Sousa Saramago,
GColSE
(Portuguese:
[ʒuˈzɛ ðɨ ˈsozɐ sɐɾɐˈmaɣu]
; 16 November 1922 – 18 June 2010) was a
Portuguese
novelist
,
poet
,
playwright
,
journalist
and recipient of the 1998
Nobel Prize in Literature
. His works, some of which can be seen as
allegories
, commonly present
subversive
perspectives on historic events, emphasizing the human factor.
Harold Bloom
described Saramago as "a permanent part of the
Western canon
".
[2]
Awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature,
[3]
more than two million copies of Saramago's books have been sold in Portugal alone and his work has been translated into 25 languages.
[4]
[5]
He was a founding member of the National Front for the Defence of Culture in Lisbon in 1992. A proponent of
libertarian communism
,
[6]
Saramago came into conflict with groups such as the
Catholic Church
. He was an
atheist
who defended love as an instrument to improve the human condition.
In 1992, the Portuguese government under
Prime Minister
Aníbal Cavaco Silva
ordered the removal of
The Gospel According to Jesus Christ
from the
European Literary Prize
's shortlist, claiming the work was religiously offensive. Disheartened by this political
censorship
of his work,
[7]
Saramago went into
exile
on the Spanish island of
Lanzarote
, upon which he resided until his death in 2010.
[8]
[9]
Early and middle life
Saramago was born in 1922 into a family of landless peasants in
Azinhaga
,
Portugal
, a small village in
Ribatejo Province
some one hundred kilometers northeast of
Lisbon
[
His parents were José de Sousa and Maria de Piedade. "Saramago", the Portuguese word for
wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)
, was his father's family's nickname, and was accidentally incorporated into his name upon registration of his birth.
In 1924, Saramago's family moved to
Lisbon
, where his father started working as a policeman. A few months after the family moved to the
capital, his brother Francisco, older by two years, died
.
He spent vacations with his grandparents in Azinhaga. When his grandfather suffered a stroke and was to be taken to Lisbon for treatment, Saramago recalled, "He went into the yard of his house, where there were a few trees, fig trees, olive trees. And he went one by one, embracing the trees and crying, saying good-bye to them because he knew he would not return. To see this, to live this, if that doesn't mark you for the rest of your life," Saramago said, "you have no feeling." Although Saramago was a good pupil, his parents
were unable to afford to keep him in grammar school,
and instead moved him to a technical school at age 12.
After graduating, he worked as a car mechanic for two years. Later he worked as a translator, then as a journalist. He was assistant editor of the newspaper
Diário de Notícias
, a position he had to leave after the
democratic revolution in 1974
. After a period of working as a translator he was able to support himself solely as a writer.
Saramago married Ilda Reis in 1944. Their only daughter, Violante, was born in 1947.
[8]
In 1986 he met Spanish journalist Pilar del Rio. They married in 1988 and remained together until his death in June 2010. del Río is the official translator of Saramago's books into Spanish.
==
Maybe because he had served in World War I, in France as an artillery soldier, and had known other surroundings from those of the village, my father decided in 1924 to leave farm work and move with his family to Lisbon, where he started as a policeman, for which job were required no more "literary qualifications" (a common expression then...) than reading, writing and arithmetic.
A few months after settling in the capital my brother Francisco two years older, died. Though our living conditions had improved a little after moving, we were never going to be well off.
I was already 13 or 14 when we moved, at last, to our own - but very tiny - house: till then we had lived in parts of houses, with other families. During all this time, and until I came of age I spent many, and very often quite long, periods in the village with my mother's parents Jerónimo Meirinho and Josefa Caixinha.
I was a good pupil at primary school: in the second class I was writing with no spelling mistakes and the third and fourth classes were done in a single year. Then I was moved up to the grammar school where I stayed two years, with excellent marks in the first year, not so good in the second, but was well liked by classmates and teachers, even being elected (I was then 12...) treasurer of the Students' Union... Meanwhile my parents reached the conclusion that, in the absence of resources, they could not go on keeping me in the grammar school. The only alternative was to go to a technical school. And so it was: for five years I learned to be a mechanic. But surprisingly the syllabus at that time, though obviously technically oriented, included, besides French, a literature subject. As I had no books at home (my own books, bought by myself, however with money borrowed from a friend, I would only have when I was 19) the Portuguese language textbooks, with their "anthological" character, were what opened to me the doors of literary fruition: even today I can recite poetry learnt in that distant era. After finishing the course, I worked for two years as a mechanic at a car repair shop. By that time I had already started to frequent, in its evening opening hours, a public library in Lisbon. And it was there, with no help or guidance except curiosity and the will to learn, that my taste for reading developed and was refined.
طفولة مأساوية، كثير من الاسى. موت اخاه الذي كان يكبره بعامين (اي وهو في سن الرابعة ) يبدو اكثر الحوادث اثرا . كذلك الفقر الذي اجبره على ترك المدرسة ليتعلم مهنة وهو طفل صغير. لا يعرف متى مات والديهولذلك يمكن اعتباره مجهول الطفولة، لكنه حتما يتيم اجتماعي بسبب الظروف الصعبة التي عاشها في طفولته المبكرة.
يتيم اجتماعي.
رد مع الإقتباس