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وولي سوينكا
(و.
13 يوليو
1934
) كاتب
نيجيري
حائز على
جائزة نوبل للأداب
عام
1986
. يعده البعض أفضل كاتب مسرحي في أفريقيا قاطبة. ألقي القبض عليه لتزعمه مظاهرة احتجاج شعبية ضد حكومة الرئيس
أوباسينجو
؛ لفشلها في مكافحة الفساد والجرائم، ومطالبته بدستور جديد للدولة إلا أنه أفرج عنه.
ولد عام 1934 بأبيوكوتا، درس في المدارس النايجيرية وجامعة إيبادان قبل الذهاب إلى ليدز. بعد الجامعة اكتسب خبرة مهنية حين عمل قارئ مسرحيات مسرح رويال كورت
بلندن
. بعد عودته إلى نيجيريا عام 1960 قاد محاولات لتطوير المسرح النيجيري بينما كان يدرس ويقوم بأبحاث في جامعات إيفي، وإيبادان حتى أودع السجن بعد اندلاع
الحرب الأهلية النايجيرية
. وقد وصف تجاربه هذه في "مات الرجل". عرضت مسرحياته في إفريقيا، وأوروبا، وأميركا، ومنها "الطريق" و"الأسد والجوهرة". إلى جانب مسرحياته، نشر أربع مجموعات شعرية. روايته الثانية صدرت عام 1973.
Wole Soyinka. All you want to know about.
Pidgin English in works of Wole Soyinka
The Wole Soyinka Society
African Literature Bookstore
==
Akinwande Oluwole "Wole" Soyinka
(born 13 July 1934) is a
Nigerian
writer, notable especially as a playwright and poet; he was awarded the 1986
Nobel Prize in Literature
, the first person in Africa and the diaspora to be so honoured.
Soyinka was born into a
Yoruba
family in
Abeokuta
. After study in Nigeria and the UK, he worked with the
Royal Court Theatre
in London. He went on to write plays that were produced in both countries, in theatres and on radio. He took an active role in
Nigeria's
political history and its struggle for independence from Great Britain. In 1965, he seized the Western Nigeria Broadcasting Service studio and broadcast a demand for the cancellation of the Western Nigeria Regional Elections. In 1967 during the
Nigerian Civil War
, he was arrested by the federal government of General
Yakubu Gowon
and put in solitary confinement for two years.
[1]
Soyinka has strongly criticised many Nigerian military dictators, especially late General Sanni Abacha, as well as other political tyrannies, including the
Mugabe
regime in
Zimbabwe
. Much of his writing has been concerned with "the oppressive boot and the irrelevance of the colour of the foot that wears it".[
citation needed
] During the regime of General
Sani Abacha
(1993–1998), Soyinka escaped from Nigeria via the "Nadeco Route" on motorcycle. Living abroad, mainly in the United States, he was a professor first at
Cornell University
and then at
Emory University
in Atlanta, where in 1996 he was appointed
Robert W. Woodruff Professor
of the Arts. Abacha proclaimed a death sentence against him "in absentia". With civilian rule restored to Nigeria in 1999, Soyinka returned to his nation. He has also taught at Oxford, Harvard and Yale.
From 1975 to 1999, he was a Professor of
Comparative Literature
at the
Obafemi Awolowo University
, then called the University of Ife. With civilian rule restored in 1999, he was made professor emeritus.
[1]
Soyinka has been a Professor of Creative Writing at the
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
. In the fall of 2007 he was appointed Professor in Residence at
Loyola Marymount University
in Los Angeles, California, US.
[1]
Early life and education
From a Remo family of
Isara-Remo
, Soyinka was born the second of six children, in the city of
Abẹokuta
,
Ogun State
in Nigeria, at that time a British dominion.
His father, Samuel Ayodele Soyinka (whom he called S.A. or "Essay"), was an Anglican minister and the headmaster of St. Peters School in Abẹokuta.
Soyinka's mother, Grace Eniola Soyinka (whom he dubbed the "Wild Christian"), owned a shop in the nearby market. She was a political activist within the women's movement in the local community. She was also
Anglican
.
As much of the community followed indigenous
Yorùbá religious tradition
, Soyinka grew up in an atmosphere of religious
syncretism
, with influences from both cultures.
His father's position enabled him to get electricity and radio at home.
His mother was one of the most prominent members of the influential
Ransome-Kuti family
: she was the daughter of Rev. Canon JJ Ransome-Kuti, and sister to Olusegun Azariah Ransome-Kuti and Oludotun Ransome-Kuti. Among Soyinka's cousins were the musician
Fela Kuti
, the human rights activist
Beko Ransome-Kuti
, politician
Olikoye Ransome-Kuti
and activist
Yemisi Ransome-Kuti
.
[2]
In 1940, after attending St. Peters Primary School in Abeokuta, Soyinka went to Abẹokuta Grammar School, where he won several prizes for literary composition. In 1946 he was accepted by Government College in
Ibadan
, at that time one of Nigeria’s elite secondary schools.
After finishing his course at Government College in 1952, he began studies at
University College
in Ibadan (1952–1954), affiliated with the
University of London
. He studied
English literature
,
Greek
, and
Western history
. In the year 1953–1954, his second and last at
University College, Ibadan
, Soyinka began work on "Keffi's Birthday Threat," a short radio play for
Nigerian Broadcasting Service
. It was broadcast in July 1954. Whilst at university, Soyinka and six others founded the Pyrates Confraternity, an anti-corruption and justice-seeking student organisation, the first
confraternity in Nigeria
. Soyinka gives a detailed account of his early life in his memoir
Aké: The Years of Childhood
.
Later in 1954, Soyinka relocated to England, where he continued his studies in English literature, under the supervision of his mentor
Wilson Knight
at the
University of Leeds
(1954–1957). He met numerous young, gifted British writers. Before defending his B.A., Soyinka began publishing and worked as an editor for the satirical magazine
The Eagle
. He wrote a column on academic life, often criticising his university peers.
Early career
After graduating, he remained in
Leeds
with the intention of earning an M.A.. Soyinka intended to write new work to combine European theatrical traditions with those of his Yorùbá cultural heritage. His first major play,
The Swamp Dwellers
(1958) was followed a year later, by
The Lion and the Jewel
, a comedy that attracted interest from several members of London's
Royal Court Theatre
. Encouraged, Soyinka moved to London, where he worked as a play reader for the Royal Court Theatre. During the same period, both of his plays were performed in Ibadan. They dealt with the uneasy relationship between progress and tradition in Nigeria.
[3]
In 1957 his play
The Invention
was the first of his works to be produced at the Royal Court Theatre. At that time his only published works were poems such as "The Immigrant" and "My Next Door Neighbour", which were published in the Nigerian magazine
Black Orpheus
.
[4]
This was founded in 1957 by the German scholar
Ulli Beier
, who had been teaching at the University of Ibadan since 1950.
[5]
Soyinka received a
Rockefeller Research Fellowship
from University College in Ibadan, his alma mater, for research on
African theatre
, and he returned to Nigeria. He produced his new satire
The Trials of Brother Jero
. His work,
A Dance of The Forest
(1960), a biting criticism of Nigeria's political elites, won a contest that year as the official play for
Nigerian Independence Day
. On 1 October 1960, it premiered in Lagos as Nigeria celebrated its sovereignty. Also in 1960, Soyinka established the "Nineteen-Sixty Masks", an amateur acting ensemble to which he devoted considerable time over the next few years.
Soyinka published works satirising the '
Emergency
' in the
Western Region
of Nigeria, as his Yorùbá homeland was increasingly occupied and controlled by the federal government. The political tensions arising from recent post-colonial independence eventually led to a
military coup
and
civil war
(1967–1970).
With the Rockefeller grant, Soyinka bought a
Land Rover
. He began travelling throughout the country as a researcher with the Department of English Language of the University College in Ibadan. In an essay of the time, he criticised
Leopold Senghor
's
Négritude
movement as a nostalgic and indiscriminate glorification of the black African past that ignores the potential benefits of modernisation. "A tiger does not shout its tigritude," he declared, "it acts."[
citation needed
]
In December 1962, his essay "Towards a True Theater" was published. He began teaching with the Department of English Language at
Obafemi Awolowo University
in
Ifẹ
. Soyinka discussed current affairs with "négrophiles," and on several occasions openly condemned government censorship. At the end of 1963, his first feature-length movie,
Culture in Transition,
was released. In April 1964
The Interpreters
, "a complex but also vividly documentary novel",
[6]
was published in London.
That December, together with scientists and men of theatre, Soyinka founded the Drama Association of Nigeria. In 1964 he also resigned his university post, as a protest against imposed pro-government behaviour by authorities. A few months later, he was arrested for the first time, accused of underlying tapes during reproduction of recorded speech of the winner of Nigerian elections.[
clarification needed
] He was released after a few months of confinement, as a result of protests by the international community of writers. This same year he wrote two more dramatic pieces,
Before the Blackout
and the comedy
Kongi’s Harvest.
He also wrote
The Detainee
, a radio play for the BBC in London. At the end of the year, he was promoted to headmaster and senior lecturer in the Department of English Language at
Lagos University
.
Soyinka's political speeches at that time criticised the cult of personality and government corruption in African dictatorships. In April 1965 his play
Kongi’s Harvest
was produced in revival at the International Festival of Negro Art in
Dakar, Senegal
. His play
The Road
was awarded the Grand Prix. In June 1965, Soyinka produced his play
The Lion and The Jewel
for
Hampstead Theatre Club
in London.
Civil war and imprisonment
After becoming chief of the Cathedral of Drama at the
University of Ibadan
, Soyinka became more politically active. Following the
military coup
of January 1966, he secretly and unofficially met with the military governor
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
in the
Southeastern
town of
Enugu
(August 1967), to try to avert
civil war
. As a result, he had to go into hiding.
He was imprisoned for 22 months
[7]
as
civil war
ensued between the federal government and the
Biafrans
. Though refused materials such as books, pens, and paper, he still wrote a significant body of poems and notes criticising the Nigerian government.
[8]
Despite his imprisonment, in September 1967, his play
The Lion and The Jewel
was produced in
Accra
. In November
The Trials of Brother Jero
and
The Strong Breed
were produced in the Greenwich Mews Theatre in New York. He also published a collection of his poetry,
Idanre and Other Poems
. It was inspired by Soyinka’s visit to the sanctuary of the Yorùbá deity
Ogun
, whom he regards as his "companion" deity, kindred spirit, and protector.
[8]
In 1968, the
Negro Ensemble Company
in New York produced
Kongi’s Harvest
. While still imprisoned, Soyinka translated from Yoruba a fantastical novel by his compatriot
D. O. Fagunwa
, called
The Forest of a Thousand Demons: A Hunter's Saga
.
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