الموضوع
:
سر الفوز بجائزة نوبل في الادب على مدى التاريخ؟ دراسة
عرض مشاركة واحدة
10-23-2012, 08:51 AM
المشاركة
61
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
جون شتاينبيك -أو ستاينبيك
كما يلفظها الأمريكيون- كاتب أمريكي مبدع، من أشهر أدباء القرن العشرين. إشتهر بقصصه حول
الحرب العالمية الثانية
.
ولادته
ولد جون شتاينبيك في
ساليناس
،
كاليفورنيا
عام 1902 . وتقع بعض أفضل المشاهد من قصصه في تلك المنطقة.
دراسته
درس شتاينبيك في
جامعة ستانفورد
في
سان فرانسيسكو
(ولاية كاليفورنيا) ومن ثم تنقل من مهنة إلى أخرى.
مؤلفاته
كتب عشرات الروايات و أيضًا مذكرات، و من أشهر أعماله:
كوب من ذهب : روايته الأولى، صدرت عام 1929. تكلمت القصة عن الأوقات السعيدة والحزينة في حياة العائلات الفقيرة في الجزء الغربي من أمريكا.
شقة تورتيلا : نشرت في 1935 ، و كانت أول نجاحاته وهي عبارة عن كتاب حول مغامرات البايسانوس
معركة سجال 1936 تتحدث عن قصص حياة رجال شباب في أوقات عصيبة.
عناقيد الغضب
. عام 1939.
فئران ورجال
. 1937. تتحدث أيضاً عن قصص حياة رجال شباب في أوقات عصيبة.
الؤلؤة
شرقي عدن
: رواية صدرت في 1952 ، وهي قصة طويلة تنتهي في زمن الحرب العالمية الأولى.
في مغيب القمر
أو أفول القمر: وتتحدث عن سيطرة الألمان على قرية
نرويجية
صغيرة خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية.
شتاء السخط: تتحدث عن سقوط الأنتهازية في شخص وصولي.
شارع السردين المعلب
.
جوائز حاز عليها
فاز
بجائزة بولتيزر
في 1940 عن رواية
عناقيد الغضب
.
في عام 1962 فاز
بجائزة نوبل للآداب
عن رواياته وأعماله العديدة.
أفلام مبنية على كتاباته
حولت عناقيد الغضب إلى فلم شعبي في 1941.
حول كتاب شرقي عدن إلى فيلم في
1955
من بطولة الممثل
جيمس دين
.
أصبح كتاب المهر الأحمر أيضاَ فيلمًا هوليووديًا في 1949 ومرة أخرى عام 1973 من بطولة
هنري فوندا
.
وفاته
توفي جون شتاينبيك في
نيويورك
عام 1968.
John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. (February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an American writer. He is widely known for the
Pulitzer Prize
-winning novel
The Grapes of Wrath
(1939) and
East of Eden
(1952) and the novella
Of Mice and Men
(1937). As the author of twenty-seven books, including sixteen novels, six non-fiction books and five collections of short stories, Steinbeck received the
Nobel Prize for Literature
in 1962.
Life
John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. was born on February 27, 1902, in
Salinas, California
. He was of German, English, and Irish descent.
[2]
Johann Adolf Großsteinbeck, Steinbeck's paternal grandfather, had shortened the family name to Steinbeck when he immigrated to the United States. The family farm in
Heiligenhaus
,
Mettmann
,
North Rhine-Westphalia
, Germany, is still today named "Großsteinbeck."
His father, John Ernst Steinbeck, served as
Monterey County
treasurer. John's mother, Olive Hamilton, a former school teacher, shared Steinbeck's passion of reading and writing.
[3]
The Steinbecks were members of the
Episcopal Church
.
[4]
Steinbeck lived in a small rural town that was essentially a frontier settlement, set amid some of the world's most fertile land. He spent his summers working on nearby ranches and later with migrant workers on
Spreckels
ranch.
He became aware of the harsher aspects of migrant life and the darker side of human nature, which supplied him with material expressed in such works as
Of Mice and Men
.
[5]
He also explored his surroundings, walking across local forests, fields, and farms.
[5]
Steinbeck graduated from Salinas High School in 1919 and went from there to
Stanford University
in
Palo Alto
where he stayed for five years until 1925, leaving without a degree.
He traveled to New York City where he took odd jobs while trying to write. When he failed to have his work published, he returned to California and worked in 1928 as a tour guide and caretaker at the fish hatchery in
Tahoe City
, where he met Carol Henning, his first wife. Steinbeck and Henning were married in January 1930. For most of the
Great Depression
and during his marriage to Carol, Steinbeck lived in a cottage owned by his father in
Pacific Grove, California
, on the
Monterey Peninsula
a few blocks from the border of the city of
Monterey, California
. The elder Steinbecks gave him free housing, paper for his manuscripts, and beginning in 1928, loans that allowed him to give up a warehouse job in San Francisco, and focus on writing.
[7]
After the publication of
Tortilla Flat
—a novel set in Monterey—in 1935, he built a summer ranch-home in
Los Gatos
. In 1940, Steinbeck went on a voyage around the
Gulf of California
with his friend
Ed Ricketts
, to collect biological specimens, described in
The Log from the Sea of Cortez
. Although Carol accompanied Steinbeck on the trip, their marriage was beginning to suffer, and would end in 1941, even as Steinbeck worked on the manuscript for the book.
[7]
In 1942, Steinbeck's divorce from Carol became final and later that month he married Gwyndolyn "Gwyn" Conger.
[8]
With his second wife Steinbeck had his only children—
Thomas ("Thom") Myles Steinbeck
(born 1944) and
John Steinbeck IV
(1946–1991).
In 1943, Steinbeck served as a
World War II
war correspondent
. Steinbeck accompanied the commando raids of
Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.
's
Beach Jumpers
program, which launched small-unit diversion operations against German-held islands in the
Mediterranean
. In 1944, wounded by a close munitions explosion in
North Africa
, the war-weary author resigned from his work and returned home.
In 1947, Steinbeck made the first of many trips to the
Soviet Union
, this one with renowned photographer
Robert Capa
. They visited
Moscow
,
Kiev
,
Tbilisi
,
Batumi
and
Stalingrad
, becoming some of the first Westerners to visit many parts of the USSR since the communist revolution. Steinbeck's book about their experiences,
A Russian Journal
, was illustrated with Capa's photos. In 1948, the year the book was published, Steinbeck was elected to the
American Academy of Arts and Letters
.
In May 1948 Steinbeck traveled to California on an emergency trip to be with his friend Ed Ricketts, who had been seriously injured when his car was struck by a train. Ricketts died hours before Steinbeck arrived.
On returning home from this devastating trip, Steinbeck was confronted by Gwyn, who told him she wanted a divorce for various reasons related to estrangement. She could not be dissuaded, and the divorce became final in August. Steinbeck spent the year after Ricketts' death in deep depression, by his own account.
In June 1949, Steinbeck met stage-manager
Elaine Scott
at a restaurant in
Carmel, California
. Steinbeck and Scott eventually began a relationship and in December, 1950, Steinbeck and Scott married, within a week of the finalizing of Scott's own divorce from actor
Zachary Scott
. This third marriage for Steinbeck lasted until his death in 1968.
In 1966, Steinbeck traveled to
Tel Aviv
to visit the site of
Mount Hope
, a farm community established in
Israel
by his grandfather, whose brother, Friedrich Grosssteinbeck, was murdered by Arab marauders in 1858.
John Steinbeck died in New York City on December 20, 1968 of heart disease and
congestive heart failure
. He was 66, and had been a lifelong smoker. An autopsy showed nearly complete
occlusion
of the
main coronary arteries
.
[9]
In accordance with his wishes, his body was cremated, and an urn containing his ashes was eventually interred (March 4, 1969) at the Hamilton family gravesite at Garden of Memories Memorial Park in Salinas, with those of his parents and maternal grandparents. His third wife, Elaine, was buried in the plot in 2004. He had earlier written to his doctor that he felt deeply "in his flesh" that he would not survive his physical death, and that the biological end of his life was the final end to it.
Father: John Ernst Steinbeck (Monterey County Treasurer, b. 1862, d. 1935)
Mother: Olive Hamilton Steinbeck (teacher, b. 1867, d. 1934)
Sister: Elizabeth Ann Steinbeck Ainsworth (b. 25-May-1894, d. 20-Oct-1992)
Sister: Mary Steinbeck Dekker (b. 9-Jan-1905, d. 23-Jan-1965)
Wife: Carol Henning (secretary, m. 14-Jan-1930, div. 1932)
Wife: Gwyndolyn Conger (singer, m. 29-Mar-1943, div. Aug-1948)
Son: Thomas (author, b. 2-Aug-1944)
Son: John IV (writer, b. 12-Jun-1946, d. 7-Feb-1991)
Wife: Elaine Anderson Scott (oil heiress, m. 28-Dec-1950, until his death
يبدو ان اهم عناصر التأثير فيه هو عمله في الحقول واختلاطه مع العمال المهاجريين. من اهم الاحداث التي مر بها هو موت صديق له عام 1948 وطلاقه في نفس العام مما يجعله يصاب بكآبة حادة طوال عام بعد ذلك
.
ليس يتيم
.
رد مع الإقتباس