الموضوع
:
سر الفوز بجائزة نوبل في الادب على مدى التاريخ؟ دراسة
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10-23-2012, 08:49 AM
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ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
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: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
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المشاركات:
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سان جون بيرس
(
بالإنجليزية
:
Saint-John Perse
) كتب تحت اسم (
بالإنجليزية
:
Alexis Léger
) و(
بالإنجليزية
:
Alexis Saint-Legér Léger
) هو شاعر وديبلوماسي فرنسي ولد يوم
31 مايو
1887
في
جزر جوادلوب
وتوفي يوم
20 سبتمبر
1975
. تحصل على
جائزة نوبل في الأدب
لسنة 1960.
Saint-John Perse (also Saint-Leger Leger; pseudonyms of Alexis Leger) (31 May 1887–20 September 1975) was a French poet, awarded the
Nobel Prize for Literature
in 1960 "for the soaring flight and evocative imagery of his poetry." He was also a major French diplomat from 1914 to 1940, after which he lived primarily in the USA until 1967.
Biography
Alexis Leger was born in
Pointe-à-Pitre
,
Guadeloupe
. His great-grandfather, a solicitor, had settled in Guadeloupe in 1815. His grandfather and father were also solicitors; his father was also a member of the City Council. The Leger family owned two plantations, one of coffee (La Joséphine) and the other of sugar (Bois-Debout).
In 1897,
Hégésippe Légitimus
, the first native Guadeloupan elected president of the Guadeloupe General Council, took office with a vindictive agenda towards colonists. The Leger family returned to metropolitan France in 1899 and settled in
Pau
. The
young Alexis felt like an expatriate
, and spent much of his time hiking, fencing, riding horses, and sailing in the Atlantic. He was awarded the baccalaureate with honors, and began studying law at the
University of Bordeaux
.
When his father died in 1907, the resulting strain on his family's finances led Leger to interrupt temporarily his studies, but he eventually completed his degree in 1910.
In 1904 he met the poet
Francis Jammes
at
Orthez
, who became a dear friend. He frequented cultural clubs, and met
Paul Claudel
,
Odilon Redon
,
Valery Larbaud
, and
André Gide
.
[2]
He wrote short poems inspired by the story of
Robinson Crusoe
(
Images à Crusoe
) and undertook a translation of
Pindar
. He published his first book of poetry,
Éloges
, in 1911.
In 1914, he joined the French diplomatic service, and spent some of his first years in Spain, Germany, and the United Kingdom. When World War I broke out, he was a press corps attaché for the government. From 1916 to 1921, he was secretary to the French Embassy in Peking. In 1921 in Washington, while taking part in a world disarmament conference, he was noticed by
Aristide Briand
, the then-Prime Minister of France, who recruited him as his assistant. In Paris, he got to know the fellow intellectual poet
Paul Valéry
who used his influence to get the poem
Anabase
, written during Léger's stay in China, published. Léger was warm to classical music, and knew
Igor Stravinsky
,
Nadia Boulanger
, and
les Six
.
While in China, Leger had written his first extended poem
Anabase
, publishing it in 1924 under the pseudonym "Saint-John Perse", one he employed for the rest of his life. He then published nothing for two decades, not even a re-edition of his debut book, because he believed it inappropriate for a diplomat to publish fiction. After Briand's death in 1932, Leger served as the General Secretary of the French Foreign Office (
Quai d'Orsay
) until 1940, a period in which the French government experienced chronic instability and turmoil. He accompanied the French Foreign Minister at the
Munich Conference
in 1938, where the cession of
Czechoslovakia
to Germany was agreed to. He was dismissed from his post right after the
fall of France
in May 1940, because he was a known anti-
Nazi
. In mid-July 1940, Leger began a long exile in Washington, D.C..
The
Vichy
government dismissed him from the
Légion d'honneur
order and revoked his French citizenship (it was reinstated after the war.) He was in some financial difficulty as an exile in Washington until
Archibald MacLeish
, Director of the
Library of Congress
and himself a poet, raised sufficient private donations to enable the Library to employ Perse until his official retirement from the French civil service in 1947. Perse declined a teaching position at
Harvard University
.
During his American exile, Perse wrote his long poems
Exil
,
Vents
,
Pluies
,
Neiges
,
Amers
, and
Chroniques
. He remained in the USA long after the end of the
Second World War
ended, traveling extensively, observing nature, and enjoying the friendship of, among others, U.S. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
's Attorney General
Francis Biddle
and his spouse, author Katherine Garrison Chapin. Leger was on good terms with the
UN Secretary General
and author
Dag Hammarskjöld
. In 1957, American friends gave him a villa at Giens in
Provence
, and from that time on, he split his time between France and the United States. In 1958, he married the American Dorothy Milburn Russell.
In 1960, he was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Literature
. After receiving the Nobel Prize, he wrote the long poems
Chronique
,
Oiseaux
,
Chant pour un équinoxe
, and the shorter
Nocturne
and
Sécheresse
. In 1962,
Georges Braque
worked with master printmaker
Aldo Crommelynck
to create a series of etchings and aquatints titled
L’Ordre des Oiseaux
,
[3]
which was published with the text of Perse's
Oiseaux
by Au Vent d'Arles'.
[4]
A few months before he died, Leger donated his library, manuscripts and private papers to
Fondation Saint-John Perse
, a research centre devoted to his life and work (Cité du Livre,
Aix-en-Provence
) that remains active down to the present day. He died in his villa in Giens and is buried nearby
يتيم الاب في سن الـ 20 .
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