الموضوع: سر الفوز بجائزة نوبل في الادب على مدى التاريخ؟ دراسة
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قديم 10-22-2012, 11:54 AM
المشاركة 56
الصورة الرمزية ايوب صابر
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا

اوسمتي

  • موجود
افتراضي
ألبير كامو

(1913 - 1960) فيلسوف وجودي وكاتب مسرحي وروائي فرنسي مشهور ولد بقرية موندوفي من أعمال قسنطينة بالجزائر، من أب فرنسي، وأم أسبانية، وتعلم بجامعة الجزائر، وانخرط في المقاومة الفرنسية أثناء الاحتلال الألماني، وأصدر مع رفاقه في خلية الكفاح نشرة باسمها ما لبثت بعد تحرير باريس أن تحولت إلى صحيفة combat الكفاح اليومية التي تتحدث باسم المقاومة الشعبية, واشترك في تحريرها جان بول سارتر. ورغم أنه كان روائيا وكاتبا مسرحيا في المقام الأول, إلا أنه كان فيلسوفا. وكانت مسرحياته ورواياته عرضا أمينا لفلسفته في الوجود والحب والموت والثورة والمقاومة والحرية، وكانت فلسفته تعايش عصرها، وأهلته لجائزة نوبل فكان ثاني أصغر من نالها من الأدباء. وتقوم فلسفته على كتابين هما ((أسطورة سيزيف)) 1942 والمتمرد1951 أو فكرتين رئيسيتين هما العبثية والتمرد ويتخذ كامو من أسطورة سيزيف رمزا لوضع الإنسان في الوجود، وسيزيف هو هذا الفتى الإغريقي الأسطوري الذي قدر عليه أن يصعد بصخرة إلى قمة جبل، ولكنها ما تلبث أن تسقط متدحرجة إلى السفح, فيضطر إلى إصعادها من جديد, وهكذا للأبد، وكامو يرى فيه الإنسان الذي قدر عليه الشقاء بلا جدوى، وقدرت عليه الحياة بلا طائل, فيلجأ إلى الفرار أماإلى موقف شوبنهاور : فطالما أن الحياة بلا معنى فلنقض عليها بالموت الإرادي أب بالانتحار، وإما إلى موقف اللآخرين الشاخصين بأبصارهم إلى حياة أعلى من الحياة, وهذا هو الانتحار الفلسفي ويقصد به الحركة التي ينكر بها الفكر نفسه ويحاول أن يتجاوز نفسه في نطاق ما يؤدي إلى نفيه, وإما إلى موقف التمرد على اللامعقول في الحياة مع بقائنا فيها غائصين في الأعماق ومعانقين للعدم, فإذا متنا متنا متمردين لا مستسلمين. وهذا التمرد هو الذي يضفي على الحياة قيمتها, وليس أجمل من منظر الإنسان المعتز بكبريائه, المرهف الوعي بحياته وحريته وثورته, والذي يعيش زمانه في هذا الزمان : الزمان يحيي الزمان.
رواياتهصيف (1954) سوء الفهم (1944)
  • كاليجولا
Albert Camus (French: [albɛʁ kamy] (listen); 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French pied-noir author, journalist, and philosopher. His views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. He wrote in his essay "The Rebel" that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom. Although often cited as a proponent of existentialism, the philosophy with which Camus was associated during his own lifetime, he rejected this particular label.[1] In an interview in 1945, Camus rejected any ideological associations: "No, I am not an existentialist. Sartre and I are always surprised to see our names linked..."[2]
In 1949, Camus founded the Group for International Liaisons within the Revolutionary Union Movement after his split with Garry Davis' movement Citizens of the World, which the surrealist André Breton was also a member.[3] The formation of this group, according to Camus, was to "denounce two ideologies found in both the USSR and the USA" regarding their idolatry of technology.[4]
Camus was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize for Literature "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times".[5] He was the second-youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, after Rudyard Kipling, and the first African-born writer to receive the award.[6] He is the shortest-lived of any Nobel literature laureate to date, having died in an automobile accident just over two years after receiving the award.

Early years
Albert Camus was born on 7 November 1913 in Dréan (then known as Mondovi) in French Algeria to a Pied-Noir family.[7] His mother was of Spanish descent and was half-deaf.
His father Lucien, a poor agricultural worker, died in the Battle of the Marne in 1914 during World War I, while serving as a member of the Zouave infantry regiment. Camus and his mother lived in poor conditions during his childhood in the Belcourt section of Algiers.
In 1923, Camus was accepted into the lycée and eventually he was admitted to the University of Algiers. After he contracted tuberculosis (TB) in 1930, he had to end his football activities (he had been a goalkeeper for the university team) and reduce his studies to part-time. To earn money, he also took odd jobs: as private tutor, car parts clerk and assistant at the Meteorological Institute. He completed his licence de philosophie (BA) in 1935; in May 1936, he successfully presented his thesis on Plotinus, Néo-Platonisme et Pensée Chrétienne (Neo-Platonism and Christian Thought), for his diplôme d'études supérieures (roughly equivalent to an M.A. thesis).
Camus joined the French Communist Party in the spring of 1935, seeing it as a way to "fight inequalities between Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria." He did not suggest he was a Marxist or that he had read Das Kapital, but did write that "[w]e might see communism as a springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more spiritual activities."[9] In 1936, the independence-minded Algerian Communist Party (PCA) was founded. Camus joined the activities of the Algerian People's Party (Le Parti du Peuple Algérien), which got him into trouble with his Communist party comrades. As a result, in 1937 he was denounced as a Trotskyite and expelled from the party. Camus went on to be associated with the French anarchist movement.
The anarchist André Prudhommeaux first introduced him at a meeting in 1948 of the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes (Anarchist Student Circle) as a sympathiser familiar with anarchist thought. Camus wrote for anarchist publications such as Le Libertaire, La révolution Proletarienne and Solidaridad Obrera (Workers' Solidarity, the organ of the anarcho-syndicalist CNT (National Confederation of Labor)). Camus stood with the anarchists when they expressed support for the uprising of 1953 in East Germany. He again allied with the anarchists in 1956, first in support of the workers’ uprising in Poznań, Poland, and then later in the year with the Hungarian Revolution.
In 1934, he married Simone Hié, a morphine addict, but the marriage ended as a consequence of infidelities on both sides. In 1935, he founded Théâtre du Travail (Worker's Theatre),[10] renamed Théâtre de l'Equipe (Team's Theatre) in 1937. It lasted until 1939. From 1937 to 1939 he wrote for a socialist paper, Alger-Républicain. His work included an account of the peasants who lived in Kabylie in poor conditions, which apparently cost him his job. From 1939 to 1940, he briefly wrote for a similar paper, Soir-Republicain. He was rejected by the French army because of his TB.
In 1940, Camus married Francine Faure, a pianist and mathematician. Although he loved her, he had argued passionately against the institution of marriage, dismissing it as unnatural. Even after Francine gave birth to twins, Catherine and Jean, on 5 September 1945, he continued to joke to friends that he was not cut out for marriage. Camus conducted numerous affairs, particularly an irregular and eventually public affair with the Spanish-born actress María Casares. In the same year, Camus began to work for Paris-Soir magazine. In the first stage of World War II, the so-called Phoney War, Camus was a pacifist. In Paris during the Wehrmacht occupation, on 15 December 1941, Camus witnessed the execution of Gabriel Péri; it crystallized his revolt against the Germans. He moved to Bordeaux with the rest of the staff of Paris-Soir. In the same year he finished his first books, The Stranger and The Myth of Sisyphus. He returned briefly to Oran, Algeria in 1942.
- عاش حياة فقر وحرمان.
- امه كانت نصف صماء
- والده مات في بداية الحرب العاليمة الاولى وعمره سنة واحدة.
يتيم الاب في عامه الاول.