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Galileo Galilei
- Galileo Galilei was a legendery astronomer, physicist, mathematician, and philosopher. He played a major role in the scientific revolution. His achievements include the first studies of uniformly accelerated motion, improvements to the telescope, and astronomical observations. Galileo has been called the “father of modern observational astronomy”, the “father of modern physics”, the “father of science”, and “the Father of Modern Science.” With his discoveries and studies, Galileo was able to display his brilliance.
==
Galileo Galilei (
Italian pronunciation:
15
February 1564 –
8 January 1642), was an Italian
physicist
,
mathematician
,
astronomer
, and
philosopher
who played a major role in the
Scientific Revolution
. His achievements include improvements to the
telescope
and consequent astronomical observations and support for
Copernicanism
. Galileo has been called the "father of modern
observational astronomy
",
[6]
the "father of modern
physics
", the "father of science", and "the Father of Modern Science".
[8]
His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the
phases of Venus
, the discovery of the four largest satellites of
Jupiter
(named the
Galilean moons
in his honour), and the observation and analysis of
sunspots
. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, inventing an improved
military compass
and other instruments.
Galileo's championing of
heliocentrism
was controversial within his lifetime, when most subscribed to either
geocentrism
or the
Tychonic system
.
[9]
He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted heliocentrism due to the absence of an observed
stellar parallax
. The matter was investigated by the
Roman Inquisition
in 1615, and they concluded that it could be supported as only a possibility, not an established fact.
[9]
[10]
Galileo later defended his views in
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
, which appeared to attack Pope
Urban VIII
and thus alienated him and the
Jesuits
, who had both supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he wrote one of his finest works,
Two New Sciences
, in which he summarised the work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called
kinematics
and
strength of materials
.
[13]
[14]
Early life
Galileo was born in
Pisa
(then part of the
Duchy of Florence
), Italy, the first of six children of
Vincenzo Galilei
, (a famous
lutenist
, composer, and
music theorist
; and
Giulia Ammannati
.
Galileo became an accomplished lutenist himself and would have learned early from his father a healthy scepticism for established authority, the value of well-measured or quantified experimentation, an appreciation for a periodic or musical measure of time or rhythm, as well as the illuminative progeny to expect from a marriage of mathematics and experiment.
Three of Galileo's five siblings survived infancy
, and the youngest Michelangelo (or
Michelagnolo
) also became a noted lutenist and composer, although he contributed to financial burdens during Galileo's young adulthood. Michelangelo was incapable of contributing his fair share for their father's promised dowries to their brothers-in-law, who would later attempt to seek legal remedies for payments due. Michelangelo would also occasionally have to borrow funds from Galileo for support of his musical endeavours and excursions.
These financial burdens may have contributed to Galileo's early fire to develop inventions that would bring him additional income.
Galileo was named after an ancestor, Galileo Bonaiuti, a physician, university teacher and politician who lived in Florence from 1370 to 1450; at that time in the late 14th century, the family's surname shifted from Bonaiuti (or Buonaiuti) to Galilei. Galileo Bonaiuti was buried in the same church, the
Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence
, where about 200 years later his more famous descendant Galileo Galilei was buried too.
When Galileo Galilei was 8, his family moved to
Florence
, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years.
He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at
Vallombrosa
, 35 km southeast of Florence.
Although a genuinely pious Roman Catholic Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock with
Marina Gamba
. They had two daughters, Virginia in 1600 and Livia in 1601, and one son,
Vincenzo
, in 1606. Because of their illegitimate birth, their father considered the girls unmarriageable, if not posing problems of prohibitively expensive support or dowries, which would have been similar to Galileo's previous extensive financial problems with two of his sisters.
[17]
Their only worthy alternative was the religious life. Both girls were sent to the convent of San Matteo in
Arcetri
and remained there for the rest of their lives.
[18]
Virginia took the name
Maria Celeste
upon entering the convent. She died on 2 April 1634, and is buried with Galileo at the
Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence
. Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life. Vincenzo was later
legitimised
as the legal heir of Galileo, and married Sestilia Bocchineri.
[19]
. In 1591 his father died and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother
Michelagnolo
.
In 1592, he moved to the
University of Padua
, teaching geometry,
mechanics
, and astronomy until 1610, During this period Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure
fundamental science
(for example, kinematics of motion and astronomy) as well as practical
applied science
(for example, strength of materials and improvement of the telescope). His multiple interests included the study of
astrology
, which at the time was a discipline tied to the studies of mathematics and astronomy.
[
==
Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. He was the oldest of seven children. His father was a musician and wool trader, who wanted his son to study medicine as there was more money in medicine. At age eleven, Galileo was sent off to study in a Jesuit monastery.
Galileo Galilei - Rerouted from Religon to Science
After four years, Galileo had announced to his father that he wanted to be a monk. This was not exactly what father had in mind, so Galileo was hastily withdrawn from the monastery. In 1581, at the age of 17, he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine, as his father wished.
عاش خياة فقر. مات له ثلاثة اخوة وهو صغير. عاش لمدة عامين وهو في الثامنة بعيدا عن العائلة. لا يعرف متى ماتت امه.
يتيم اجتماعي.
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