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أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
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09-13-2012, 11:22 PM
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Sep 2009
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Michael Faraday
- Michael Faraday was a phenomenal chemist and physicist who contributed to the fields of electrochemistry and electromagnetics. His inventions of electromagnetic devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became available for use in technology. Faraday was also the very first Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain.
Michael Faraday,
FRS
(22 September
1791
– 25 August 1867) was an English
scientist
who contributed to the fields of
electromagnetism
and
electrochemistry
. His main discoveries include that of
electromagnetic induction
,
diamagnetism
and
electrolysis
.
Although Faraday received little formal education he was one of the most influential scientists in history,
[1]
and historians of science
[2]
refer to him as having been the best
experimentalist
in the history of science.
[3]
It was by his research on the
magnetic field
around a
conductor
carrying a
direct current
that Faraday established the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also established that
magnetism
could affect
rays of light
and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena.
[4]
[5]
He similarly discovered the principle of
electromagnetic induction
,
diamagnetism
, and the
laws of electrolysis
. His
inventions
of
electromagnetic rotary devices
formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that
electricity
became viable for use in technology.
As a chemist, Faraday discovered
benzene
, investigated the
clathrate hydrate
of chlorine, invented an early form of the
Bunsen burner
and the system of
oxidation numbers
, and popularised terminology such as
anode
,
cathode
,
electrode
, and
ion
. Faraday ultimately became the first and foremost
Fullerian Professor of Chemistry
at the
Royal Institution of Great Britain
, a lifetime position.
Faraday was an excellent experimentalist who conveyed his ideas in clear and simple language; his mathematical abilities, however, did not extend as far as trigonometry or any but the simplest algebra.
James Clerk Maxwell
took the work of Faraday and others, and summarized it in a set of equations that is accepted as the basis of all modern theories of electromagnetic phenomena. On Faraday's uses of the
lines of force
, Maxwell wrote that they show Faraday "to have been in reality a mathematician of a very high order – one from whom the mathematicians of the future may derive valuable and fertile methods."
[6]
The
SI
unit of
capacitance
, the
farad
, is named in his honour.
Albert Einstein
kept a picture of Faraday on his study wall, alongside pictures of
Isaac Newton
and James Clerk Maxwell.
[7]
Physicist
Ernest Rutherford
stated; "When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest scientific discoverers of all time".
[8]
Early life
Faraday was born in
Newington Butts
, which is now part of the
London Borough of Southwark
, but which was then a suburban part of
Surrey
.
[10]
His family was not well off; his father, James, was a member of the
Glassite
sect of Christianity. James Faraday moved his wife and two children to London during the winter of 1790 from
Outhgill
in
Westmorland
, where he had been an apprentice to the village blacksmith.
[11]
Michael was born the autumn of that year. The young Michael Faraday, who was the third of four children, having only the most basic school education, had to educate himself.
[12]
At fourteen he became the apprentice to
George Riebau
, a local bookbinder and bookseller in Blandford Street.
[13]
During his seven-year apprenticeship he read many books, including
Isaac Watts
'
The Improvement of the Mind
, and he enthusiastically implemented the principles and suggestions contained therein. At this time he also developed an interest in science, especially in electricity. Faraday was particularly inspired by the book
Conversations on Chemistry
by
Jane Marcet
.
In 1812, at the age of twenty, and at the end of his apprenticeship, Faraday attended lectures by the eminent English chemist
Humphry Davy
of the
Royal Institution
and
Royal Society
, and
John Tatum
, founder of the City Philosophical Society. Many of the tickets for these lectures were given to Faraday by
William Dance
, who was one of the founders of the
Royal Philharmonic Society
. Faraday subsequently sent Davy a three-hundred-page book based on notes that he had taken during these lectures. Davy's reply was immediate, kind, and favourable. When Davy damaged his eyesight in an accident with
nitrogen trichloride
, he decided to employ Faraday as a secretary. When one of the Royal Institution's assistants, John Payne, was sacked, Sir Humphry Davy was asked to find a replacement, and appointed Faraday as Chemical Assistant at the Royal Institution on 1 March 1813.
In the class-based English society of the time, Faraday was not considered a gentleman. When Davy set out on a long tour of the continent in 1813–15, his
valet
did not wish to go. Instead, Faraday went as Davy's scientific assistant, and was asked to act as Davy's valet until a replacement could be found in Paris. Faraday was forced to fill the role of valet as well as assistant throughout the trip. Davy's wife, Jane Apreece, refused to treat Faraday as an equal (making him travel outside the coach, eat with the servants, etc.), and made Faraday so miserable that he contemplated returning to England alone and giving up science altogether. The trip did, however, give him access to the scientific elite of Europe and exposed him to a host of stimulating ideas.
[4]
Faraday married Sarah Barnard (1800–1879) on 12 June 1821. They met through their families at the
Sandemanian
church, and he confessed his faith to the Sandemanian congregation the month after they were married. They had no children.
Faraday was a devout Christian; his Sandemanian denomination was an offshoot of the
Church of Scotland
. Well after his marriage, he served as
deacon
and for two terms as an
elder
in the meeting house of his youth. His church was located at Paul's Alley in the
Barbican
. This meeting house was relocated in 1862 to
Barnsbury
Grove,
Islington
; this North London location was where Faraday served the final two years of his second term as elder prior to his resignation from that post. Biographers have noted that "a strong sense of the unity of God and nature pervaded Faraday's life and work."
==
Michael Faraday, the third of four children of James Faraday (1761–1810) and his wife, Margaret Hastwell Faraday (1764–1838)
, was born in
Newington Butts
on 22nd September 1791. James Faraday and all his children belonged to the small Christian sect called in Scotland the
Glasites
after their founder,
John Glas
, and in England the Sandemanians, after
Robert Sandeman
, who had brought these religious views to the country. Faraday worked as a blacksmith with James Boyd, a Sandemanian ironmonger of
Welbeck Street
,
London
.
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