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81- هوراشيو هربرت
كيتشنز
Field Marshal
Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
KG
,
KP
,
GCB
,
OM
,
GCSI
,
GCMG
,
GCIE
,
ADC
,
PC
(24 June 1850
– 5 June 1916), was an Irish-born
British Field Marshal
and proconsul who won fame for his imperial campaigns and later played a central role in the early part of the
First World War
, although he died halfway through it.
Kitchener won fame in 1898 for winning the
Battle of Omdurman
and securing control of the
Sudan
, after which he was given the title "Lord Kitchener of Khartoum"; as Chief of Staff (1900–02) in the
Second Boer War
he played a key role in Lord Roberts' conquest of the Boer Republics, then succeeded Roberts as commander-in-chief – by which time
Boer
forces had taken to guerrilla fighting and British forces imprisoned Boer civilians in concentration camps. His term as
Commander-in-Chief
(1902–09) of the Army in India saw him quarrel with another eminent
proconsul
, the Viceroy
Lord Curzon
, who eventually resigned. Kitchener then returned to
Egypt
as British Agent and Consul-General (
de facto
administrator).
In 1914, at the start of the
First World War
, Lord Kitchener became
Secretary of State for War
, a Cabinet Minister. One of the few to foresee a long war, he organised the largest volunteer army that Britain, and indeed the world, had seen and a significant expansion of materials production to fight Germany on the Western Front. His commanding image, appearing on recruiting posters demanding "
Your country needs you!
", remains recognised and parodied in popular culture to this day. Despite having warned of the difficulty of provisioning Britain for a long war, he was blamed for the
shortage of shells
in the spring of 1915 – one of the events leading to the formation of a coalition government – and stripped of his control over munitions and strategy.
Kitchener was killed in 1916 when the warship taking him to negotiations in Russia was sunk by a German mine. After his death he was criticised, and often dismissed as a great poster but not a great administrator.
Lloyd George
for instance – who may have taken credit for some of Kitchener's achievements in the field of munitions – was critical of Kitchener in his
War Memoirs
. After many years' experience of commanding relatively small forces in imperial campaigns, Kitchener had made his reputation worse by his habit of secrecy, unwillingness to explain his actions to his colleagues, and reluctance to delegate.
Since 1970, the opening of new records has led historians to rehabilitate Kitchener's reputation to some extent. Neillands, for instance, note that Kitchener consistently rose in ability as he was promoted.
[1]
Some historians now praise his strategic vision in World War I, especially his laying the groundwork for the expansion of munitions production and his central role in the raising of
the British army in 1914 and 1915
, providing a force capable of meeting Britain's continental commitment.
[2]
Early life</SPAN>
Kitchener was born in Ballylongford near
Listowel
,
County Kerry
, in
Ireland
, son of Lt. Col. Henry Horatio Kitchener (1805 – 1894)
and Frances Anne Chevallier-Cole (d. 1864; daughter of
The Rev.
John Chevallier and his third wife, Elizabeth,
née
Cole).
His father had only recently bought land in Ireland under a scheme to encourage the purchase of land after the recent
potato famine
.
The year his mother died of
tuberculosis
, they had moved to
Switzerland
in an effort to improve her condition; the young Kitchener was educated there and at the
Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
.
Pro-French and eager to see action, he joined a
French
field ambulance unit in the
Franco-Prussian War
. His father took him back to
England
after he caught
pneumonia
after ascending in a balloon to see the French
Army of the Loire
in action. He was commissioned into the
Royal Engineers
on 4 January 1871. His service in France had violated British neutrality, and he was reprimanded by the
Duke of Cambridge
, the commander-in-chief. He served in
Palestine
,
Egypt
, and
Cyprus
as a surveyor, learned
Arabic
, and prepared detailed topographical maps of the areas.
[3]
His brother, Lt. Gen. Sir
Walter Kitchener
, had also entered the army, and was the
Governor of Bermuda
from 1908 'til 1912.
Kitchener, at 6'2", towered over most of his contemporaries
يتيم الام في سن الـ 14 .
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