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ما الذي يصنع القائد العسكري الفذ؟؟!! دراسة بحثية
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08-27-2012, 10:28 PM
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74-لين بياو
لين بياو
(
1907
-
1971
) أحد القادة الشيوعيين الصينيين ساهم في الصراع على السلطة في
الصين
وشغل عدة مناصب عسكرية هامة اشتهر بانتصاراته على
اليابانيين
وهزيمته للوطنيين في الحرب الأهلية الصينية ودعمه
لكوريا الشمالية
في
الحرب الكورية
ضد قوات
الأمم المتحدة
وفييتنام الشمالية في
حرب فييتنام
حياته
ولد لين في
5 ديسمبر
1907
في مقاطعة هوبيه ابناً لصاحب مصنع وتخرج من أكاديمية وامبو العسكرية عام
1926
وصعد سلم الترقيات سريعاً في أثناء الحملة الشمالية من
يوليو
1926
حتى
أبريل
1927
ليصبح رائد في أقل من عام بعد ذلك فر من الجيش الوطني لينضم إلى الشيوعيين
وفاته
في
8 سبتمبر
1971
شرع لين في عمل عسكري للاستيلاء على الحكم واغتيال ماو إلا أن منافساً له كشف خطته مما مكن
ماو تسي تونغ
من الاحتفاظ بالحكم فحاول لين الهروب برفقة أسرته إلى
الاتحاد السوفيتي
ولم تعلن الحكومة الصينية إلا أواخر عام
1972
أن لين وأسرته قد لقوا مصرعهم في
13 سبتمبر
1971
عندما تحطمت
الطائرة
التي تقلهم في اندرخان (undurkhan)
بمنغوليا
==
لين بياو
Lin Biao
قائد عسكري صيني بارز ووزير دفاع الجمهورية الشعبية الصينية ما بين عامي 1959-1971. ولد لين بياو في إحدى قرى مقاطعة هوبي
Hubei
في أواسط الصين، وهو ابن لفلاح فقير
Lin Biao
(
pinyin
: Lín Biāo;
IPA
:
[lǐn pjɑ́ʊ]
; December 5, 1907– September 13, 1971) was a major
Chinese Communist
military leader who was pivotal in the communist victory in the
Chinese Civil War
, especially in
Northeastern China
. Lin was the general who commanded the decisive
Liaoshen Campaign
and
Pingjin Campaign
, co-led the Northeast battlefield army of the
People's Liberation Army
into Beijing, and crossed the
Yangtze River
in 1949. He ranked third among the
Ten Marshals
.
Zhu De
and
Peng Dehuai
were considered senior to Lin, and Lin ranked ahead of
He Long
and
Liu Bocheng
.
Lin abstained from taking an active role in politics after the civil war, but became instrumental in creating the foundations for
Mao Zedong
's cult of personality in the early 1960s. Lin was rewarded for his service to Mao by being named Mao's designated successor during the
Cultural Revolution
, from 1966 until his death.
Lin died in September 1971 when his plane crashed in
Mongolia
, following what appeared to be a failed
coup
to oust Mao. Because little inside information is available to the public on this "Lin Biao incident", the exact events preceding Lin's death have been a source of speculation among China scholars ever since. Following Lin's death, he was officially condemned as a traitor by the
Communist Party of China
. He and
Jiang Qing
are still considered to be the two "major Counter-revolutionary cliques" blamed for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution.
Contents
Revolutionary
Youth
Lin Biao in
Kuomintang
uniform
Lin Biao was the son of a prosperous merchant family in the village of
Huanggang
,
Hubei
. His name at birth was "Lin Yurong".
[2]
in's father opened a small handicrafts factory in the mid-late 1910s, but was forced to close the factory due to "heavy taxes imposed by local militarists". After closing the factory, Lin's father worked as a
purser
aboard a river steamship. Lin entered primary school in 1917,
[3]
but moved to Shanghai in 1919 to continue his education.
[2]
As a child, Lin was much more interested in participating in student movements than in pursuing his formal education.
[4]
Lin joined a satellite organization of the
Communist Youth League
before he graduated high school in 1925. Later in 1925 he participated in the
May Thirtieth Movement
and enrolled in the newly established
Whampoa Military Academy
in
Guangzhou
.
[1]
As a young cadet, Lin admired the personality of
Chiang Kai-shek
, who was then the Principal of the Academy.
[4]
At Whampoa, Lin also studied under
Zhou Enlai
, who was eight years older than Lin. Lin had no contact with Zhou after their time in Whampoa, until they met again in
Yan'an
in the late 1930s.
[5]
Lin's relationship with Zhou was never especially close, but they rarely opposed each other directly.
[6]
After graduating from Whampoa in 1926, Lin was assigned to a regiment commanded by
Ye Ting
. Less than a year after graduating from Whampoa, Lin was ordered to participate in the
Northern Expedition
, rising from deputy platoon leader to battalion commander in the
National Revolutionary Army
within a few months. It was during the Northern Expedition that Lin joined the
Communist Party
[1]
By 1927 Lin was a colonel.
When he was 20 Lin married a girl from the countryside with the family name "Ong". This marriage was arranged by Lin's parents, and the couple never became close. When Lin left the Kuomintang to become a communist revolutionary, Ong did not accompany Lin, and their marriage effectively ended
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