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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
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66-هيهاتشيرو
توجو
Marshal-General of the Navy
Marquis
Tōgō Heihachirō,
OM
,
GCVO
(
(
27 January 1848 – 30 May 1934), was a
Fleet Admiral
in the
Imperial Japanese Navy
and one of Japan's greatest naval heroes. He was termed by Western journalists as "the
Nelson
of the East", after Horatio Nelson, the British admiral who defeated the French at Trafalgar.
Tōgō was born on 27 January 1848 (b
y the Western calendar) in the Kajiyacho district of the city of
Kagoshima
in
Satsuma
domain (modern-day
Kagoshima prefecture
), in feudal Japan, the third of four sons of
Tōgō Sanetomo (1805-1867
), a
samurai
serving the
Shimazu daimyo
, and Hori Masuko (1812-1901).
Kajiyacho was one of Kagoshima's
samurai
housing-districts, in which many other influential figures of the
Meiji period
were born, such as
Saigō Takamori
and
Ōkubo Toshimichi
. They rose to prominent positions under the
Meiji Emperor
partly because the
Shimazu clan
had been a decisive military and political factor in the
Boshin war
against the
Tokugawa Shogunate
during the
Meiji Restoration
.
[Tokugawa conflicts (1863–1869
Tōgō's first experience at war was at the age of 15 during the
Bombardment of Kagoshima
(August 1863), in which
Kagoshima
was shelled by the
Royal Navy
to punish the
Satsuma
daimyo
for the death of
Charles Lennox Richardson
on the
Tōkaidō
highway the previous year (the
Namamugi Incident
), and the Japanese refusal to pay an indemnity in compensation.
The following year, Satsuma established a navy, in which Tōgō and two of his brothers enrolled. In January 1868, during the
Boshin War
, Tōgō was assigned to the paddle-wheel steam warship
Kasuga
, which participated to the
Naval Battle of Awa
, near
Osaka
, against the navy of the Tokugawa
Bakufu
, the first Japanese naval battle between two modern fleets.
As the conflict spread to northern Japan, Tōgō participated as a third-class officer aboard the
Kasuga
in the last battles against the remnants of the
Bakufu
forces, the
Naval Battle of Miyako
and the
Naval Battle of Hakodate
(1869).
Tōgō studied naval science for seven years in
England
as an apprentice officer, from 1871 to 1878, together with sixteen (or eleven?) other Japanese students. Tōgō visited
London
, at that time the largest and most populous city in the world. Many things were strange to Japanese eyes; the round houses made out of stone, the 'number and massiveness of the buildings', 'the furnishings of a commonplace European room', 'the displays in the butchers' shop windows: it took them several days to become accustomed to such an abundance of meat.' The Japanese group was separated and sent to English boardinghouses for individual instruction in
English language
, customs and manners. Next, Tōgō was sent to
Plymouth
, where he was assigned as a cadet on
HMS
Worcester
, which was part of the Thames Nautical Training College, in 1872. Tōgō found his cadet rations 'inadequate': "I swallowed my small rations in a moment. I formed the habit of dipping my bread in my tea and eating a great deal of it, to the surprise of my English comrades." This was attributed possibly to Tōgō's 'Far Eastern metabolism', the lack of
rice
, 'or that some other essential element was missing; or perhaps the climatic differences sharpened his appetite.' Perhaps the excitement of his adventure contributed, or maybe Togo just liked the food. Tōgō's comrades called him 'Johnny
Chinaman
', being unfamiliar with the 'Orient', and not knowing the difference between Asiatic peoples. 'The young
samurai
did not like that, and on more than one occasion he put an end to it by blows.' Tōgō also surprised these young Englishmen by graduating second in the class.
During 1875, Tōgō circumnavigated the world as an ordinary seaman on the British training-ship
Hampshire
, leaving in February and staying seventy days at sea without a port call until reaching
Melbourne
, eating only salted meat and ship's biscuits. Tōgō 'observed the strange animals on the Southern continent.' On his return, Tōgō had sailed thirty thousand miles. Tōgō suffered a strange illness which severely threatened his eyesight: 'the patient asked his medical advisers to "try everything", and some of their experiments were extremely painful.' Mr. Capel commented later, 'If', he wrote, 'I had not seen with my own eyes what a Japanese can suffer without complaint, I should often have been disinclined to believe....But, having observed Tōgō, I believe all of them.' The Harley Street ophthalmologists saved his eyesight. Tōgō studied mathematics in
Cambridge
(though not at the University) during this time, while living with Reverend A.S. Capel. Tōgō then went to the
Royal Naval Academy
in
Portsmouth
, and to the
Royal Naval College, Greenwich
. During his stay, the Imperial Japanese Navy placed orders in Great Britain for three warships. Tōgō made use of the opportunity to apply his training, supervising (watching carefully) the construction of the
Fusō
whilst on
work experience
at the
Samuda Brothers
shipyard on the
Isle of Dogs
.
Tōgō, newly promoted to
lieutenant
finally returned to Japan on 22 May 1878 onboard one of the newly-purchased British-built ships, the
Hiei
.
Tōgō was absent from Japan during the
Satsuma Rebellion
, and often expressed regret for the fate of his benefactor
Saigō Takamori
.
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