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08-27-2012, 09:53 PM
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مراقب عام سابقا
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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
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62-كارل ايميل
فو مانرهايم
Baron
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (
Swedish pronunciation:(4 June 1867 – 27 January 1951) was the military leader of the
Whites
in the
Finnish Civil War
,
Commander-in-Chief
of
Finland
's
Defence Forces
during
World War II
,
Marshal of Finland
, and a Finnish statesman. He was
Regent of Finland
(1918–1919) and the
sixth
President of Finland
(1944–1946).
Mannerheim was born in the
Grand Principality of Finland
,
Russian Empire
(name in
Russian
: Густав Карлович Ма́ннергейм), into a family of
Swedish-speaking
aristocrats who had settled in Finland in the late 18th century. His paternal German ancestor
Marhein
had emigrated to Sweden during the 17th century
His maternal ancestry has its roots in
Södermanland
, Sweden.
[2]
He made a career in the
Imperial Russian Army
, rising to the rank of lieutenant general. He also had a prominent place in the ceremonies for
Tsar
Nicholas II's
coronation and later had several private meetings with the Russian Tsar. After the Bolshevik revolution, Finland declared its independence but was soon embroiled in a
civil war
along class lines. The working class overwhelmingly held a
socialist
("Red") creed; whereas the aristocracy, landowners, and the middle-class held a
capitalist
("White") creed. Mannerheim was appointed the military chief of the Whites. Twenty years later, when Finland was at war with the
Soviet Union
during 1939–1944, Mannerheim successfully led the defence of Finland as commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces. In 1944, when prospect of Germany's defeat in
World War II
became clear, Mannerheim was elected President of Finland and oversaw peace negotiations with the Soviet Union and the
Allies
. He resigned the presidency in 1946 and died in 1951, retaining universal respect as Finland's greatest statesman.
Early life
The
Mannerheim family
descends from a
German
businessman and mill owner from
Hamburg
, Hinrich Marhein (1618–1667), who emigrated to
Gävle
in
Sweden
and adopted the Swedish spelling of his first name, Henrik. His son Augustin Marhein changed his surname to Mannerheim and was raised to the
nobility
by
King Charles XI
in 1693. His son, an
artillery
colonel and mill manager, Johan Augustin Mannerheim, was raised to the status of
Baron
at the same time as his brother in 1768. The Mannerheim family came to Finland, then an integral part of Sweden, in the latter part of 18th century. (It was long believed that Hinrich Marhein had emigrated to Sweden from the
Netherlands
, but recent studies have shown this belief to be erroneous).
[1]
Mannerheim was also of
Scottish
ancestry on his paternal side, his ancestor George Wright (the founder of the
Von Wright
line of Finnish nobility) having emigrated from
Dundee
to
Sweden
in the 17th century.
[3]
Mannerheim's great-grandfather, Count Carl Erik Mannerheim (1759–1837), had held a number of offices in Finland's
civil service
during the early years of the autonomous Russian
Grand Principality of Finland
, including membership in the
Senate
, and served as the first Prime Minister of Finland (formally the Vice Chairman of the Economic Department of the Senate - the Senate consisted of Economic Department, later the cabinet, and the Justice Dpt, later the Supreme Court, and the formal chairman of both was the Governor General as the acting head of state). In 1825, he was promoted to the rank of
Count
(in
Finnish
Kreivi
, in
Swedish
Greve
). Mannerheim's grandfather,
Count Carl Gustaf Mannerheim
(1797–1854), was a renowned
entomologist
and served as President of the
Viipuri
Court of Appeals. Mannerheim's grandmother Countess Eva Wilhelmina Mannerheim, née Schantz, was one of the leading figures in Finnish high society.[
citation needed
]
Mannerheim's father, Carl Robert, Count Mannerheim (1835–1914), was a
playwright
who held liberal and radical political ideas but was an
businessman
and
industrialist
whose success varied. Count Robert was president of Kuusankoski Ltd, the first producer of rotation paper in Northern Europe, and began the import of modern business machinery with his company Systema. His children sold Systema by management buy out year 1914.
Mannerheim's mother, Hedvig Charlotta Helena (Hélène) von Julin (1842–1881
), was the daughter of the wealthy
industrialist
Johan Jacob von Julin, who owned the
Fiskars
ironworks
and
village
.
Gustaf Mannerheim was born in the family home, Louhisaari Manor in
Askainen
. As the third child of the family he inherited the title of
Baron
(in
Finnish
Vapaaherra
, in
Swedish
Friherre
; only the eldest son would inherit the title of
Count
).
Despite his businesses, his father ran into difficulties in the late 1870s
.
-
He suffered from a hypomania
personality disorder
, which manifested itself in his being overly optimistic in financial dealings
. His addiction to gambling worsened the situation and he went bankrupt in 1880. To cover his debts he was forced to sell Louhisaari and his other landed estates to his sister, as well as his large art collection.
He left his wife and moved to
Paris
with his mistress, becoming a
bohemian
.
He returned to Helsinki and founded the Systema company 1887, and was its manager until his death.
Countess Hélène, shaken by the bankruptcy and her husband's desertion, took their seven children to live with her aunt Louise at this aunt's estate in Sällvik. Hélène died the following year from a heart attack, caused by her shame and depression
.
Her death left the children to be brought up by relatives, making Gustaf
Mannerheim's maternal uncle Albert von Julin his legal guardian
Because of the worsened family finances and Gustaf Mannerheim's
serious discipline problems in school, Albert von Julin decided to send him
to the school of the
Finnish Cadet Corps
in
Hamina
in 1882 to learn self-discipline (something he excelled in as an adult) and a profession.
Beside his mother tongue,
Swedish
, Mannerheim would learn to speak
Finnish
,
Russian
,
French
,
German
and
English
. However, due to his service in the Russian armed forces from 1887 to 1917, Mannerheim forgot most of the Finnish he had learned in his childhood, and would have to learn the language again in later life. In fact, he would speak Finnish with a strong accent and, in the Civil War, depended on a translator. He also spoke Polish and Portuguese and understood some Mandarin Chinese.[
citation needed
]
In his youth, Gustaf Mannerheim also had to learn how to budget and economize, due to his family's worsened financial status. He was humiliated by having to ask his uncle Albert for money for every small purchase. He was also forced to read his uncle's and other relatives' numerous exhortations to frugality and good conduct. The disciplinary problems continued.Mannerheim heartily disliked the school and the narrow social circles in Hamina. In the end, he rebelled by going on leave without permission in 1886, - for which he was expelled from the Finnish Cadet Corps.
As a military career in the Finnish army was closed to Gustaf, the only choice left was a career in the Russian armed forces. Young Gustaf was not averse to this idea. His first choice had been, while still in the Finnish Cadet Corps, to enter the Imperial Page School in
St Petersburg
. But his report from the Finnish Cadet Corps, with his bad conduct at school, made this impossible.
[13]
After spending some time with Albert von Julin's brother-in-law, Edvard Bergenheim, at
Kharkov
, in modern
Ukraine
- where he received lessons in
Russian
[14]
- Mannerheim attended the Helsinki Private Lyceum, passing his university entrance examinations in June 1887.
[15]
Now he had a better school report to show than the one from the Finnish Cadet Corps. He wrote to his godmother, Baroness Alfhild Scalon de Coligny, who had connections at the Russian court, to help him enter the Nicholas Cavalry School. His real wish was to join the
Chevalier Guard
, but his relatives balked at the costs, so he dropped it. His godmother invited him to her husband's country house, Lukianovka, in the summer of 1887. There Gustaf worked to improve his Russian. While in Russia, he spent some time at a military camp at
Chuguyev
, which strengthened his decision to choose a career in the military.
[15]
At the end of July 1887, Gustaf was informed that he could take the entrance examination of the Nicolas Cavalry School in
St. Petersburg
. He passed it and swore his soldier's oath to the
Tsar of Russia
on 16 September 1887.
[16]
He graduated in 1889 tenth in his class after having fallen from second after a drunken argument about Finnish autonomy with a superior officer. He swore to never drink to excess again.
[17]
Mannerheim was commissioned as a
Cornet
. He was posted to the 15th Alexandriyski Dragoons at
Kalisz
on the German border
الوالد تعرض لمشاكل مالية ومرض نفسيا. هجر الام وسافر مع عشيقته. الام على ماتت على اثر ذلك من الكآبة والحزن بجلطة قلبية. الاولاد تركوا ليربوا من قبل الاقارب.
يتيم اجتماعي بسبب غياب الاب ويتيم فعلي حيث ماتت الام وهو في سن ال
ـ 14.
يتيم الام في سن 14 .
رد مع الإقتباس