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Valentinian I
(364-375), Roman Emperor
Valentinian I (
Latin
:
Flavius Valentinianus
Augustus
;
[1]
321
– 17 November 375), also known as Valentinian the Great, was
Roman emperor
from 364 to 375. Upon becoming emperor he made his brother
Valens
his co-emperor, giving him rule of the eastern provinces while Valentinian retained the west.
During his reign, Valentinian fought successfully against the
Alamanni
,
Quadi
, and
Sarmatians
. Most notable was his victory over the Alamanni in 367 at the
Battle of Solicinium
. His brilliant general
Count Theodosius
defeated a revolt in
Africa
and the
Great Conspiracy
, a coordinated assault on
Britain
by
Picts
,
Scots
, and
Saxons
. Valentinian was also the last emperor to conduct campaigns across both the
Rhine
and
Danube
rivers. Valentinian rebuilt and improved the fortifications along the frontiers – even building fortresses in enemy territory.
Due to the successful nature of his reign and almost immediate decline of the empire after his death, he is often considered the "last great
western emperor
". He founded the
Valentinian Dynasty
, with his sons
Gratian
and
Valentinian II
succeeding him in the western half of the empire.
Early life
Valentinian was born in 321 at
Cibalae
in southern
Pannonia
(now
Vinkovci
in Croatia). Valentinian and his younger brother
Valens
were the sons of
Gratianus Major
, a prominent commander during the reigns of emperors
Constantine I
and
Constans I
.
[8]
He and his brother grew up on the family estate where they were educated in a variety of subjects, including painting and sculpting.
[9]
Gratianus was promoted to
Comes
Africae
in the late 320's or early 330's, and the young Valentinian accompanied his father to Africa.
[10]
However, Gratianus was soon accused of embezzlement and was forced to retire.
[10]
Valentinian joined the army in the late 330's and later probably acquired the position of
protector domesticus
.
[10]
Gratianus was later recalled during the early 340s and was made
comes
of
Britannia
.
[10]
After holding this post, Gratianus retired to the family estate in Cibalae.
[11]
In 350, Constans I was assassinated by agents of the
usurper
Magnentius
, a commander in
Gaul
proclaimed emperor by his soldiers.
[12]
Constantius II
, older brother of Constans and emperor in the East, promptly set forth towards Magnentius with a large army.
[13]
The following year the two emperors met in Pannonia. The ensuing
Battle of Mursa Major
resulted in a costly victory for Constantius.
[14]
Two years later he defeated Magnentius again in southern Gaul at the
Battle of Mons Seleucus
.
[15]
Magnentius, now realizing the futility of continuing his revolt, committed suicide in August that year; making Constantius sole ruler of the empire.
[16]
It was around this time that Constantius confiscated Gratianus' property, for supposedly showing hospitality to Magnentius when he was in Pannonia.
[11]
Despite his father's fall from favor, Valentinian does not seem to have been adversely affected at this time, making it unlikely he ever fought for the usurper.
[17]
It is known that Valentinian was in the region during the conflict, but what involvement he had in the war, if any, is unknown.
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