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47 – كاميهاميها الاول ( ملك هاوي
)
·
Kamehameha I
(c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i
Kamehameha I (Hawaiian pronunciation:
[k
ə
meh
ə
ˈ
m
ɛ
h
ə
]
; ca
. 1758
– May 8, 1819), also known as Kamehameha the Great, conquered the
Hawaiian Islands
and formally established the
Kingdom of Hawai
ʻ
i
in 1810. By developing alliances with the major Pacific colonial powers, Kamehameha preserved Hawai
ʻ
i's independence under his rule. Kamehameha is remembered for the
Kanawai Mamalahoe
, the "Law of the Splintered Paddle", which protects
human rights
of
non-combatants
in times of battle. Kamehameha's full Hawaiian name is Kalani Pai
ʻ
ea Wohi o Kaleikini Keali
ʻ
ikui Kamehameha o
ʻ
Iolani i Kaiwikapu kaui Ka Liholiho Kūnuiākea
.
Legendary birth
Although there is some debate as to the
precise year of his birth
, Hawaiian legends claimed that a great king would one day unite the islands, and that the sign of his birth would be a
comet
.
Halley's comet
was visible from Hawai
ʻ
i in 1758 and it is likely Kamehameha was born shortly after its appearance. Other accounts state that he was born in November 1737.
He was known as
Pai
ʻ
ea
, which means "hard-shelled crab". His father by blood was
Keōua
. His mother was
Chiefess Keku
ʻ
iapoiwa
of the
Kohala district
on the
island of Hawai
ʻ
i
.
His father Keōua was the grandson of
Keaweikekahiali
ʻ
iokamoku
, who had once ruled a large portion of the island of Hawai
ʻ
i. When Keaweikekahiali
ʻ
iokamoku died, war broke out over succession between his sons,
Kalani Kama Ke
ʻ
eaumoku Nui
and
Kalaninui
ʻ
amamao
, and a rival chief,
Alapa
ʻ
inuiakauaua
. Alapa
ʻ
i emerged victorious over the two brothers, and their orphan sons (including Kamehameha's father) were absorbed into his clan. Other accounts indicate that he was son of the king of Maui
Kahekili II
. This occurrence is common in ancient Hawaiian society and such children were called
ali
ʻ
i po
ʻ
olu
, double-headed chiefs, with two fathers.
When Kamehameha (Pai
ʻ
ea) was born, Alapa
ʻ
i ordered the child killed. One of his priests (
kahuna
) had warned him that a fiery light in the sky would signal the birth of a "killer of chiefs". Alapa
ʻ
i, nervous at the thought of this child eventually usurping his rule, decided to take no chances. Pai
ʻ
ea's parents, however, had anticipated this.
As soon as he was born, he was given into the care of Nae
ʻ
ole, another noble from Kohala, and disappeared from sight. Nae
ʻ
ole raised Pai
ʻ
ea for the first few years of his life. Five years after his birth, Alapa
ʻ
i, perhaps remorseful of his actions, invited the child back to live with his family
. There under the guidance of his
kumu
(teacher), Kekuhaupi
ʻ
o, he learned the ways of court diplomacy and war.
His father, thought to have been poisoned or prayed to death by Alapa
ʻ
i, died a few years later. Kekuhaupi
ʻ
o remained a faithful and trusted advisor to Pai
ʻ
ea until the accidental death of the loyal kahu during a sham battle.
Another story says the name Pai
ʻ
ea was given to Kamehameha after he first distinguished himself as a warrior in a battles between Maui and Hawai
ʻ
i island in 1775–1779.
[2]
Pai
ʻ
ea is said to have had a dour disposition, and acquired the name he is best known for today:
Ka mehameha
, from the
Hawaiian language
for "the lonely one".
[3]
Unification of Hawaii
When Alapa
ʻ
i died, his position was succeeded by his son Keawea
ʻ
opala.
Kalani
ʻ
ōpu
ʻ
u
, Alapa
ʻ
i's great-nephew, challenged his rule, and was backed by his nephew Kamehameha. In fierce fighting at
Kealakekua Bay
, Keawea
ʻ
opala was slain and Kalani
ʻ
ōpu
ʻ
u claimed victory. For his loyal service to his uncle, Kamehameha was made Kalani
ʻ
ōpu
ʻ
u's aide.
In 1779, Kamehameha again traveled with Kalani
ʻ
ōpu
ʻ
u to Kealakekua Bay. This time he, among other young chiefs accompanying their senior chief, met with
Captain James Cook
. Cook was perhaps mistaken by some Native Hawaiians to be
Lono
, the Hawaiian god of fertility. Cook's ship was the
HMS
Resolution
; Kamehameha may have stayed on board at least one night. It was Kamehameha's first contact with non-Hawaiians.
the Big Island of Hawaii was first
Raised in the royal court of his uncle Kalani
ʻ
ōpu
ʻ
, Kamehameha achieved prominence in 1782, upon Kalani
ʻ
ōpu
ʻ
u's death. While the kingship was inherited by Kalani
ʻ
ōpu
ʻ
u's son
Kiwala
ʻ
o
, Kamehameha was given a prominent religious position, guardianship of the Hawaiian god of war,
Kūka
ʻ
ilimoku
, as well as the district of
Waipi
ʻ
o valley
. There was already bad blood between the two cousins, caused when Kamehameha presented a slain
ali
ʻ
i
's body to the gods instead of to Kiwala
ʻ
o. When a group of chiefs from the Kona district offered to back Kamehameha against Kiwala
ʻ
o, he accepted eagerly. The five Kona chiefs supporting Kamehameha were:
Ke
ʻ
eaumoku Pāpa
ʻ
iahiahi
(Kamehameha's father-in-law),
Keaweaheulu Kalua
ʻ
apana
(Kamehameha's uncle), Kekūhaupi
ʻ
o (Kamehameha's warrior teacher),
Kame
ʻ
eiamoku
and
Kamanawa
(twin uncles of Kamehameha). Kiwala
ʻ
o was soon defeated in the
battle of Moku
ʻ
ohai
, and Kamehameha took control of the districts of Kohala, Kona, and Hamakua on the island of Hawaii
ʻ
i.
[4]
Kamehameha then moved against the
district of Puna
in 1790 deposing
Chief Keawema
ʻ
uhili
.
Keōua Kuahu
ʻ
ula
, exiled to his home in Ka
ʻ
ū, took advantage of Kamehameha's absence and led an uprising. When Kamehameha returned with his army to put down the rebellion, Keōua fled past the
Kilauea
volcano, which erupted and killed nearly a third of his warriors from poisonous gas.
[5]
Questioning a kahuna on how best to go about securing the rest of the island, Kamehameha resolved to construct a temple (
heiau
) to Kūka
ʻ
ilimoku, as well as lay an ali
ʻ
i's body on it.
When the
Pu
ʻ
ukoholā Heiau
was completed in 1791, Kamehameha invited Keōua to meet with him. Keōua may have been dispirited by his recent losses. He may have mutilated himself before landing so as to make himself an imperfect sacrificial victim. As he stepped on shore, one of Kamehameha's chiefs threw a spear at him. By some accounts he dodged it, but was then cut down by musket fire. Caught by surprise, Keōua's bodyguards were killed. With Keōua dead, and his supporters captured or slain, Kamehameha became King of all Hawai
ʻ
i island.
تربي اول خمس سنوات من عمره بعيد عن العائلة ( عند عائلة بديلة ) وقتل اباه بالسم وهو صغير.
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