- اسمه الحقيقي ديفد جون مور كورنويل ولد عام 1931 ويكتب قصص جاسوسية
-عمل في اجهزة المخابرات بين الاعوام 1950 و1960 وبدأ يكتب روايات باسم مستعار وهو جون لي كاري
-في العام 1963 الف رواية واصبحت هذه الروايه "الجاسوس الذي جاء من لا مكان" من اكثر الكتب مبيعا فاستقال من العمل في جهاز المخابرات ليصبح كاتبا متفرغا
-ولد في بول دورست ( انجلترا) وكان والده يمارس الغش والخداع مما ادى الى سجنه
-يقول ان ذلك كان احد اسباب اهتمامه بالاسرار.
- هجرته والدته وهو في سن الخامسة.
-يقول انه لا يذكر امه على الاطلاق كما ان غيابها كان بالنسبة له سر آخر جعله يحب الاسرار ولم يتلق بها مرة اخرى حتى اصبح في الـ 21
-لم ينسجم في الدراسة ولذلك اقنع والده ان يرسله الى سويسرا.
-لم تكن علاقته مع المدير جيدة وعليه اصبح يتعامل مع المؤسسات بشك وريبة.
-خدم في الجيش في النمسا بعد ان انهى دراسته الجامعية في العام 1949 وعاد بعد ذلك الى انجلترا .
-التقى في سويسرا بدلماسي كان يعمل جاسوس ووقع في غرام العمل الجاسوسي السري
-انضم في العام 1959 الى العمل في وزارة الخارجية البريطانية وعمل في المالنيا الغربية
-عمل قنصل في هامبرج وقد كشف الجاسوس المزدوج ( كم فلي ) اسمه للروس
-تزوج في العام 1954 وعاش في عام 1960 في جزر اليونان ولكنه عاد الى بريطانيا وتزوج مرة ثانية في العام 1972 .

-لم يعرف امع لانها تخلت عنه وهو في سن الخامسة
-كانت علاقته مع والده صعبه والذي خسر ماله في اكثر من مره واعلن افلاسه.

حياته مليئة بالاحداث الدارمية ومنذ الطفولة لديه مجموعة من الازمات مثل سجن الاب ومغادرة الام التي لم يعرفها ثم كان له مشاكل مع المدرسة، ثم سفره للدراسه في سويسرا وربما ان ذلك بسبب ظروف البيت حيث يبدو ان والده قد تزوج مرة اخرى، وعليه يمكن اعتباره يتيم الاب بسبب السجن ويتيم الام حيث تخلت عنه امه وهو في سن الخامسة ولم يعرفها.


يتيم الام في سن الخامسة ( حيث تخلت عنه في ذلك السن).

Song of Solomon is a 1977novel by American author Toni Morrison. It follows the life of Macon "Milkman" Dead III, an African-American male living in Michigan, from birth to adulthood.
This book won the National Books Critics Award, was chosen for Oprah Winfrey's popular book club, and was cited by the Swedish Academy in awarding Morrison the 1993 Nobel Prize in literature.[1]

Plot summary
Morrison's protagonist, Macon "Milkman" Dead III, derives his nickname from the fact that he was breastfed during childhood (Macon's age can be inferred as he was wearing pants with elastic instead of a diaper, and that he later forgets the event, suggesting he was still rather young). Milkman's father's employee, Freddie, happens to see him through the window being breastfed by his mother. He quickly gains a reputation for being a "Momma's boy" in direct contrast to his (future) best friend, Guitar, who is motherless and fatherless.
Milkman has two sisters, "First Corinthians" and "Magdelene called Lena." The daughters of the family are named by putting a pin in the Bible, while the eldest son is named after his father. The first Macon Dead's name was the result of an administrative error when Milkman's grandfather had to register subsequent to the end of slavery.
Milkman's mother (Ruth Foster Dead) is the daughter of the town's only black doctor; she makes her husband feel inadequate, and it is clear she idolized her father, Doctor Foster, to the point of obsession. After her father dies, her husband claims to have found her in bed with the dead body, sucking his fingers. Ruth later tells Milkman that she was kneeling at her father's bedside kissing the only part of him that remained unaffected by the illness from which he died. These conflicting stories expose the problems between his parents and show Milkman that "truth" is difficult or impossible to obtain. Macon (Jr.) is often violently aggressive towards Ruth because he believes that she was involved sexually with her father and loved her father more than her own husband. On one occasion, Milkman punches his father after he strikes Milkman's mother, exposing the growing rift between father and son.
In contrast, Macon Dead Jr.'s sister, Pilate, is seen as nurturing—an Earth Mother character. Born without a navel, she is a somewhat mystical character. It is strongly implied that she is Divine—a female Christ-in spite of her name. Macon (Jr.) has not spoken to his sister for years and does not think highly of her. She, like Macon, has had to fend for herself from an early age after their father's murder, but she has dealt with her past in a different way than Macon, who has embraced money as the way to show his love for his father. Pilate has a daughter, Reba, and a granddaughter named Hagar. Hagar falls desperately and obsessively in love with Milkman, and is unable to cope with his rejection, attempting to kill him at least six times.
Hagar is not the only character who attempts to kill Milkman. Guitar, Milkman's erstwhile best friend, tries to kill Milkman more than once after incorrectly suspecting that Milkman has cheated him out of hidden gold, a fortune he planned to use to help his Seven Days group fund their revenge killings in response to killings of blacks.
Searching for the gold near the old family farm in Pennsylvania, Milkman stops at the rotting Butler Mansion, former home of the people who killed his ancestor to claim the farm. Here he meets Circe, an almost supernaturally old ex-slave of the Butlers. She tells Milkman of his family history and this leads him to the town of Shalimar. There he learns his great-grandfather Solomon was said to have escaped slavery by flying back to Africa, leaving behind twenty-one children and his wife Ryna, who goes crazy with loss. Returning home, he learns that Hagar has died of a broken heart. He accompanies Pilate back to Shalimar, where she is accidentally shot and killed by Guitar, who had intended to kill Milkman.
At the end of the novel, Milkman leaps towards Guitar. This leap is ambiguous, it is not explicitly stated that either or both is killed. However it brings the novel full circle from the suicidal "flight" of Robert Smith, the insurance agent, to Milkman's "flight" in which he learns to fly like Pilate.

Themes
The novel's epigraph reads, "The fathers may soar/ And the children may know their names." The importance of names and naming for Morrison's cast of characters lies in a name's ability to intimate or uncover hidden truths about personal identity. In the novel, names take on an active role: they help one acquire self-knowledge, connect with one's history, and might even have the power to change one for the better or worse. Take Hagar, for example: the Oxford English Dictionary cites one obsolete verb form of "hag," which means "to torment or terrify as a hag; to trouble as the nightmare"; are her attempts to murder Milkman then merely a means by which to fulfill the command of her name? She also gives her characters biblical names such as Hagar. In the Bible, Sarah has a handmaiden named Hagar , who bears Abraham –her husband- a son and is then banished from Abraham's family. Similarly, Hagar in “Song of Solomon” is a character who is used by Milkman, but but then also put aside by him, driving her insane.
By and large, Morrison's characters acquire their names in later life. Nicknames, misnomers, mistaken identities—these are the ways in which characters are read and judgements are made about them. These are also the ways in which the characters may judge themselves. Milkman's shame over his nickname, for example, grants the reader insight into his aggressive and unloving relationship with his mother.
A major theme in the novel is Milkman's quest for identity as a black man in the 20th-century United States, as he slowly tries to piece together the history of his ancestors, which he achieves by journeying into his father and aunt's past, searching for his origins. The sources and meanings of names also tie into his larger search for identity.
The novel is written in the third person, but the narrative weaves in and out of different character viewpoints, beliefs, and psychologies. The reader is given insight into Macon and Pilate's early lives together, as well as an understanding of their personal history and of the effects of slavery on the Dead family, including Milkman. The search for identity, the effects of geographical displacement on African Americans, and the effects of distorted love all play out as important themes in the novel. Another major theme is the idea that the individual must find freedom from not only saving himself.
Furthermore, throughout the novel, flight is presented as one of the only ways to achieve freedom in an otherwise stifling world. Although the exact meaning of flight, in both the literal and the figurative sense, changes as the novel progresses, Milkman's fascination with flight remains constant. When Milkman finally decides to "fly" in the end, he proves to the readers that it is one's actions, and not one's name, that make her/his story worth remembering.
Conveyed by his metaphorical relation to a peacock, Milkman is initially a "flightless bird" weighed down by his pride, search for gold and coloured ancestry. However, only when he "surrenders to the air" and frees himself from societal burdens can he truly "fly" in life and soar above prejudices similar to his ancestor, Solomon.
Another major theme presented in the novel is singing as the songs were sung from the beginning to the end of the novel. While Mr. Smith was about to commit suicide, Pilate sang the song "O sugarman done fly...", and the same song was repeated again after Mr. Smith committed the suicide. The song sung by the people of Shalimar guides Milkman in his journey of uncovering his family history. When Hagar dies, Pilate and Reba both sing to relieve their grief.
In the novel, gender inequality was greatly expressed. Men were more powerful and always tend to have control over women in some way: Macon Dead's violence towards Ruth, Milkman's ignorance for Haggar; the only exception was Pilate, whom Milkman described to be a woman that could fly without ever leaving the ground. This can be read both literally or metaphorically. Literally, a bird swooped down and picked up her box with her name inside it and flew away, letting her fly in a sense. Metaphorically, the use of flying, as seen throughout the novel, is an indication that she did something important with her life and made a story for herself.
The role of outsider is also a theme of the novel. When Milkman is a juvenile, he is very much self-absorbed and sees the world only through his father's and Guitar's eyes with appreciation of awe and affection. He hears fascinating stories from his father, but has never experienced any himself. Moreover, he learns from his father and Guitar that to be a man is to either own something or to conduct violence. However, he does not totally understand the whole purpose of their views and is thus not very self-promoted. Nevertheless, Milkman has gone through a character development when he travels north to his old family farm searching for gold. When he hears of the people telling stories of his father and grandfather, he begins to recognize the emptiness of his lust and starts to step out of his own and to see the world through other people's eyes.

(بالإنكليزية: Toni Morrison) روائيةأمريكية-إفريقية مولودة في أوهايو في 18 فبراير1931، فازت بجائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1993 عن مُجمل أعمالها، وجائزة بوليتزر عن روايتها محبوبة. من رواياتها الأخرى: أكثر العيون زرقة، نشيد سليمان، صولا، وطفل القطران. تُرجمت أعمالها إلى مختلف لغات العالم، ومن بينها العربية.

حياتها المبكرة ومهنتها ولدت توني موريسون في لورين – اوهايو وكانت الطفلة الثانية من بين اربع اطفال في العائلة. كانت موريسون تقرأ باستمرار ومن كتابها المفضلين جين اوستن وليو تولستوي، وكان والدها يروي لها العديد من الحكايات الشعبية عن مجمتمع السود بطرية السرد القصصي والتي ستؤثر لاحقا على أسلوبها في الكتابة. في عام 1949 التحقت موريسون بجامعة هاوارد وفي عام 1953 حصلت على بكلوريوس في الادب الإنكليزي، وفي عام 1955 نالت شهادة الماجستير من جامعة كورنيل.بعد أن نالت الماجستير عملت في جامعة Texas Southern University in Houston, Texas للمدة (1955-1957) ثم عادت لللعمل في جامعة هاوارد ، تزوجت من المهندس المعماري الجامايكي هارولد موريسون في عام 1958 وتطلقت منه عام 1964 بعد أن انجبت منه طفلين بعد الطلاق انتقلت إلى Syracuse ثم إلى New York لتعمل محررة كتب منهجية ثم محررة في المقر الرئيسي لدار النشر راندوم هاوس Random House وهنا لعبت دوري حيوي في دفع ادب السود إلى الواجهة.

مهنة الكتابة
بدأت موريسون كتابة الروايات الخيالية عندما كانت مشتركة مع مجموعة من الكتاب والشعراء في جامعة هاوارد الذين كانوا يلتقون ويناقشون اعمالهم في أحد المرات ذهبت مورسون إلى الاجتماع وهي تحمل قصة قصيرة عن فتاة سوداء تتوق للحصول على عيون زرقاء وقد طورت هذه القصة فيما بعد لتصبح روايتها الأولى التي تحمل عنوان العين الاكثر زرقة نشرتها عام 1970 كتبت موريسون هذه الرواية في الوقت الذي كانت تربي طفليها وتعمل في جامعة هاوارد، في عام 2000 اختيرت هذه الرواية كواحدة من مختارات نادي اوبرا للكتاب. في عام 1975 رشحت روايتها sula التي كتبتها عام 1973 إلى جائزة الكتاب الوطنية، اما روايتها الثالثة نشيد سليمان فقد اختيرت كتاب الشهر وهي أول رواية لكاتب اسود يتم اختيارها بعد رواية الكاتب ريتشارد التي اختيرت عام 1940 وقد حصلت أيضا على جازة النقاد الوطنية. في عام 1987 أصبحت روايتها beloved نقطة حرجة في تاريخ نجاحها عندما فشلت في الفوز بجائزة الكتاب الوطنية وجائزة النقاد الوطنية مما حدا بعدد من الكتاب إلى الاحتجاج ضد اغفال مورسون، ولكن بعد مدة قصيرة فازت هذه الرواية بجائزة Pulitzer Prize for fiction وجائزة الكتاب الأمريكي وفي نفس السنة عملت موريسون كاستاذ زائر في Bard College.في عام 1998 تحولت هذه الرواية إلى فلم يحمل نفس الاسم من بطولة اوبرا وينفري ودان كلوفر، ثم استخدمت موريسون قصة حياة ماركريت كارنر في نص ابرالي الف الموسيقى له الفنان ريتشارد دانيبلور. كما رشحت، The New York Times Book Review هذه الرواية في عام 2006 كأفضل رواية أمريكية نشرت خلال الخمس وعشرون سنة الماضية. في عام 1993 حصلت موريسون على جائزة نوبل للاداب وجاء في كلمة المؤسسة المانحة للجائزة " تميزت روايات موريسون بقوة البصيرة والمضمون الشاعري الذي يمنح الواقع الأمريكي ملامحه الاساسية ". حاليا هي اخر أمريكية حصلت على هذه الجائزة. ساهمت موريسون باثراء واغناء التراث الادبي الأمريكي ولهذا منحتها مؤسسة الكتاب الوطنية في عام 1996 ميدالية المساهمة المتميزة في الاداب الأمريكية. على الرغم من أن رواياتها ركزت على النساء السود الا انها ترفض ان يوصف نتاجها الادبي بانه ادب يختص بالحركة النسوية. بالإضافة إلى رواياتها، ساهمت موريسون مع ابنها Slade الذي يعمل رسام وموسيقي في تاليف كتب للاطفال، وقد توفي Salade في 22 ديسمبر عام 2010.

طوني موريسون
toni morrison حاملة جائزة نوبل للآداب عام 1993 في حوار ٍ معه
ملحق ثقافي
الثلاثاء 24/1/2006
ترجمة واعداد: كمال فوزي الشرابي
تعتبر طوني موريسون رائدة ومناضلةومثقفة لا تفتر عن التفكير والانتاج ولدت الروائية الأمريكية ذات الأصل الافريقيطوني موريسون في مدينة لورين بولاية أوهايو من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 1931.

Toni Morrison (born Chloe Anthony Wofford on February 18, 1931) is a Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist, editor, and professor.
روائية امريكية ولدت عام 1931 وحازت على جائزة نوبل
Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed characters.

Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon and Beloved. She also was commissioned to write the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner, first performed in 2005.

Toni Morrison was born in Lorain, Ohio to Ramah (née Willis) and George Wofford. She is the second of four children in a working-class family.
كانت الثانية في الترتيب من عائلة من الطبقة العاملة
As a child, Morrison read constantly; among her favorite authors were Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy. Morrison's father told her numerous folktales of the black community (a method of storytelling that would later work its way into Morrison's writings).
In 1949 Morrison entered Howard University, where she received a B.A. in English in 1953. She earned a Master of Arts degree in English from Cornell University in 1955, for which she wrote a thesis on suicide in the works of William Faulkner and Virginia Woolf.
كانت رسالة الدكتوراه عن موضوع الانتحار في ادب وليم فولكنير وفرجينيا ولف
After graduation, Morrison became an English instructor at Texas Southern University in Houston, Texas (1955–57), then returned to Howard to teach English. She became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.
In 1958 she married Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect and fellow faculty member at Howard University. They had two children, Harold and Slade, and divorced in 1964.
تزوجت عام 1958 وانجبت طفلين ثم انفصلت عن زوجها عام 1964
After the divorce she moved to Syracuse, New York, where she worked as a textbook editor. A year and a half later, she went to work as an editor at the New York City headquarters of Random House. As an editor, Morrison played a vital role in bringing black literature into the mainstream, editing books by authors such as Toni Cade Bambara, Angela Davis, and Gayl Jones.

Morrison began writing fiction as part of an informal group of poets and writers at Howard who met to discuss their work. She went to one meeting with a short story about a black girl who longed to have blue eyes. She later developed the story as her first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970).
كانت روايتها الاولى عن طفلة امريكية تتمنى لو كان لديها عيون زرقاء
She wrote it while raising two children and teaching at Howard. In 2000 it was chosen as a selection for Oprah's Book Club.
In 1975 her novel Sula (1973) was nominated for the National Book Award. Her third novel, Song of Solomon (1977), brought her national attention. The book was a main selection of the Book-of-the-Month Club, the first novel by a black writer to be so chosen since Richard Wright's Native Son in 1940. It won the National Book Critics Circle Award.
In 1987 Morrison's novel Beloved became a critical success. When the novel failed to win the National Book Award as well as the National Book Critics Circle Award, a number of writers protested over the omission. Shortly afterward, it won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction and the American Book Award. That same year, Morrison took a visiting professorship at Bard College.
Beloved was adapted into the 1998 film of the same name starring Oprah Winfrey and Danny Glover. Morrison later used Margaret Garner's life story again in the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner, with music by Richard Danielpour. In May 2006, The New York Times Book Review named Beloved the best American novel published in the previous twenty-five years.
In 1993 Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Her citation reads: Toni Morrison, "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality." She is currently the last American to have been awarded the honor. Shortly afterward, a fire destroyed her Rockland County, New York home.
In 1996 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. Morrison's lecture, entitled "The Future of Time: Literature and Diminished Expectations," began with the aphorism, "Time, it seems, has no future." She cautioned against the misuse of history to diminish expectations of the future.
Morrison was honored with the 1996 National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, which is awarded to a writer "who has enriched our literary heritage over a life of service, or a corpus of work."[12]
Although her novels typically concentrate on black women, Morrison does not identify her works as feminist.
تركز في رواياتها على المرأة السوداء ( من اصل افريقي).
She has stated that she thinks "it's off-putting to some readers, who may feel that I'm involved in writing some kind of feminist tract. I don't subscribe to patriarchy, and I don't think it should be substituted with matriarchy. I think it's a question of equitable access, and opening doors to all sorts of things."[
In addition to her novels, Morrison has also co-written books for children with her younger son, Slade Morrison, who worked as a painter and musician. Slade died on December 22, 2010, aged 45.
مات ابنها سليد عام 2010 عن عمر 45 سنه
In writing about the impeachment in 1998, Morrison wrote that, since Whitewater, Bill Clinton had been mistreated because of his "Blackness":
Years ago, in the middle of the Whitewater investigation, one heard the first murmurs: white skin notwithstanding, this is our first black President. Blacker than any actual black person who could ever be elected in our children’s lifetime. After all, Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald’s-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas.
كتبت في العام 1998 بان كلينتون كان رئيس اسود بل اكثر سودا من اي رئيس اسود يمكن ان ينتخب وذلك لانه مثل السود عاش من دون اب وولد فقيرا ومن طبقة عامله ، يعزف الساسكفون وكان يحب الاكل من مطعم مكدولنالد والطعام السريع من ولاية اركنساس

توني موريسون
-روائية أمريكية-إفريقية مولودة في أوهايو في 18 فبراير 1931، فازت بجائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1993 عن مُجمل أعمالها، وجائزة بوليتزر عن روايتها محبوبة. من رواياتها الأخرى: أكثر العيون زرقة، نشيد سليمان، صولا، وطفل القطران. تُرجمت أعمالها إلى مختلف لغات العالم، ومن بينها العربية.
-ولدت توني موريسون في لورين – اوهايو وكانت الطفلة الثانية من بين اربع اطفال في العائلة.
-تزوجت من المهندس المعماري الجامايكي هارولد موريسون في عام 1958 وتطلقت منه عام 1964 بعد أن انجبت منه طفلين بعد الطلاق انتقلت إلى Syracuse ثم إلى New York لتعمل محررة كتب منهجية ثم محررة في المقر الرئيسي لدار النشر راندوم هاوس Random House وهنا لعبت دوري حيوي في دفع ادب السود إلى الواجهة.
-بدأت موريسون كتابة الروايات الخيالية عندما كانت مشتركة مع مجموعة من الكتاب والشعراء في جامعة هاوارد الذين كانوا يلتقون ويناقشون اعمالهم في أحد المرات ذهبت مورسون إلى الاجتماع وهي تحمل قصة قصيرة عن فتاة سوداء تتوق للحصول على عيون زرقاء وقد طورت هذه القصة فيما بعد لتصبح روايتها الأولى التي تحمل عنوان العين الاكثر زرقة نشرتها عام 1970 كتبت موريسون هذه الرواية في الوقت الذي كانت تربي طفليها وتعمل في جامعة هاوارد.

-كانت رسالة الدكتوراه عن موضوع الانتحار في ادب وليم فولكنير وفرجينيا ولف
-تزوجت عام 1958 وانجبت طفلين ثم انفصلت عن زوجها عام 1964
-كانت روايتها الاولى عن طفلة امريكية تتمنى لو كان لديها عيون زرقاء
-تركز في رواياتها على المرأة السوداء ( من اصل افريقي).
- مات ابنها سليد عام 2010 عن عمر 45 سنه
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80 - انفجار قارورة المصنع، للمؤلف بيريل بينبريدج.

The Bottle Factory Outing is a 1974 novel written by Beryl Bainbridge, it was shortlisted for the Booker Prize that year and won the Guardian Fiction Prize. It is also listed as one of the 100 greatest novels of all time by Robert McCrum of The Observer.

The book was inspired by Beryl Bainbridge's own experiences working in a bottling factory after her divorce in 1959.

الحياة / لندن - مودي بيطار
هل تنصف صحوات التكريم بعد الوفاة موضوعها، أم إنها تعزّز انكشاف عالم الجوائز بعدله وغبنه، مساوماته ونزواته؟ بين 1973 و1998 رشّحت الكاتبة البريطانية بيريل بينبريدج خمس مرات لجائزة بوكر التي عصتها كل مرة. الصيف الماضي رحلت «إشبينة بوكر»، التي لم تحظَ يوماً بعرسها، عن خمس وسبعين سنةً، وها هي تكرّم بعد ثمانية أشهر بجائزة خاصة دعيت مان بوكر لأفضل إنتاج لبيريل. لم يفطن أسياد الجوائز الى احتمال رحيلها بمرض قاسٍ كالسرطان، وضرورة تكريمها شخصياً، لكن إيون تريوين، المدير الأدبي لمان بوكر، أحبّ أن يؤمن بحضورها على نحو ما. «آمل في أن تكون بيريل، أين ما كانت، تمجّ من سيجارتها وترشف من كأسها وتقول: فعلتها».

تنافست روايات بينبريدج الخمس التي رشّحت لبوكر، وفازت «ماستر جورجي» بالتصويت الشعبي متغلبة على «كل لنفسه» بحفنة أصوات. قال تريوين إنها كانت أكبر كتّاب جيلها ممن لم يحصلوا على الجائزة، ورأى الحجم الصغير لكتبها من أسباب الإقبال عليها، ممتدحاً مرحها القاتم، وقدرتها الحكائية ورسمها الشخصيات ببراعة. الكاتبة نفسها ذكرت في 2008 أنها اهتمّت بالفوز بقوة في المرة الرابعة في 1996 عن «كل لنفسه»، وظنّت أنها ستفعل لكنها صدمت حين كوفئ غراهام سويفت عن «الطلبات الأخيرة». في 1998 رشّحت عن «ماستر جورجي» وخسرت مجدّداً أمام «أمستردام» لإيان ماكيوان، على أن روايتي سويفت وماكيوان عجزتا عن جذب القرّاء حتى بعد فوزهما. تساءل البعض ما إذا كان الحجم الصغير لكتبها منع فوزها بأكبر الجوائز الأدبية البريطانية، لكنها خسرت مع «الخياطة» و «نزهة مصنع القناني» في 1973 و1974 أمام روايتين قصيرتين هما «عطلة» لستانلي ميدلتن و «الصياني» لنادين غورديمر. اللورد هيرد، وزير الخارجية السابق، الذي رأس اللجنة الحكم في 1998 رأى الجائزة الخاصة ببينبريدج فكرة جيدة وإن لم تكن منطقية، وقال إن كلاً من «ماستر جورجي» و «أمستردام» لم تكونا أفضل أعمال مؤلفيهما.

استوحت بينبريدج فكرة «ماستر جورجي» من صورة فوتوغرافية لميناء سيباستوبول الأوكراني الذي رسا فيه أسطول البحر الأسود، وارتفعت قربه مبانٍ شاهقة فكّرت حين رأتها أنها مبنية على عظام. أعدّت للرواية بقراءة الكتب عن حرب القرم بين روسيا وتحالف بريطانيا وفرنسا وسردينيا وتركيا في أواسط القرن التاسع عشر. كانت الحرب الأولى التي غطّتها الصور الفوتوغرافية، وتوفي أكثر من ثلاثة أرباع ضحاياها بالكوليرا والديزنتاريا (الزحار) والسفلس والتصقع. درست بينبريدج الصور، واستندت اليها في نسج القصة وبناء الشخصيات. ترصد الرواية أسرة هاردي عبر ثلاثة أصوات: ميرتل اليتيمة التي تؤويها الأسرة وتغمرها بالحب الى أن تقتني كلباً. بومبي جونز، ابن الشارع الذي ينفث النار ويتحوّل متمرناً على فن التصوير الجديد لدى جورج هاردي. والدكتور بوتر، عالم طبقات الأرض وعاشق الأبهة الذي يفصّل تشكّل حجر الكلس في السهول. يمثل بومبي الشخصية الديكنزية التي تحقّق النجاح تاركة الفقر والشارع خلفها، وهو يتهم جورجي بالتحرش به تحت تأثير الكحول، لكن الطبيب يرد الاتهام للفتى بمثله.

يبدأ كل فصل بصورة وصوت مختلف يلقي ضوءاً على جورج، الجراح المدمن على الكحول الذي يفضّل الرجال على النساء ويخفي مثليته. يهوى التصوير، ويحس بالصقيع تحت قميصه القطني الأبيض حين يلتقط صورة ميرتل قرب جثة والده. تتلبّد صوره بسرعة ويطغى عليها السواد بعد التقاطها بقليل. تعشقه أخته الأمية، وتخدم الأسرة لكنه لا يهتم بها وإن نام معها لينجب بعد زواج لم يثمر. تبدو حزينة باستمرار، لكنها تقول إن ظاهرها يخالف حقيقة سعادتها الداخلية. تساعد جورجي على إخفاء السبب الحقيقي لوفاة والده، وترافقه مع بومبي والدكتور بوتر الى القرم. تلقّبه «ماستر جورجي» لكن صورته المحترمة النزيهة قناع لأب وعاشق بارد، مدمن، يتحول طبيباً شجاعاً في شبه الجزيرة الروسية.

يترك الأربعة شوارع ليفربول الباردة، غرب البلاد، الى القسطنطينية اللاهبة حيث يقصدون الأوبرا، ويتورطون في شجار بعد التحرش بميرتل. تبدو رحلتهم الى القسطنطينية بحقائبهم الكثيرة أشبه بعطلة عائلية، لكن أهوال الحرب تفرض نفسها بسرعة على وعيهم. تسجّل الكاتبة لقطات موجعة بينها قتيلان راكعان تشابكت أيديهما، وانسحاب الدكتور بوتر من فظائع الحرب الى الكتب والجنون. في الرواية مقطع عن ولادة عنزة كانت الكاتبة شهدتها حقاً في مصر. أمضت فيها عطلة مع أصدقاء، وليلة رأس السنة شاهدوا امرأة تخبز في قرية وقربها عنزة تلد.

بدأت بينبريدج ممثلة، ثم غيّرت اتجاهها وكتبت عشرين رواية، وسيناريوات أفلام ومسلسلات تلفزيونية. كتبت دائماً عن حياتها، وقالت إنها أضافت جريمة أو ميتة في النهاية ليبدو العمل أدبياً». إذا قفزت وابتكرت شخصية ليست أنا فلا بأس بذلك، لكنني لا أفعل ذلك. أشعر أنني بعيدة ومنفصلة عنها، وهذا ما يقلقني». لم تؤمن بالمخيلة، ورأتها مجرد تراكم: «تستطيع القول إنها لقطات عقلية لأشياء نستوعبها منذ الولادة. أصوات خافتة تسمعها، كلمات لا تفهمها، أغانٍ، أشياء قرأتها، مقاطع سينمائية، مناظر من القطار، هذا هو الخيال».

ظنّت طويلاً أن الكتابة تنبع من الطاقة الجنسية، وأنها لن تتمكّن من الكتابة إذا لم ترتبط بعلاقات جسدية. في 2002 أشارت في مقابلة مع ملحق «ذا صانداي تايمز» الى كثرة «آباء الأحد» في الشارع الذي سكنته. كثيرات من نسائه كن مطلّقات، ومرّ رجال على دراجاتهم تعتقد أنهم كانوا من الطبقة الوسطى، أبدوا إعجابهم بأناقة السيدات فدعونهم الى شرب فنجان قهوة أدى الى علاقات عابرة وجعلهم «آباء الأحد». كانت طفولتها مرّة، وتظاهرت بأنها مصابة بالسل لكي تبقى في البيت وتحمي والدتها من غضب والدها السريع، العنيف. ستيلا تفعل الشيء نفسه في روايتها «مغامرة كبيرة للغاية» التي تناولت فرقة مسرحية، وحوّلت فيلماً من بطولة آلان ريكمان وهيو غرانت. في «وليم العذب» استرجعت علاقتها الأليمة مع والد ابنتها الثالثة «الجذاب العقيم» الذي خرج ليحضر كتاباً من سيارته ولم يعد. كانت أمها إحدى شخصيات الرواية، وهي لقّبت بالدوقة لولعها بالمجوهرات والقبعات ومعاطف الفرو. ارتدت بذلات رجالية وعمامات في الحرب، وأحرجت ابنتها التي رغبت في الهروب من كل ذلك. لا عجب أن حياتها كانت ركيزة أدبها.
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Dame Beryl Margaret Bainbridge, DBE (21 November 1932 – 2 July 2010 was an English author from Liverpool.
روائية انجليزية ولدت عام 1932
She was primarily known for her psychological novels, often set amongst the English working classes.
عرفت برواياتها التي تعالج مواضيع نفسية
Bainbridge won the Whitbread Awards prize for best novel in 1977 and 1996; she was nominated five times for the Booker Prize. She was described in 2007 as "a national treasure". In 2008, The Times newspaper named Bainbridge among their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
Biography
Beryl Bainbridge was born in Liverpool and raised in nearby Formby. Her parents were Richard Bainbridge and Winifred Baines. Although she gave her date of birth in Who's Who and elsewhere as 21 November 1934, she was born in 1932 and her birth was registered in the first quarter of 1933. When German former prisoner of war Harry Arno Franz wrote to her in November 1947, he mentioned her 15th birthday.
قالت ان عيد ميلادها في 21/11/1934 لكن من المعروف انها ولدت عام 1932 وتاريخ ميلادها سجل في الربع الاول من العام 1933
She enjoyed writing, and by the age of 10 she was keeping a diary. She had elocution lessons and, when she was 11, appeared on the Northern Children's Hour radio show, alongside Billie Whitelaw and Judith Chalmers. Bainbridge was expelled from Merchant Taylors' Girls' School (Crosby) because she was caught with a "dirty rhyme" (as she later described it), written by someone else, in her gymslip pocket
طردت من المدرسة
She then went on to study at Cone-Ripman School, Tring, Hertfordshire (now:Tring Park School for the Performing Arts, where she found she was good at history, English and art. The summer she left school, she fell in love with a former German POW who was waiting to be repatriated. For the next six years, the couple corresponded and tried to get permission for the German man to return to Britain so that they could be married. But permission was denied and the relationship ended in 1953.
وقع في غرام محارب الماني وظلت تكتب له لمدة ستة سنوات وهي تحاول ادخاله الى بريطانيا للزواج لكن كل محاولاتها فشلت وانتهت العلاقة عام 1943
In the following year (1954), Beryl married artist Austin Davies. The two divorced soon after, leaving Bainbridge a single mother of two children.
تزوجت في العام 1954 من فنان اسمه اوسن ديفس وتركها مع طفلين
She later had a third child by Alan Sharp, the actress Rudi Davies.
انجبت لاحقا طفل ثالث من الن شارب
In 1958, she attempted suicide by putting her head in a gas oven.
عام 1958 حاولت الانتحار بوبضع رأسها في فرن غاز
Bainbridge spent her early years working as an actress, and she appeared in one 1961 episode of the soap opera Coronation Street playing an anti-nuclear protester.
To help fill her time, Bainbridge began to write, primarily based on incidents from her childhood.
لاشغال نفسها في اوقات الفراغ بدات تكتب خاصة عن مواضيع مرت بها في طفولتها
Her first novel, Harriet Said..., was rejected by several publishers, one of whom found the central characters "repulsive almost beyond belief".
رفض الناشرون طباعة روايتها الاولى لانهم وجدوا البطلة بغيضه بشكل لا يطاق
It was eventually published in 1972, four years after her third novel (Another Part of the Wood). Her second and third novels were published (1967/68) and were received well by critics although they failed to earn much money. Seven more novels were written and published during the 1970s, of which the fifth, Injury Time, was awarded the Whitbread prize for best novel in 1977.
In the late 1970s, she wrote a screenplay based on her novel Sweet William. The movie Sweet William, starring Sam Waterston, was released in 1979.
From 1980 onwards, eight more novels appeared. The 1989 novel, An Awfully Big Adventure was adapted into a film in 1995 starring Alan Rickman and Hugh Grant.
In the 1990s, Bainbridge turned to historical fiction. These novels continued to be popular with critics, but this time, were also commercially successful. Among her historical fiction novels are Every Man for Himself, about the 1912 Titanic disaster, for which Bainbridge won the 1996 Whitbread Awards prize for best novel, and Master Georgie, set during the Crimean War, for which she won the 1998 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. Her final novel, According to Queeney, is a fictionalized account of the last years of the life of Samuel Johnson as seen through the eyes of Queeney Thrale, eldest daughter of Henry and Hester Thrale; it received wide acclaim.[
From the 1990s, Bainbridge also served as a theatre critic for the monthly magazine The Oldie. Her reviews rarely contained negative content, and were usually published after the play had closed.[8]

In 2003, Bainbridge's grandson Charlie Russell began filming a documentary, Beryl's Last Year, about her life. The documentary detailed her upbringing and her attempts to write a novel, Dear Brutus (which later became The Girl in the Polka Dot Dress); it was broadcast in the United Kingdom on 2 June 2007 on BBC Four.
In 2009, Beryl Bainbridge donated the short story Goodnight Children, Everywhere to Oxfam's Ox-Tales project, four collections of UK stories written by 38 authors. Her story was published in the 'Air' collection. Bainbridge was the patron of the People's Book Prize.
Bainbridge was still working on The Girl in the Polka Dot Dress at the time of her death. The novel, which was based on a real-life journey Bainbridge made across America in 1968, is about the mystery girl reputed to have been involved in the assassination of Robert Kennedy. The novel was edited for publication by Brendan King and published in May 2011 by Little, Brown.

Bainbridge died on 2 July 2010, aged 77 (born 21 November 1932), in a London hospital after her cancer recurred.Some reports say 75 years old due to confusion over her birth year.
توفيت عام في مستشفى في لندن2010

· A Weekend with Claude (1967)
· Another Part of the Wood (1968)
· Harriet Said... (1972)
· The Dressmaker (US title The Secret Glass) (1973) – Shortlisted for Booker Prize
· The Bottle Factory Outing (1974) – Shortlisted for Booker Prize, won the Guardian Fiction Prize
· Sweet William (1975)
· A Quiet Life (1976)
· Injury Time (1977)
· Young Adolf (1978)
· Another Part of the Wood (revised edn) (1979)
· Winter Garden (1980)
· A Weekend with Claude (revised edn) (1981)
· Watson's Apology (1984)
· Filthy Lucre (written as a teenager in 1946 but published 1986)
· An Awfully Big Adventure (1989) – Shortlisted for Booker Prize
· The Birthday Boys (1991)
· Every Man for Himself (1996) – Shortlisted for Booker Prize
· Master Georgie (1998) – Shortlisted for Booker Prize
· According to Queeney (2001)
· The Girl in the Polka-dot Dress (2011)

· Mum and Mr Armitage (1985)
· Collected Stories (1994)
· Northern Stories Vol. 5 with David Pownall ISBN-13: 9780946407972 (1994)

· English Journey, or The Road to Milton Keynes (1984)
· Forever England: North and South (1987)
· Something Happened Yesterday (1993)
· Front Row: Evenings at the Theatre (2005)

Having published ten novels in thirteen years, primarily to "tell her story," Beryl Bainbridge has good reason to view her literary career with satisfaction. An unassuming and deferential person, Bainbridge is a spartan writer whose wit, humor, and originality have won her a loyal, ever-growing audience in England and abroad.
Bainbridge initially achieved recognition as a writer of macabre thrillers. More recently, however, her "little" novels have received more serious critical attention for their economical, elegant craft and for their oddly angled, shockingly funny portraits of harried, lower-middle-class people caught in a world that, according to one of them, is "menacing and full of alarms.
تدور رواياتها حول اشخاص من الطبقة الوسطى الدنيا وتعالج مواضيع المخاطر والتهديدات التي تواجه الناس
On 21 November 1933, in Liverpool, England, Beryl Margaret Bainbridge was born to Winifred Baines and Richard Bainbridge. When she was six months old, she moved with her parents and six-year-old brother to a small, semidetached house in Thornby, on the seacoast about twelve miles from Liverpool.
عندما كانت في سن ستة اشهر انتقلت العائلة الى بيت اصغر
In her Who's Who entry Dame Beryl Bainbridge described herself as "actress, writer," a curious order of listing for someone who won so much acclaim as a novelist.
She had been in rep in the late 1950s and early '60s, and appeared as the leftish, ban-the-bomb girlfriend of Ken Barlow in Coronation Street, having started her acting career in the BBC's "Children's Hour" in Manchester, where her co-stars included Billie Whitelaw and Tony Warren, the creator of Coronation Street. She also wrote a good deal of journalism, and was a valued theatre critic for The Oldie. Her good friend Michael Holroyd says, "A really original voice, Beryl was a genuinely serious comic writer, all of whose books end in tragedy."
كاتبه كوميدية تنتهي كتبها جميعها بمآسي
Her novels fall into two distinct categories. Before the 1990s she drew chiefly on what Holroyd calls "her autobiographical capital," novels she herself said were written in order "to make sense of my upbringing... to discover what was going on in my family."
تقول اتنها كتبت روايتها الاولى بناء على تجارب حياتها الشخصية وذلك لفهم الطريقة التي نشأت عليها وللتعرف على الذي كان يعتري العائلة
The subjects were her Liverpool childhood, her time on the stage and her life in the scruffierparts of Camden Town. The emblematic title from this period was her 1974 The Bottle Factory Outing, where a murder happens during the staff outing. It was autobiographical: Dame Beryl had indeed worked on a bottle-labelling line and her mother-in-law, she told Nicholas Wroe in 2002, really "did fire a shotgun at her, blasting holes in the wall."
كانت المواضيع تعالج ما واجهته في طفولتها في لفربول ومشاركاتها على المسرح وحياتها الصعبة في ميدة كامدن واكثر هذه الروايات معالجة لاحداث حياتها هي رائعتها هنا وتقول انها قد تعرضت لاطلاق نار من قبل ام زوجها احدثت الطلاقات
She began to win prizes, culminating in 2003 in the seriously rich biennial David Cohen prize for literature, but never the Booker, for which she was short-listed five times.
Once she'd used up this "capital," she turned to history, writing about Scott of the Antarctic, the Titanic, the Crimean War and Dr Johnson. She wrote eighteen novels; the later ones sold better than the earlier ones, and she began to be financially comfortable. Her acting skills were now used solely on the literary festival circuit, where her readings from her own books were cherished by festival director. She didn't cut herself odd from drama, though, as in the '70s and '80s she wrote half a dozen TV and stage plays.
Beryl Bainbridge was born in 1934 in Liverpool into a family in tense circumstances, owing to the discrepancy between her mother, Winifred Baines, who had been sent to a finishing school in Belgium, and her mercurial, often bad-tempered father, Richard Bainbridge, a self-made man who had left school at the age of 10 and was bankrupt by the time his daughter was born.
ولدت الكاتبة هنا عام 1934 في لفربول لعائلة في وضع صعب بسب التناقض بين الام التي كانت قد ارسلت لتنهي دراستها في بلجيكيا والاب الذي انقطع عن المدرسة في سن العاشرة وكان في الغالب عصبي المزاج وقد تعرض للافلاس في تزامن مع ولادة ابنته
There was, somehow, still a bit of money about, and the family lived in genteel Formby with its collection of golf clubs. Her father, "who did sums on the back of a brown envelope and whose office was the Kardomah Café," had put some of the money in Beryl's name, and she remembered as a child signing cheques. She and her brother Ian were sent to fee-paying schools (hers the Merchant Taylors' School, Liverpool) and when she was expelled, aged 14, from her day-school, for an incident that involved a copied-out rude limerick, she was sent to board at the Cone-Ripman stage school in the Rothschild mansion at Tring.
بعد طردها من المدرسة بسبب حادث اتهمت فيه برسم صورة مخلة للادب ارسلت لمدرسة داخليه وهي في سن الرابعة عشرة
At school she was good at history, English and art (she continued to paint all her life and made a painting to mark each of her books); but she was known as "Basher" Bainbridge, as she got into a lot of fights.
دخلت في عراكات كثيرة
"I wasn't undisciplined," she told Wroe, "but I think I was pretty outspoken and my mother very sensibly realised that I was a show-off. But I had to be, with the circumstances at home – that's how I kept the peace. So because of this she got me into "Children's Hour."
She got involved with a Communist family and joined the Young Communist League, which her left-wing father tolerated until, at a Paul Robeson concert, "I got hit on my shoulder by mistake with a police truncheon." She was a founder member of Charter 88, supported Ken Livingstone for Mayor of London and was a life-long Labour voter, though in 2002 she said, "I do find most politics a bit ridiculous now."
انضمت للحزب الشيوعي وتعرضت لاصابة في كتفها في احد الاحتفالات ثم تحولت لحزب العمل
After a year at Tring she acted in rep in Liverpool (the subject of An Awfully Big Adventure, 1989) and Dundee and was seldom out of work for the next six years. In Dundee she showed that she was a natural actress, didn't need much rehearsal, and began to cultivate her bohemian side, wearing an old Burberry coat. She also became a Catholic. "I tried to be Jewish first" she told Wroe, "but they wouldn't have me."
حاولت ان اتحول الى اليهودية ولكنهم رفضوني
Though influenced by Greene and Waugh, she became disaffected when "the whole church went bananas and you could do what you liked... I wanted hell fire and all that. I occasionally still go to mass and I like the ritual, but I have read so many medical and scientific books that the idea of God in the bright blue sky is now difficult."
Her childhood was decidedly unhappy; her class-conscious mother was discontented with her working-class husband, who was moody, dictatorial, and bad-tempered, and the couple often clashed.
كانت طفولتها غير سعيدة وكانت امها تتعارك مع والدها الذي كان دكتاتوري وشيء الطباع والمزاج
However, she ran away to London the next year.
هربت من المدرسة الداخلية وهي في سن الخامسة عشرة الى لندن
After her divorce from Davies in 1959, Bainbridge held various jobs, including a stint in a wine bottling company, which inspired The Bottle Factory Outing.
بعد طلاقها عام 1959 عملت في مصنع لتعبة الخمر

بيريل بينبريدج
-روائية انجليزية ولدت عام 1932
-عرفت برواياتها التي تعالج مواضيع نفسية
-قالت ان عيد ميلادها في 21/11/1934 لكن من المعروف انها ولدت عام 1932 وتاريخ ميلادها سجل في الربع الاول من العام 1933
-طردت من المدرسة
-وقع في غرام محارب الماني وظلت تكتب له لمدة ستة سنوات وهي تحاول ادخاله الى بريطانيا للزواج لكن كل محاولاتها فشلت وانتهت العلاقة عام 1943
-تزوجت في العام 1954 من فنان اسمه اوسن ديفس وتركها مع طفلين
-انجبت لاحقا طفل ثالث من الن شارب
-عام 1958 حاولت الانتحار بوبضع رأسها في فرن غاز
-لاشغال نفسها في اوقات الفراغ بدات تكتب خاصة عن مواضيع مرت بها في طفولتها
-رفض الناشرون طباعة روايتها الاولى لانهم وجدوا البطلة بغيضه بشكل لا يطاق
-توفيت عام في مستشفى في لندن2010
-تدور رواياتها حول اشخاص من الطبقة الوسطى الدنيا وتعالج مواضيع المخاطر والتهديدات التي تواجه الناس
- عندما كانت في سن ستة اشهر انتقلت العائلة الى بيت اصغر
-كاتبه كوميدية تنتهي كتبها جميعها بمآسي
-تقول اتنها كتبت روايتها الاولى بناء على تجارب حياتها الشخصية وذلك لفهم الطريقة التي نشأت عليها وللتعرف على الذي كان يعتري العائلة
- كانت المواضيع تعالج ما واجهته في طفولتها في لفربول ومشاركاتها على المسرح وحياتها الصعبة في ميدة كامدن واكثر هذه الروايات معالجة لاحداث حياتها هي رائعتها هنا وتقول انها قد تعرضت لاطلاق نار من قبل ام زوجها احدثت الطلاقات
-ولدت الكاتبة هنا عام 1934 في لفربول لعائلة في وضع صعب بسب التناقض بين الام التي كانت قد ارسلت لتنهي دراستها في بلجيكيا والاب الذي انقطع عن المدرسة في سن العاشرة وكان في الغالب عصبي المزاج وقد تعرض للافلاس في تزامن مع ولادة ابنته
-بعد طردها من المدرسة بسبب حادث اتهمت فيه برسم صورة مخلة للادب ارسلت لمدرسة داخليه وهي في سن الرابعة عشرة
-دخلت في عراكات كثيرة
-انضمت للحزب الشيوعي وتعرضت لاصابة في كتفها في احد الاحتفالات ثم تحولت لحزب العمل
-حاولت ان اتحول الى اليهودية ولكنهم رفضوني
-كانت طفولتها غير سعيدة وكانت امها تتعارك مع والدها الذي كان دكتاتوري وشيء الطباع والمزاج
- هربت من المدرسة الداخلية وهي في سن الخامسة عشرة الى لندن
- بعد طلاقها عام 1959 عملت في مصنع لتعبة الخمر

أولا: بعد دراسة العشرروايات من71 إلى 80 تبين ما يلي:
71ـ الأشياء تتداعى للمؤلف شينوا تشيبي من نيجيريا....مجهول الطفولة.
72ـ أولويات الآنسة جينبرودي، للمؤلفميوريل سبارك.. مجهولة الطفولة.
73 ـ قتل الطائر المحاكي، للمؤلف هاربر لي سكوت...يتيمة افتراضيا.
74ـالمطاردة-22،للمؤلف جوزيف هيللر.... يتم الاب في الخامسة.

76 ـ مئة عام من العزلة، للمؤلف غابرييل غارسيا ماركيز..يتيم افتراضي.

77- السيدة بالفري في كليرمونت،للمؤلفة الممثلة إليزابيث تايلور.مجهولة الطفولة .

80 - انفجار قارورة المصنع، للمؤلف بيريلبينبريدج.....مأزومة ( الصراع بين الابوين).

The Executioner's Song is a 1980 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Norman Mailer that depicts the events surrounding the execution of Gary Gilmore by the state of Utah for murder.
The title of the book may be a play on "The Lord High Executioner's Song" from Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado. "The Executioner's Song" is also the title of one of Mailer's earlier poems, published in Fuck You magazine in September 1964 and reprinted in Cannibals and Christians (1966).
Based almost entirely on interviews with the family and friends of both Gilmore and his victims, the book is exhaustive in its approach. Divided into two sections, the book focuses on the events leading up to the murders and the trial and execution of Gilmore, including full documentation of Gilmore's court appearances and his decision to demand his execution rather than to continue the appeals process.
The first section of the book deals with Gilmore's early life and his numerous detentions in juvenile crime facilities and, later, prison. It details his release some months prior to his first murder and the relationships he establishes during that time.
The second section focuses more extensively on Gilmore's trial, including his refusal to appeal his death sentence, his dealings with Lawrence Schiller and his attorney's refusal to accept his refusal and their continued fight on his behalf. Gilmore was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977, after appeals filed by his lawyers (in defiance of Gilmore's wishes) were rejected. The execution had been stayed on three previous occasions.
Notable not only for its portrayal of Gilmore and the anguish surrounding the murders he committed, the book also took a central position in the national debate over the revival of capital punishment by the Supreme Court as Gilmore was the first person in the United States executed since the re-instatement of the death penalty in 1976.
The Executioner's Song was later turned into a TV movie starring Tommy Lee Jones, (a role for which he won an Emmy) and Christine Lahti, and directed by Lawrence Schiller, who is a main character in the second section of the book. Schiller went to great lengths to convince Gilmore to give him the exclusive media rights to tell his life story.

نورمان ميلر ...يكتب انجل الابن
بقلم : حميد المختار

هذا الكاتب له شهرته الكبيرة والواسعة فيالحياة الاجتماعية التي تسير جنبا الى جنب مع صخبه وغزارته الادبية، فهو واحد مناعظم روائيي العالم الاحياء والطفل المشاغب والمزعج في الادب الامريكي، فضلا عنكونه ملاكما ومخرجا، تزوج ست مرات وانجب تسعة اطفال وتعرض لعدد من محاكم الطلاقالشهيرة حتى انه قال في احد اللقاءات: ان المرء لا يعرف شيئا عن المرأة حتى يلتقيبها في قاعة المحكمة.


وكان ميلر قد دخل مصحة عقلية لطعنه زوجته الثانية ولايزال لكتابه (دعاية لنفسي) الذي الفه قبل اكثر من عشرين عاما وقع وصدى ونكهة خاصةفي فهم مزاج هذا الكاتب الذي تلتحم سمعته الشخصية مع مكانته كأديب.. والى هذا فانميلر يهتم في اعماله وممارسته بمختلف القضايا الامريكية ، الجيش والسياسة وقضاياالمرأة، وغزو الفضاء..الخ وسبق له ان قاد مظاهرات ضد الحرب في فيتنام ورشح نفسهلرئاسة بلدية نيويورك واسس منظمة لمراقبة الـ (CIA) (وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية) وكان رئيسا لنادي الادب الامريكي من عام 1984 الى عام 1986.
ولد نورمان ميلر عام 1924 في لونغ برانش ، نيوجرسي وترعرع فيبروكلن نيويورك وبعد تخرجه من هارفرد خدم في الجيش خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية.. وفي عام 1948 نشر روايته الاولى (العراة والموتى) وجعلت منه كاتبا مشهورا في يوموليلة.
اما روايته التي بين ايدينا (انجيل الابن) فهي عمله (رقم 30) فاز ميلربجائزة بوليتزر مرتين اولاهما عام 1968 عن روايته (جيوش الظلام) والثانية عام 1980عن روايته (اغنية الجلاد) فضلا عن جوائز اخرى، ومن اعماله ايضا (الشاطىء البربري) و (الحلم الامريكي) (لماذا نحن في فيتنام؟) ، (شبح هارلوت) كما كتب عن شخصيات شهيرةمثل مارلين مونرو ، ازوالد، محمد علي كلاي، هنري ميلر وبيكاسو والان عن المسيح. لقداختلف النقاد كثيرا حول رواية (انجيل الابن)شأنهم شأن معظم روايات ميلر ، ففي حينرأى بعضهم في الرواية ضربا من الاعجاز الادبي، فان البعض الاخر رأى فيها عملا سخيفاتماما، وهذا الموقف الاخير ليس جديدا على ميلر فلطالما اعتبر ان للنقاد موقفا سلبياحياله ولطالما وجد نفسه في معركة حامية معهم حتى انه كان ينوي ان ينشر هذه الروايةباسم مستعار آملا ان يفيد ذلك في اثارة نقاش ادبي حولها ولكي يكون النقد ارحم كماقال، اذا جهل النقاد اسم كاتبها الحقيقي، لكن الناشر رفض الفكرة، ان رواية ميلر هذه (انجيل الابن) وثيقة الصلة باناجيل العهد الجديد والكتاب المقدس عموما الا انهاتتجاوز ذلك كله ايضا في اعادة خلق حية لعالم الجليل واورشليم منذ الفي سنة فتعيدناالى زمن استقرار مزعزع متقلقل الى بلاد محكومة بالملاطفة والرعب معا والى طبقاتفقيرة مشتتة مبعثرة، زمن مفتوح للمقارنة مع نهايات قرننا العشرين الذي ولى، اماالمسيح الذي يعيد ميلر خلقه هنا فهو انسان مغاير للاخرين، كما هو المسيح في اناجيلالعهد الجديد، لكنه مفعم ايضا بالاهواء والشكوك بالقوة والضعف بالشجاعة والخوفبالحب والكراهية، ولا يكتفي ميلر هنا بالنفاذ نفاذا عميقا ومتبصرا الى قلب يسوع بليعيد خلق العالم الذي مشى فيه المسيح ليقدمه لنا واقعيا كالدم، كما قال احد النقادفيستطيع بذلك ان يقنعنا اكثر من أي كاتب قبله ممن تناولوا هذا الموضوع. ان الامر قدكان على هذا النحو بالنسبة ليسوع الانسان. ولعل ميلر قد كتب روايته هذه في محاولةلاعادة الاهتمام بالرأفة والوعي بضرورة مساعدة الضعفاء والوقوف معهم سعيا موراء نوعمن التوازن في وجه قوى لا تعرف الا الربح والمال، لان واحدا من بين خمسين او مئةكاتب في العالم يمكنهم ان يعيدوا كتابة العهد الجديد هكذا قال نورمان ميلر، واخيرالا بد من السؤال عن السر الغريب في عدم ترجمة اعمال هذا الروائي الكبير، لاننا لاولمرة نقرأ له عملا مترجما الى العربية، فما هو السر يا ترى ..؟

تقلبت بميلر بعد ذلك دروب الحياة ، وكانت حياته عموما صاخبة وربما مجنونة. وكان ينتقل أحيانا من النقيض إلى النقيض.هاجم بقسوة الثقافة الأمريكية – وهو ربيبها - وتبنى في البداية الفكر اليساري الشيوعي وأسس مجلة "صوت القرية البديل". لقد قرأت عدة تحليلات إعلامية بعد وفاته عن عبقريته وإبداعه ، وأنه برغم أنه لم يفز قط بجائزة أفضل رواية أمريكية ، إلا أنه يعتبره كثيرون "عميد الأدب الأمريكي" ، وابن الأدب الأمريكي المشاغب والمدلل.
إن الحضارة "الأمريكية" بها من الهشاشة والضعف ما يظهر واضحا في المثل العليا التي تقدمها للناس ، ومنهم نورمان ميلر. إن الإبهار الإعلامي الذي صاحب وفاته لا يجد ما يستند إليه إلا عبارات فضفاضة لا معنى لها أطلقها ميلر في مناسبات عديدة ويروونها الآن على أنها عيون الحكمة. هذا شأنهم على أي حال. أما نحن فلماذا نتبعهم في هذا الهوس ؟ لماذا نكبر ما يكبرون ونصغر ما يصغرون ؟ ، أليست لنا مرجعيات مختلفة وثقافة مختلفة ينبغي أن نحترمها ؟
إن الإبداع الفني وراءه بشر من البشر ، وسيرة هؤلاء المبدعين يجب أن تنسجم وتتوافق مع إبداعهم بشكل من الأشكال. إذ ليس من المعقول أن نعجب بكاتب ونحن نعلم أن حياته مليئة بالرذائل أو مليئة بالعقد والأمراض النفسية ، إننا حين يعجبنا كاتب فإننا نسلمه عقولنا وخيالنا بنسبة ما ، ولذلك من الضروري أن تكون شخصيته وحياته محترمة ومتناغمة مع ما يدعونا إليه ، وإلا فلا يلزمنا أن نقلد غيرنا تقليد العميان.
هذه مثلا بعض ملامح حياة نورمان ميلر وفكره:
في الخمسينيات كانت كل مقالاته وكتبه تنحصر في ثلاثية (السياسة – الجنس – المخدرات) ، وينحصر معها فكره عن الحياة كلها !.
تزوج ميلر 6 مرات وطلقهن جميعا في المحاكم بعد محاكمات عاتية. وقتل زوجته الثانية بطعنات نافذة أثناء حفل ماجن ، ونجا من العقاب بإحالته لمستشفى للأمراض العقلية.
نادى لسنوات بنظريات يرى فيها أن الثقافة الأمريكية ستندحر وسيحل محلها الفكر اليساري ، وقد امتد به العمر ليرى بنفسه أن الفكر اليساري الشيوعي هو الذي مات غير مأسوف عليه. بل عاش ليرى زملاءه وأقرانه أصبحوا من رؤوس المحافظين الجدد الذين يسيطرون على الفكر الأمريكي اليوم.
كان ميلر ملحدا ، ولكنه كان يؤمن ببعض المعتقدات الخرافية كالتناسخ ، وقد سأله قبل شهور الروائي الأسكتلندي أندرو أوهاجان عن التناسخ وعن الصورة التي يرغب أن تكون عليها حياته التالية ؟، فقال ميلر"... حسنا، أنا في انتظار ما سيأتي ؟ أنا في غرفة الانتظار. و أخيرا نودي علي اسمي، أذهب حيث يوجد ملاك للمراقبة يقول، سيد ميلر، نحن سعداء جدا بلقائك. الأنباء الطيبة هي أنك علي وشك عملية تناسخ. أقول، شكرا، فأنا لم أرغب أبدا في سلام أبدي. يقول الملاك، طيب، لكن فيما بيننا، فهو ليس حقا سلاما أبديا، بل علي الأحري محموم قليلا. دعني أري، قبل أن أنظر وأري ما أعددنا لك، دائما نسأل الشخص : ماذا ترغب في أن تكونه بحياتك القادمة ؟ وأقول، طيب، أظن أنني أريد أن أكون رياضيا أسود. لا أهتم بالمكان الذي تضعني فيه، سأنال فرصي، لكن نعم، هذا ما أريد أن أكونه، رياضيا أسود.
يقول الملاك : اسمع سيد ميلر ، لدينا طلب زائد علي هذا القسم، الجميع يرغبون بأن يصيروا رياضيين سود في حيواتهم التالية. دعني أري ما أعددناه لك. وهكذا يفتح الكتاب الكبير، ينظر ويقول، لقد حجزنا لك حياة صرصور. لكن ثمة أنباء طيبة : ستكون أسرع صرصور في البناية....".
وقد سأله أيضا: ألم يشكك الانتحار في جرأة همنجواي ؟
فأجاب "... لقد كرهت التفكير في موته بهذا الشكل. آثرت استبدال ذلك بإطروحة : لقد تعلم همنجواي مبكرا خلال حياته أنه كلما تجاسر علي الموت كان أفضل. لذا فقد طرأت ببالي فكرة أنه ليلة بعد ليلة وفيما كان همنجواي وحيدا، وبعد أن ألقي تحية المساء علي ماري، ذهب همنجواي إلي حجرة نومه ووضع إبهامه علي زناد البندقية واضعا الفوهة في فمه ثم عصر الزناد قليلا و - رعشة و ارتعاد - كان يجرب رؤية ما قد كان أوشك عليه دون أن ينفجر جسده. في ليلته الأخيرة ذهب لأبعد من ذلك. بالنسبة لي يبدو ذلك معقولا بدرجة أكبر من مجرد تفجير نفسه إلي أشلاء. علي كل حال، إنها محض نظرية."
إن المشاهير والنجوم الذين ينصبهم الغرب الآن أمام العالم في ثقافة رديئة وخاوية ، ليس من الضروري على وسائل إعلامنا أن تقلدهم وتتبنى مزاجهم وفكرهم. إن القوة الناعمة للثقافة في عالم اليوم لها تأثير بالغ في تشكيل الأفهام والنفوس ، لذلك يجب أن نتميز عنهم ولا ننجر بسذاجة لما يعرضونه محاطا بجو من الإبهار والأضواء. ويجب أن نقدم نحن البديل لهذه الثقافة المريضة.
د. محمد هشام راغب
h@el-wasat.com

Norman Kingsley Mailer (January 31, 1923 – November 10, 2007) was an American novelist, journalist, essayist, poet, playwright, screenwriter, and film director.
روائي امريكي ولد عام 1923 وتوفي عام 2007
Along with Truman Capote, Joan Didion, Hunter S. Thompson, John McPhee, and Tom Wolfe, Mailer is considered an innovator of creative nonfiction, a genre sometimes called New Journalism, which superimposes the style and devices of literary fiction onto fact - based journalism. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize twice and the National Book Award once. In 1955, Mailer, together with John Wilcock, Ed Fancher and Dan Wolf, first published The Village Voice, which began as an arts and politics oriented weekly newspaper distributed in Greenwich Village. In 2005, he won the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from the National Book Foundation.
In 1992, Mailer received the annual Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award presented by the Tulsa Library Trust.
==
Innovator of the nonfiction novel, a towering figure in American literature for nearly 60 years. Norman Mailer developed in the 1960s and 1970s a form of journalism that combined actual events, autobiography, and political commentary with the richness of the novel. (See also Truman Capote and the classic "nonfiction novel" In Cold Blood.) Mailer's works always stirred controversy - because of both their stylish nonconformity and his controversial views of American life. The poet Robert Lowell praised him as "the best journalist in America",but what he thought of Mailer's fiction was left open.
'"I decided the only explanation is that God and the Devil are very attentive to people at the summit. I don't know if they stir much in the average man's daily stew, no great sport for spooks, I would suppose, in a ranch house, but do you expect God or the Devil left Lenin and Hitler and Churchill alone? No. They bid for favors and exact revenge. That's why men with power sometimes act so silly."' (from An American Dream, 1965)
Norman Mailer was born in Long Branch, New Jersey, but he was raised in Brooklyn, New York.
ولد في نيوجرسي ونشأ في بروكلن نيويورك
Every summer the family went back to Long Branch, where Mailer's grandparents had a small summer hotel.
كان يزور جده في مكان مولده في كل صيف حيث كان الجدي يملك فندقا
Mailer's father, Isaac Barnett Mailer, was an accountant and businessman. The dominant figure in the family was Mailer's mother, the former Fanny Schneider, who worked in a small trucking company.
كان والده محاسب ورجل اعمال اما الام فكانت هي الشخصية المسيطرة في العائلة وكانت تعمل في مجال النقاليات الشاحنة
Mailer's first literary effort was a 250-page story called 'Invasion From Mars', which he penned at the age of nine in notebooks. However, it was not until he attended Harvard that he decided to become a writer. In 1939 he graduated from Boys High School and then studied at Harvard University, Cambridge (1939-43), receiving B.S. in aeronautical engineering.
تخرج عام 1939 من المدرسة الثانوية ودرس في جامعة كامبرج في مجال الهندسه حيث تخرج عام 1943
In 1941 Mailer's 'The Greatest Thing in the World' won Story magazine's college contest.
During World War II Mailer served as a sergeant in the United States Army. Originally he wanted to go to Europe and be in the first wave of invasion troops, but for his disappointment he was sent to the South Pacific. Mailer served in Leyte, Luzon, and Japan, observing what happened on the war scene. He saw a little bit of action but not as much as it was in THE NAKED AND THE DEAD (1948). Most of the time in the Philippines Mailer felt tired.
خدم خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية في الجيش الأمريكي برتبة ضابط وقد خدم في منطقة المحيط الباسيفيكي وكان يشاهد ما يجري في الحرب ولم يشترك في القتال كثيرا لكنه كان يشعر بالتعب خلال وجوده في الفلبيين
In his letters to his first wife, Beatrice Silverman, he described patrols he was on during the war - Mailer did not want to carry notes with him. In 1946 he was discharged, and the next year he enrolled at the Sorbonne.
تم تسريحه من الجيش في عام 1946 وفي السنة التاليى انضم الى جامعة الصوربون
The Naked and Dead was born in fifteen months, and published when Mailer was just 25. "Its success rips away my former identity," Mailer once said. The Naked and The Dead drew upon the author's combat experiences in the Philippines. It is not so funny as Heller's Catch-22 or Jaroslav Hašek's Good Soldier Schweik, but more realistic than Remarques All Quiet on the Western Front, and not so sentimental as Hemingway's Farewell to Arms. The story depicts a group of American soldiers who are stationed on the Japanese-held island in the Pacific. Flashbacks that illuminate their past mix with feverish combat scenes. On its appearance the work was hailed as one of the finest American novels of WW II, but also dismissed as obscene, plainly motivated by personal disgust with army life
كتب روايته عن تجربته في الجيش ومشاهداته وقد نشرت الرواية وهو في سن الخامسة والعشرين واعتبرت روايته واحده من أفضل الروايات الأمريكية التي كتبت عن الحرب العالمية الثانية
In England, several publishers rejected it because of the obscenity of its language. - "It is virtually a Kinsey Report on the sexual behavior of the GI. Its style is an almost pure Army billingsgate that will offend many readers, although in no sense is it exaggerated: Mr. Mailer's soldiers are real persons, speaking the vernacular of human bitterness and agony. It gives off a skyglow that is quite faithful to the spectrum of battle, and exposes the blood, if not always the guts, of war." (David Dempsey in The New York Times, May 9, 1948)
In the late 1940s Mailer worked in Hollywood as a scriptwriter. He moved in 1951 to Greenwich Village in New York City.
عمل كاتب سيناريوا في هوليود عام 1940 وانتقل في عام 1951 الى نيويورك
Mailer's third novel, THE DEER PARK (1955), was about the corruption of values in Hollywood. Several publishers refused to accept the manuscript. Mailer felt he was an outlaw; he listened to jazz and smoked marijuana.
روايته الثالثة كانت عن الخلل في المثل في ساحة هوليود وقد رفض كثيرون نشرها وكان يشعر وكأنه خارج عن القانون وكان جل ما يفعله هو الاستماع لموسيقى الجاز ويدخن الميراوانا
In the thinly veiled story Mailer dealt with his relationship with Adele Morales, an artist whom he married in 1954. The following years in the authors life were more or less chaotic, and in 1960 he stabbed Adele at the end of an all-night party in Manhattan with "a dirty three-inch penknife." Mailer was given a suspended sentence because Adele refused to press charges. Her own account of the circumstances she recorded much later in the book of memoirs, The Last Party (1997).
تزوج من فنانه اسمها ادلي موراليس وقد اخذت حياته بعد الزواج منحى مضطرب ومشوش وقام بطنع زوجته في العام 1960 بسكين قذرة وقد حكم عليه بالحكم الاداري لان الزوجة تنازلت عن حقها في القضية
In the mid-1950s Mailer started to gain fame as an anti-establishment essayist. He had read Marx's Das Kapital and later said that it helped him to become a better writer.
اخذت في الخمسينات يكتب مقالات ضد النظام وقد اطلع على الفكر الماركسي
However, he did not believe that Communism would solve all problems. In 1961 Mailer wrote an open letter to Fidel Castro, saying "you are giving us hope".
في العام 1961 كتب خطاب الى كاسترو وقال له فيها انك تمنحنا الامل
In his notorious essay 'The White Negro: Superficial Reflections on the Hipster' (1956) was originally published in Dissent and reprinted in ADVERTISEMENTS FOR MYSELF (1959). Mailer examined violence, hysteria, crimes and confusion in American society through the fashionable existentialist framework, which owes much to Jean Genet.
في العام 1956 كتب مقالة عن العنف والهستيريا والاجرام والارباك في المجتمع الامريكي
After the difficult, tumultuous period, Mailer realized that he could write well about people like himself - people without roots, such as Henry Miller, Marilyn Monroe, Muhammad Ali, and Picasso.
اكتشف ميلر ادرك انه بامكانه ان يكتب عن اناس ليس لهم اصل مثل هنري ملر ومارلين منرو ومحمد علي وبيكاسو
In the 1960s Mailer was listed among the New Journalists, who applied the techniques of the novel to depict real events and people. He co-founded and named the Village Voice, one of the earliest underground American newspapers. He was a columnist ("Big Bite") at Esquire (1962-63) and Commentary (1962-63), a member of the executive board (1968-73), and the president (1984-86) of PEN American Center. In 1969 he was an independent candidate for mayor of New York City. Mailer's campaign slogan was "No more bullshit." He came fourth with about 5 per cent of the vote.
في العام 1969 كان مشرح مستقل لعمدة نيويورك وكان شعاره الانتخابي " لا مجال لمزيد من القرف"
THE PRESIDENTIAL PAPERS (1963) established Mailer as one of the most vigorous essayists in America. He wanted to advise President Kennedy, but he did not like Lyndon Johnson's face. "Ultimately a hero is a man who would argue with the Gods, and so awakens devils to contest his vision." (from The Presidential Papers, 1963)
He used in THE ARMIES OF THE NIGHT (1968) the techniques of fiction, and studied his own reactions as a barometer of the events themselves. The work won the Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction. In the same vein he wrote MIAMI AND THE SIEGE OF CHICAGO (1968) and OF A FIRE ON THE MOON (1970). In CANNIBALS AND CHRISTIANS (1966) Mailer accused American writers of not being able to produce works that would "clarify a nation's vision of itself".
When Mailer started to cover the Democratic and Republican presidential conventions in the 1960s, he placed himself at the center of American political and cultural life and also reported his observations on the civil rights movement, political assassinations and other upheavals. Mailer published essays in popular and men's magazines, such as Esquire and Playboy, as well as in more intellectual journals like Dissent, Commentary, and the New York Review of Books. "It is not routine to bring off a long novel when your ambition is more than major, when you will settle for nothing less than an attempt to write a great novel, and when you are into your sixties and not all that well." (Norman Mailer in The New York Review of Books, December 17, 1998)
Mailer's outspoken style led him in the 1970s into collision course with feminist movement. In THE PRISONER OF SEX (1971) Mailer proposed that gender might determine the way a person perceives and orders reality. He was labelled as the quintessential male chauvinist pig in Kate Millett's Sexual Politics. Mailer wrote a biography of the life and career of Marilyn Monroe, and published a highly successful true life novel, THE EXECUTIONER'S SONG (1979) - In Cold Blood in Mailer's style. The story about the life and death of a convicted killer Gary Gilmore was based on face to face interviews, documents, records of court proceeding, and Mailer's trips to Utah and Oregon. THE FIGHT (1975) was an account of the legendary bout between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Mobutu's totalitarian Zaïre. Mailer's vision of boxing bears similarities to Hemingway's picture of bullfighting, both of them classed as creative art.
In the 1980s Mailer had become tired of politics. After visiting the Soviet Union in 1984 he realized that it was not "the evil empire" but a "poor, third-world country".
في عام 1980 أصبح متعبا من السياسة وعندما زار الاتحاد السوفيتي في العام 1984 أدرك أنها ليست الجمهورية الشيطانية وإنما هي دولة من دول العالم الثالث الفقيرة
Norman Kingsley Mailer was born to a well-known Jewish family in Long Branch, New Jersey.
من عائلة يهوديه من جنوب افريقيا
After graduating in 1943, he was drafted into the U.S. Army. In World War II, he served in the Philippines with the 112th Cavalry. He was not involved in much combat and completed his service as a cook, but the experience provided enough material for The Naked and the Dead.
التحق بالجيش عام 1943 بعد تخرجه وعمل كطباخ لكن التجربة كانت كافية لتدفعة لكتابة رواية عن الفترة التي قضاها في الجيش
In 1980, The Executioner's Song—Mailer's novelization of the life and death of murderer Gary Gilmore—won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction.
His final novel, The Castle in the Forest, which focused on Hitler's childhood, reached number five on the Times best-seller list after publication in January 2007, and received stronger reviews than any of his books since The Executioner's Song. Castle was intended to be the first volume of a trilogy, but Mailer died several months after it was completed. The Castle in the Forest was awarded a Bad Sex in Fiction Award by the Literary Review magazine.
Biographical subjects
His biographical subjects included Pablo Picasso, Muhammad Ali, Gary Gilmore, Lee Harvey Oswald, and Marilyn Monroe.
Personal life
Marriages and children
Norman Mailer was married six times and had nine children. He fathered eight children by his various wives and also raised and informally adopted Norris' son from another marriage, Matthew.
تزوج ستة مرات وأنجب 8 أطفال من زوجاته المتعددات كما تبنى طفل لاحد الزوجات من زواج سابق
Norman's first marriage was in 1944, to Beatrice Silverman, whom he divorced in 1952. They had one child, Susan.
كانت أولى زيجاته عام 1944 وانجب طفلة واحدة
Mailer died of acute renal failure on November 10, 2007, a month after undergoing lung surgery at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan, New York.
توفي عام 2007 بسبب فشل في الرئة
The papers of the two-time Pulitzer Prize author may be found at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas, Austin.
In 2008, Carole Mallory, a former mistress, sold seven boxes of documents and photographs to Harvard University, Norman Mailer's Alma Mater. They contain extracts of her letters, books and journals. Mailer was widely quoted, e.g. "Culture is worth a little risk" (see link below to "Wikiquotes": Mailer quotes).

Born in 1923, the son of a South African Jew, and an adoring mother, Mailer was given the middle name Kingsley-- after malech, Hebrew for king. Later, his mother said, "I thought Norman was perfect"--an opinion she held throughout life. (Peter Manso, Mailer: His Life and Times, New York, Penguin Books, 1985) But Mailer's father was a struggling accountant, and the young prince grew up working class--in the grimy New York borough of Brooklyn.
نشأ في عائلة من الطبقة العاملة
The streets of Crown Heights during the Depression provided some education--with their hardness, neighborhood rivalries, and "fug you too" philosophy. No wonder in later years Norman would survive decades of literary wars and misalliances.
نشأ في زمن الازمة الاقتصادية التي اثرت على طبيعة الثقافة والمزاج العام في الشارع الذي احتدت فيه الصراع ولذلك تمكن النجاة من الحروب الأدبية التي خاضها لاحقا
But as the son of ambitious parents, Norman may have learned that survival skills are not an entree into the Establishment--for that a degree was required and a classy one too. So, like many city boys, Norman burned up the public school competition and enrolled in Harvard--determined, at 17, to become-- as he put it--a "major writer." His tuition was paid by a rich uncle, a chocolate manufacturer who had invented the chocolate covered cherry.
كان يدفع اقساطه الجامعية عم غني يعمل في صناعة الشيكولاته

-
كان ميلر قد دخل مصحة عقلية لطعنه زوجته الثانية ولايزال لكتابه (دعاية لنفسي) الذي الفه قبل اكثر من عشرين عاما وقع وصدى ونكهة خاصةفي فهم مزاج هذا الكاتب الذي تلتحم سمعته الشخصية مع مكانته كأديب.
والى هذا فانميلر يهتم في اعماله وممارسته بمختلف القضايا الامريكية ، الجيش والسياسة وقضاياالمرأة، وغزو الفضاء..الخ وسبق له ان قاد مظاهرات ضد الحرب في فيتنام ورشح نفسهلرئاسة بلدية نيويورك واسس منظمة لمراقبة الـ (CIA) (وكالة الاستخبارات المركزية) وكان رئيسا لنادي الادب الامريكي من عام 1984 الى عام 1986.

If on a winter's night a traveler (Se una notte d'inverno un viaggiatore) is a novel published in 1979 by Italo Calvino and translated into English by William Weaver in 1981.
This book is about a reader trying to read a book called If on a winter's night a traveler. Every odd-numbered chapter is in the second person, and tells the reader what he is doing in preparation for reading the next chapter. The even-numbered chapters are all single chapters from whichever book the reader is trying to read.

Structure
The book begins with a chapter on the art and nature of reading, and is subsequently divided into twenty-two passages. The odd-numbered passages and the final passage are narrated in the second person. That is, they concern events purportedly happening to the novel's reader. (Some contain further discussions about whether the man narrated as "you" is the same as the "you" who is actually reading.) These chapters concern the reader's adventures in reading Italo Calvino's novel, If on a winter's night a traveler. Eventually the reader meets a woman, who is also addressed in her own chapter, separately, and also in the second person.
Alternating between second-person narrative chapters of this story are the remaining (even) passages, each of which is a first chapter in ten different novels, of widely varying style, genre, and subject-matter. All are broken off, for various reasons explained in the interspersed passages, most of them at some moment of plot climax.
After reading the first chapter (which is really the second chapter of the actual book), the reader finds the book is misprinted and contains only more copies of that same chapter. When he goes to return it he is given a replacement book, but this turns out to be another novel altogether. Just as he becomes engrossed in that, it too is broken off: the pages, which were uncut, turn out to have been largely blank.
This cycle repeats itself, where the reader reads the first chapter of a book, cannot find the other chapters in his copy of the book, so he goes out to find another copy. But the new copy he gets turns out to be another book altogether.
The second-person narrative passages develop into a fairly cohesive novel that puts its two protagonists on the track of an international book-fraud conspiracy, a mischievous translator, a reclusive novelist, a collapsing publishing house, and several repressive governments.
The chapters which are the first chapters of different books all push the narrative chapters along. Themes which are introduced in each of the first chapters will then exist in proceeding narrative chapters, such as after reading the first chapter of a detective novel, then the narrative story takes on a few common detective-style themes. There are also phrases and descriptions which will be eerily similar between the narrative and first-chapter chapters.
The ending exposes a hidden element to the entire book, where the actual first-chapter titles (which are the titles of the books that the reader is trying to read) make up a single coherent sentence, which would make a rather interesting start for a book.
The title If on a winter's night a traveler is a good indicator of this novel which is reminiscent of Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy. The book commences on a hypothesis of novelistic elements ("If...") on a when, a someone...would do what? According to this book, the entire novel, even its plot, is an open trajectory where even the author himself questions his motives of the writing process. This theme—a writer's objectivity—is also explored in Calvino's novel Mr. Palomar, which explores if absolute objectivity is possible, or even agreeable. Other themes include the subjectivity of meaning (associated with post-structuralism), the relationship between fiction and life, what makes an ideal reader and author, and authorial originality.[original research?]
Cimmeria
Cimmeria is a fictional country in the novel. The country is described as having existed as an independent state between World War I and World War II. The capital is Örkko, and its principal resources are peat and by-products, bitumonous compounds. It seems to have been located somewhere on the Gulf of Bothnia. The country has since been absorbed, and its people and language, of the 'Bothno-Ugaric' group, have both disappeared. As Calvino concludes the alleged, fictional encyclopedia entry concerning Cimmeria: "In successive territorial divisions between her powerful neighbors the young nation was soon erased from the map; the autochthonous population was dispersed; Cimmerian language and culture had no development" (If on a winter's night a traveler, pp. 44–45).
The pair of chapters following the two on Cimmeria and its literature are followed by one describing another fictional country called the Cimbrian People's Republic, a communist nation which allegedly occupied part of Cimmeria during the latter's decline.
Ironically, languages named Cimmerian and Cimbrian have both existed. The Cimmerians were an ancient tribal group, contemporary with the Scythians, who lived in southern Ukraine. The Cimbrian language still exists today, and is spoken by 2230 people in northern Italy, not too remote from Calvino's home in Turin. Whether Calvino knew that his fictional languages were, in a sense, real is debatable.
Influences
In a 1985 interview with Gregory Lucente, Calvino stated If on a winter's night a traveler was "clearly" influenced by the writings of Vladimir Nabokov.[1] The book was also influenced by the author's membership in the Oulipo[2]; the structure of the text is said to be an adaptation of the structural semiology of A.J. Greimas[3].
Legacy and opinion
The Telegraph included it in 69th place in a list of "100 novels everyone should read" in 2009, describing it as a "playful postmodernist puzzle".[4]
Author David Mitchell described himself as being "magnetised" by the book from its start when he read it as an undergraduate, but on rereading it, felt it had aged and that he didn't find it "breathtakingly inventive" as he had the first time, yet does stress that "however breathtakingly inventive a book is, it is only breathtakingly inventive once" - with once being better than never.[5]
Novelist and lecturer Scarlett Thomas uses it to teach innovative contemporary fiction, as an example of different kinds of narrative techniques.[6]
Sting named his 2009 album If On a Winter's Night... after the book.[7]

Italo Calvino (15 October 1923 – 19 September 1985) (Italian pronunciation: was an Italian journalist and writer of short stories and novels.

His best known works include the Our Ancestors trilogy (1952–1959), the Cosmicomics collection of short stories (1965), and the novels Invisible Cities (1972) and If on a winter's night a traveler (1979). Lionised in Britain and the United States, he was the most-translated contemporary Italian writer at the time of his death, and a noted contender for the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Journalist, short story writer and novelist, experimental writer whose imaginative fabulations made him one of the most important Italian fiction writers of the 20th century. Calvino's career as a writer spanned nearly four decades.
"After forty years of writing fiction, after exploring various roads and making diverse experiments, the time has come for me to look for an overall definition of my work. I would suggest this: my working method has more often than not involved the subtraction of weight. I have tried to remove weight, sometimes from people, sometimes from heavenly bodies, sometimes from cities; above all I have tried to remove weight from the structure of stories and from language." (from Six Memos for the Next Millennium, 1988)
Italo Calvino was born in Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba.
ولد في كوبا
I will begin by saying that I was born under the sign of Libra," he once said. (Libra is the 7th sign of the zodiak, operative September 24-October 23; the word for book in Italian is libro.) Both of his parents, Mario and Eva Calvino, were botanists.
والداه يعملان في حقل الزراعة
Calvino moved with his family in Italy in his youth and spent his early years in San Remo, where his father was the curator of the botanical gardens.
تنقل مع والديه في ايطاليا
Between 1941 and 1947 Calvino studied at the University of Turin.
درس في جامعة تورين ما بين عامي 1941 و1947
In 1940, he was drafted into the Young Fascists and participated in the Italian occupation of the French Riviere,
تم تجنيده في الجيش الفاشي وشارك في احتلال الريفيرا الفرنسية
but at the age of nineteen he left and sought refuge in the Alps.
لكنه ترك الجندية وهو في سن التاسعة عشرة ولجأ الى جبال الالب
There he joined the Communist Resistance in the Ligurian mountains.
هناك انضم الى المقاومة الشيوعية
From these experiences he drew inspiration for his first stories.
من هذه التجارب اشتق اولى قصصه
"The sea rose and fell against the rocks of the mole, making the fishing boats sway, and dark-skinned men were filling them with red nets and lobster pots for the evening's fishing. The water was calm, with just a slight continual change of color, blue and black, darker farthest away. I thought of the expanses of water like this, of the infinite grains of soft sand down there at the bottom of the sea where the currents leave white shells washed clean by the waves." (from 'The Argentine Ant' in Adam, One Afternoon, 1949)
After the war Calvino graduated from the University of Turin and worked for the communist periodical L'Unitá in 1945 as a journalist and for Einaudi publishing house from 1948 to 1984.
بعد انتهاء الحرب تخرج من جامعة تورين وعمل صحفي للمجلة الشيوعية وعمل في دار نشر منذ عام 1948 وحتى عام 1984
He wrote for various periodicals throughout his life, including L'Unitá, La Nostra Lotta, Il Garibaldino, Voce della Democrazia, Il Contemporaneo, Cittá Aperta, and La Republica. Between 1955 and 1958 Calvino had an affair with the actress Elsa de' Giorgi, who was married to Count Sandro Contini Bonacossi.
ارتبط بعلاقة غرامية مع ممثلة متزوجة بين الاعوام 1955 و1958
Excepts from his letters were published in an article in the Milan daily Corriere della Sera in 2004.
From 1959 to 1967 Calvino edited with Elio Vittorini the magazine Il Menabó di letteratura. In 1952 he travelled to the Soviet Union and in 1959-60 to the United States.
سافر الى الاتحاد السوفيتي عام 1952 والى الولايات المتحدة عام 1959 – 1960
In 1967 he moved to Paris, and then to Rome in 1979.
انتقل الى باريس عام 1967 ثم الى روما في العام 1979
While living in France, Calvino met the Argentinian translator Ester Judith Singer (Chichita), they were married in 1964 in Havanna.
تزوج عام 1964 من المترجمة الارجينتنية ايستر
Following in the footsteps of Cesare Pavese, Calvino signed up with the Turin-based publishers Einaudi. Calvino's first novel, Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno (1947) depicted resistance movement, seen through the eyes of a young boy and in Neorealistic manner. The work was noted for its fablelike twists in the narrative. Il visconte dimezzato (1952) marked Calvino's break with the common themes connected with the experience of war.
كانت روايته الاولى عن ما يدور في الحرب
It told the story of a man cut in half by a cannonball during the Turkish-Christian war. The publication of the novel provoked a debate of realism by the Italian Communist party.
In the 1950s published fantastic tales, hovering between allegory and pure fantasy, brought Calvino international acclaim and established his reputation as one of the most important Italian fiction writers of the 20th century. Il visconte dimezzato was followed by Il barone rampante (1957), in which an 18th-century baron's son climbs a tree and ends up spending his life in various treetops. Il cavaliere inesistente (1959) completed the trilogy, which gave precedence to fantasy outside the general neorealistic vein. Behind the playful spinning of tales also can been seen Calvino's questioning about the relationship between the individual conscience and the course of history. In Marcovalco (1963), a collection of fables, Calvino satirized the modern, destructive urban way of living. Marcovalco is a Chaplinisque character, an ordinary working man and a father, who desperately longs for beauty and sinks in his daydreams whenever he can. When everybody leaves the city in August, he enjoys the empty streets. His peace is interrupted by a television group – it wants to interview the only person who is not on holiday.
In the post-1956 period, marked by the events in Hungary which were to cause Calvino to leave the Italian Communist Party, Calvino devoted himself more to journalism than to fiction; he also continued to write for Il contemporaneo, a Marxist weekly. When Calvino left the Party he felt deeply distressed and wrote: "Having grown up in times of dictatorship, and being overtaken by total war when of military age, I still have the notion that to live in peace and freedom is a frail kind of good fortune that might be taken away from me in an instant." In one article Calvino asked, "Was I Stalinist Too?"
ترك الحزب الشيوعي احتجاجا على تصرفات ستالين وقد شعر بكآبة شديدة لتركه الحزب
Calvino visited New York first time in 1959 and came to regard it as "my city". His 'American Diary 1959-60' consisted of letters written to colleagues. Calvino was amazed of the size of the fridges and how ignorant Americans were of Italian writing. In 1964 he went to Paris to strengthen his ties with the latest innovative trends. However, in La nuvola di smog (1965) the author returned for awhile to the social-realistic mode to satirize the industrial society. Le cosmicomiche (1965) set the concepts of evolution against cosmic scales. Through the boasting accounts of Qfwfq, who is as old as the universe, Calvino questions all the basic concepts of scientific theories. Qfwfq changes constantly – it has been a fish, and the last dinosaur. When his dear friend says, "Boys, the noodles I would make for you!", this outburst of general love initiates "at the same moment the concept of space and, properly speaking, space itself, and time, and universal gravitation, and the gravitation universe, making possible billions and billions of suns, and of planets, and fields of wheat..." In Il Castello dei destini incrociati (1973) Calvino found his source of inspiration in two ancient packs of tarot cards. The novel represented a type of open text that allows for a similar variety of possible readings.
"Waiting in line, Mr Palomar contemplates the jars. He tries to find a place in his memories for cassoulet, a rich stew of meats and beans, in which goose-fat is an essential ingredient; but neither his palate's memory nor his cultural memory is of any help to him. And yet the name, the sight, the idea attract him, awaken an immediate fantasy not so much of appetite as of eros: from a mountain of goose-fat a female figure surfaces, smears white over her rosy skin, and he already imagines himself making his way towards her through those thick avalanches, embracing her, sinking with her." (from Mister Palomar, 1983)
Of Calvino's If on a Winter's Night a Traveller (1979), Salman Rushdie declared: "He is writing down what you have always known except that you've never thought of it before."
Calvino died of cerebral hemorrhage in Siena, on September 19, 1985.
مات عام 1985بسبب نزيف دماغي
Cuba
Italo Calvino was born in Santiago de Las Vegas, a suburb of Havana, Cuba in 1923. His father, Mario, was a tropical agronomist and botanist who also taught agriculture and floriculture.[ Born 47 years earlier in San Remo, Italy, Mario Calvino had emigrated to Mexico in 1909 where he took up an important position with the Ministry of Agriculture. In an autobiographical essay, Italo Calvino explained that his father "had been in his youth an anarchist, a follower of Kropotkin and then a Socialist Reformist". In 1917, Mario left for Cuba to conduct scientific experiments, after living through the Mexican Revolution.
في احد مقالاته كتب عن والده انه كان من الفوضويين ثم تحول الى الاشتراكيين وعمل في المكسيك وغادر الى كوبا حيث ولد ايتالو عندما كان الوالد في سن السابعة والاربعين
Calvino's mother, Eva Mameli, was a botanist and university professor. A native of Sassari in Sardinia and 11 years younger than her husband, she married while still a junior lecturer at Pavia University. Born into a secular family, Eva was a pacifist educated in the "religion of civic duty and science".[4] Calvino described his parents as being "very different in personality from one another", suggesting perhaps deeper tensions behind a comfortable, albeit strict, middle-class upbringing devoid of conflict.
وصف والديه بأنهما كانا مختلفين في الشخصية وهو ما يعكس علاقة صعبة
As an adolescent, he found it hard relating to poverty and the working-class, and was "ill at ease" with his parents’ openness to the laborers who filed into his father's study on Saturdays to receive their weekly paycheck.
Early life and education
In 1925, less than two years after Calvino's birth, the family returned to Italy and settled permanently in San Remo on the Ligurian coast. Calvino's brother Floriano, who became a distinguished geologist, was born in 1927.
انتقلت العائلة بعد ولادته بعاميين الى ايطاليا من كوبا
The family divided their time between the Villa Meridiana, an experimental floriculture station which also served as their home, and Mario's ancestral land at San Giovanni Battista. On this small working farm set in the hills behind San Remo, Mario pioneered in the cultivation of then exotic fruits such as avocado and grapefruit, eventually obtaining an entry in the Dizionario biografico degli italiani for his achievements. The vast forests and luxuriant fauna omnipresent in Calvino's early fiction such as The Baron in the Trees derives from this "legacy". In an interview, Calvino stated that "San Remo continues to pop out in my books, in the most diverse pieces of writing." He and Floriano would climb the tree-rich estate and perch for hours on the branches reading their favorite adventure stories. Less salubrious aspects of this "paternal legacy" are described in The Road to San Giovanni, Calvino's memoir of his father in which he exposes their inability to communicate: "Talking to each other was difficult.
يصف في مذكراته علاقة والديه الصعبة وقال انهما وجدا صعوبة في التواصل
Both verbose by nature, possessed of an ocean of words, in each other's presence we became mute, would walk in silence side by side along the road to San Giovanni." A fan of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as a child, Calvino felt that his early interest in stories made him the "black sheep" of a family that held literature in less esteem than the sciences. Fascinated by American movies and cartoons, he was equally attracted to drawing, poetry, and theatre. On a darker note, Calvino recalled that his earliest memory was of a socialist professor brutalized by Fascist lynch-squads.
يقول ان اولى ذكرياته هو عن بروفسيور اشتراك عومل بصورة وحشية من قبل الفاشيين
"I remember clearly that we were at dinner when the old professor came in with his face beaten up and bleeding, his bowtie all torn, asking for help."
اذكر تماما اننا كنا نتناول طعام العشاء عندما جاء ذلك الدكتور وهو ينزف وقد ضرب على جهه يطلب المساعدة
Other legacies include the parents’ masonic republicanism which occasionally developed into anarchic socialism. Austere, anti-Fascist freethinkers, Eva and Mario refused to give their sons any religious education. Italo attended the English nursery school St George's College, followed by a Protestant elementary private school run by Waldensians. His secondary schooling was completed at the state-run Liceo Gian Domenico Cassini where, at his parents’ request, he was exempted from religious instruction but forced to justify his anticonformist stance. In his mature years, Calvino described the experience as a salutary one as it made him "tolerant of others’ opinions, particularly in the field of religion, remembering how irksome it was to hear myself mocked because I did not follow the majority's beliefs”. During this time, he met a brilliant student from Rome, Eugenio Scalfari, who went on to found the weekly magazine L'Espresso and La Repubblica, a major Italian newspaper. The two teenagers formed a lasting friendship, Calvino attributing his political awakening to their university discussions. Seated together "on a huge flat stone in the middle of a stream near our land", he and Scalfari founded the MUL (University Liberal Movement).
Eva managed to delay her son's enrolment in the Fascist armed scouts, the Balilla Moschettieri, and then arranged that he be excused, as a non-Catholic, from performing devotional acts in church. But later on, as a compulsory member, he could not avoid the assemblies and parades of the Avanguardisti, and was forced to participate in the Italian occupation of the French Riviera in June 1940.
World War II
In 1941, Calvino dutifully enrolled at the University of Turin, choosing the Agriculture Faculty where his father had previously taught courses in agronomy. Concealing his literary ambitions to please his family, he passed four exams in his first year while reading anti-Fascist works by Elio Vittorini, Eugenio Montale, Cesare Pavese, Johan Huizinga, and Pisacane, and works by Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, and Albert Einstein on physics. Disdainful of Turin students, Calvino saw himself as enclosed in a "provincial shell" that offered the illusion of immunity from the Fascist nightmare: "We were ‘hard guys’ from the provinces, hunters, snooker-players, show-offs, proud of our lack of intellectual sophistication, contemptuous of any patriotic or military rhetoric, coarse in our speech, regulars in the brothels, dismissive of any romantic sentiment and desperately devoid of women."
Calvino transferred to the University of Florence in 1943 and reluctantly passed three more exams in agriculture. By the end of the year, the Germans had succeeded in occupying Liguria and setting up Benito Mussolini's puppet Republic of Salò in northern Italy. Now twenty years old, Calvino refused military service and went into hiding. Reading intensely in a wide array of subjects, he also reasoned politically that, of all the partisan groupings, the communists were the best organized with "the most convincing political line".
رفض الانضمام للخدمة العسكرية للفاشيين وهو في سن العشرين واختفى عن الانظار
In spring 1944, Eva encouraged her sons to enter the Italian Resistance in the name of "natural justice and family virtues". Using the battlename of "Santiago", Calvino joined the Garibaldi Brigades, a clandestine Communist group and, for twenty months, endured the fighting in the Maritime Alps until 1945 and the Liberation.
والدته شجعته على الانضمام للمقاومة الايطالية عام 1944 وقد شارك فعلا بالمقاومة وقد انتحل اسم سانتياغو وقاتل مع الشيوعيين لمدة عشرين شهرا
As a result of his refusal to be a conscript, his parents were held hostage by the Nazis for an extended period at the Villa Meridiana. Calvino wrote of his mother's ordeal that "she was an example of tenacity and courage… behaving with dignity and firmness before the SS and the Fascist militia, and in her long detention as a hostage, not least when the blackshirts three times pretended to shoot my father in front of her eyes. The historical events which mothers take part in acquire the greatness and invincibility of natural phenomena"
كنتيجة لرفض والديه الانضمام الى الحركة النازية قام النازيون باحتجازهم لمدة طويلة وكتب كلفانيو عن ذلك ووصف امه بأنها كانت شجاعة في مواجهة الحجز والتعذيب مثل خلال الاعدام الوهمي لزوجها ثلاث مرات امام اعينها
Turin and communism
Calvino settled in Turin in 1945, after a long hesitation over living there or in Milan. He often humorously belittled this choice, describing Turin as a "city that is serious but sad".
استقر عام 1945 في مدينة تيرن والتي وصفها بأنها مدينة حزينة
Returning to university, he abandoned Agriculture for the Arts Faculty. A year later, he was initiated into the literary world by Elio Vittorini, who published his short story "Andato al comando" (1945; "Gone to Headquarters") in Il Politecnico, a Turin-based weekly magazine associated with the university. The horror of the war had not only provided the raw material for his literary ambitions but deepened his commitment to the Communist cause.
الرعب من الحرب لم توفر فقط المادة الخامة لاماله الادبية وانما زادات من الزامه بالشيوعية
Viewing civilian life as a continuation of the partisan struggle, he confirmed his membership of the Italian Communist Party. On reading Vladimir Lenin's State and Revolution, he plunged into post-war political life, associating himself chiefly with the worker's movement in Turin.
In 1957, disillusioned by the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary, Calvino left the Italian Communist Party.
غادر الحزب الشيوعي عام 1957 بسبب رفضه لاحتلال الاتحاد السوفيتي لهنجاريا
In 1975 Calvino was made Honorary Member of the American Academy. Awarded the Austrian State Prize for European Literature in 1976, he visited Mexico, Japan, and the United States where he gave a series of lectures in several American towns. After his mother died in 1978 at the age of 92, Calvino sold Villa Meridiana, the family home in San Remo.
ماتت امه عام 1978 عن عمر 92 سنه ومات هو عام 1985

إيتالو كالفينو

- روائي ايطالي ولد عام 1923.
- ولد في كوبا
- والداه يعملان في حقل الزراعة
- -تنقل مع والديه في ايطاليا
- درس في جامعة تورين ما بين عامي 1941 و1947
- تم تجنيده في الجيش الفاشي وشارك في احتلال الريفيرا الفرنسية
- لكنه ترك الجندية وهو في سن التاسعة عشرة ولجأ الى جبال الالب
- هناك انضم الى المقاومة الشيوعية
- من هذه التجارب اشتق اولى قصصه
- بعد انتهاء الحرب تخرج من جامعة تورين وعمل صحفي للمجلة الشيوعية وعمل في دار نشر منذ عام 1948 وحتى عام 1984
- ارتبط بعلاقة غرامية مع ممثلة متزوجة بين الاعوام 1955 و1958
- سافر الى الاتحاد السوفيتي عام 1952 والى الولايات المتحدة عام 1959 – 1960
- انتقل الى باريس عام 1967 ثم الى روما في العام 1979
- تزوج عام 1964 من المترجمة الارجينتنية ايستر
- كانت روايته الاولى عن ما يدور في الحرب
- ترك الحزب الشيوعي احتجاجا على تصرفات ستالين وقد شعر بكآبة شديدة لتركه الحزب
- مات عام 1985بسبب نزيف دماغي
- في احد مقالاته كتب عن والده انه كان من الفوضويين ثم تحول الى الاشتراكيين وعمل في المكسيك وغادر الى كوبا حيث ولد ايتالو عندما كان الوالد في سن السابعة والاربعين
- وصف والديه بأنهما كانا مختلفين في الشخصية وهو ما يعكس علاقة صعبة
- انتقلت العائلة بعد ولادته بعاميين الى ايطاليا من كوبا
- يصف في مذكراته علاقة والديه الصعبة وقال انهما وجدا صعوبة في التواصل
- يقول ان اولى ذكرياته هو عن بروفسيور اشتراك عومل بصورة وحشية من قبل الفاشيين
- اذكر تماما اننا كنا نتناول طعام العشاء عندما جاء ذلك الدكتور وهو ينزف وقد ضرب على جهه يطلب المساعدة
- رفض الانضمام للخدمة العسكرية للفاشيين وهو في سن العشرين واختفى عن الانظار
- والدته شجعته على الانضمام للمقاومة الايطالية عام 1944 وقد شارك فعلا بالمقاومة وقد انتحل اسم سانتياغو وقاتل مع الشيوعيين لمدة عشرين شهرا
- كنتيجة لرفض والديه الانضمام الى الحركة النازية قام النازيون باحتجازهم لمدة طويلة وكتب كلفانيو عن ذلك ووصف امه بأنها كانت شجاعة في مواجهة الحجز والتعذيب مثل خلال الاعدام الوهمي لزوجها ثلاث مرات امام اعينها
- استقر عام 1945 في مدينة تيرن والتي وصفها بأنها مدينة حزينة
- الرعب من الحرب لم توفر فقط المادة الخامة لاماله الادبية وانما زادات من الزامه بالشيوعية
- غادر الحزب الشيوعي عام 1957 بسبب رفضه لاحتلال الاتحاد السوفيتي لهنجاريا
- ماتت امه عام 1978 عن عمر 92 سنه ومات هو عام 1985

لا يعرف متى مات ابوه ولكن حياته كانت ولا شك مأزومة بسبب الحرب العاملية الثانية ومشاركته في الحرب واحتلال الريفيرا الفرنسية ومن ثم تركه للخدمة واختفاؤه ومن ثم مشاركته في المقاومة الشيوعية ويبدو ان الرعب التي تتسبب فيه الحروب كان وقود اعماله الادبية.

مأزوم .

83 ـمنعطف في النهر، للمؤلف في. إس. نيبول.

A Bend in the River is a 1979 novel by Nobel laureate V. S. Naipaul.
In 1998, the Modern Library ranked A Bend in the River #83 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. It was short-listed for the Booker Prize in 1979

Plot
Set in an unnamed African country after independence, the book is narrated by Salim, an ethnically Indian Muslim and a shopkeeper in a small, growing city in the country's remote interior. Though born and raised in another country in a more cosmopolitan city on the coast during the colonial period, as neither European nor fully African, Salim observes the rapid changes in his homeland with an outsider's distance.

Analysis
One critic thinks it represents "the gradual darkening of African society as it returns to its age-old condition of bush and blood" and thinks this pessimistic response shows Naipaul's "inability to examine postcolonial societies in any depth"
Naipaul credits an extramarital affair for giving A Bend in the River and his later books greater fluidity, saying these "in a way to some extent depend on her (i.e., his mistress). They stopped being dry.”

- ولد نيبول عام 1932 وهو من ترنداد براطني الجنسية ومعروف برواياته عن الاستعمار البريطاني.
- ولد في ترنداد وتباجو من لابوين من اصل هندي
- كان متزوج من امرأة انجليزية لمدة 46 ولحين وفاتها عام 1996 بسبب السرطان
- الزواج لم يكن سعيدا
- كان على اتصال مع بائعات الهوى وكان له علاقة مع امرأة اخرى لمدة طويلة انت تعرف بها زوجته
- تزوج بعد موت زوجته من صحفية باكستانية وقطع علاقته مع المرأه الاخرى
- نفي الى انجلترا لمدة عشر سنوات قبل ان يعود الى الكاريبي
- عنده عداء مطبق ضد الاسلام الذي يعتبره عنيف واستعماري
- مات ابوه عام 1953 وعمره 21 سنه
- تعالج كتاباته الارتباك الثقافي الناتج عن كونه هندي يعيش في الكاريبي ومن ثم في بريطانيا
- كان والده يعمل كمراسل لجريدة الجاردين في ترنداد
- عندما كان نيبول في السادسه انتقلت العائلة الى العاصمة ميناء اسبانيا
- مات والده في العام 1953 ( عندما كان نيبول 21 ) دون ان يشهد نجاح ابنه ككاتب
- كتب في رسالة الى اخته الكبيرة بعد ان حصل على بعثة للدراسة في جامعة اكسفورد يقول لها لم اكن اعرف ان وجهي سمين الى هذا الحد انني ابدو هندي اكثر من الهنود كنت اتمنى ان ارسل للجامعة صور جميلة لكن انظري على ماذا حصلوا
- اصيب بحالة انهيار عصبي وحاول الانتحار بعدها لكن لحسن حظه فرغت جرة الغاز قبل موته
- عمل مراسل صحفي واثناء هذه الفترة ( اواسط الخمسينيات ) كان يشعر بأنه بدون اصل

والان مع سر الروعة في رواية :


84 ـ في انتظار البرابرة،للمؤلف جي. إم. كويتزي.

قراءات: رواية "في انتظار البرابرة" لـ(جي ام كويتزي)

عندما يتعري الكاتب ويتماهي مع مخلوقه الروائي ثم يعتذر عن عجزه في استعادة الحقيقة
ابراهيم درويش
في كل عمل جديد للكاتب جي ام كويتزي محاولة للتجريب في لعبة السرد الروائي ومحاولة ايضا لعكس حياة البطل او الابطال علي الكاتب وشروط حياته.
في عمله الذي اصدره العام الماضي "رجل بطيء" جعل كويتزي البطل، بول رايمونت الذي دهمت عجلته الهوائية سيارة وتركته مقعدا يتمرد علي قدره الروائي ويتحدي صانع السرد، وقبله في عمله الروائي اليزابيث كوستيللو قدم كويتزي بعدا ميتافيزيقيا للرواية.
كويتزي الحائز جائزة نوبل للاداب 2003ينوع في ابطاله الروائيين لكنهم في كل عمل يشتركون في مهنة الكتابة او هوايتها، ومع ان كويتزي يتجنب دائما الحديث عن نفسه ولا يتحدث لوسائل الاعلام الا نادرا الا انه يجعل ابطاله يتحدثون عنه وهو وان تجنب ايضا السياق المباشر مفضلا الاطار المتعدد الطبقات كما فعل في اليزابيث كوستيللو ( 2003) الا ان تجنب كويتزي الواقعية البسيطة مفضلا عليها السياق متعدد الجوانب واطارا ما بعد روائي اي ان العمل الروائي يتحول او ينحدر الي مقاربة عن الرواية نفسها وطبيعة علاقة الكاتب مع القارئ، وليس غريبا ان يظهر بعض ابطاله مثل اليزابيث كوستيللو في مقالات نشرها في دوريات ادبية.
فيما ناقش بطل رواية رجل بطيء عددا من القضايا الادبية: العلاقة بين ما هو واقعي وادبي حيث تصبح الشخصيات صورة وصوتا للكاتب، فكويتزي الذي يوصف عادة بالبرودة والبعد عن القارئ والاضواء والانطوائية يبدو في روايته الجديدة "مفكرة عام سيء" يريد التحدث مباشرة للقارئ من خلال سلسلة من الآراء القوية.
وهذا تحول عن موقفه السابق فهو في العادة يتحدث مع القارئ عبر صيغة هو وليس انا مما يعني انه يقدم نفسه للقارئ مباشرة بعيدا عن الاقنعة التي لبسها في روايات سابقة.
رواية "مفكرة عام سيء" تأخذ شكل سلسلة من المقالات القصيرة والغاضبة وذات الاراء القوية حول موضوعات مختلفة حضرت في اعمال اخري وقضايا وجودية وشائكة واحيانا عادية، تتحول هذه القضايا لعجلة يقدم من خلالها الكاتب نفسه ويفصح عن شخصيته بشكل اكثر مباشرة، وهذه الموضوعات فيها تعليق علي التعذيب وقوة العقلانية وتتراوح ما بين الفوضوية الي اصل الدولة التي يناقش انها موجودة قبل الانسان الي المسئولية الاجتماعية ووزر الاباء والاجداد.
والعشق و ميكافيللي وتوني بلير واسامة بن لادن (البعبع )/المنحة الالهية الذي شرعت من خلاله الانظمة فتح سجون للمهاجرين غير الشرعيين مما يذكره بموطنه السابق جنوب افريقيا حيث يقول ان جيله والجيل اللاحق سينحني خجلا امام الجرائم التي ارتكبت باسمهم.
يقول بطل العمل الجديد كاتب متقدم في العمر يشبه كويتزي اسمه يبدأ بحرفي جون سي وهو مثل كويتزي ترك موطنه الاصلي جنوب افريقيا منذ مدة لكي يعيش في استراليا، والاخيرة اصبحت مركز اعمال كويتزي بعد ان كانت جنوب افريقيا هي مركز اعماله وفعله الروائي وقد المح الكاتب الخيالي جي سي لهذه الاعمال في مقالاته مثل في انتظار البرابرة و حياة وزمن مايكل كي و العار .
والشبه بين الكاتب/ السارد والبطل الروائي لا يتوقف عند هذا الحد فجي سي مثل كويتزي له اب اسمه زاكرياس او زخريا ودرس في مدرسة دينية في كيب تاون جنوب افريقيا كما اشار كويتزي في مذكراته عن مرحلة الطفولة.
يبدو كويتزي عبر بطله الجديد انه يمارس لعبة تعر علي غرار الستريبتيز، فجي سي الرواية ليس فقط كاتبا مشهورا مثل كاتب الرواية بل ان هناك الماحات الي انه حاز جائزة نوبل حيث يشير جي سي الي لفافة او شهادة مغلفة في غرفة نومه مكتوبة بلغة اجنبية ( قد تكون لاتينية) .
الراوي في "مفكرة عام سيء" وان تشابه في الاسم والموطن مع الكاتب الحقيقي الا ان تاريخ مولده يختلف، فجي سي في الراواية مولود عام 1934 اما كويتزي فتاريخ ولادته هو عام 1940 وعلي خلاف كويتزي الذي كانت له اخت، فجي سي الروائي كان له اخ ويعيش وحيدا وبلا اطفال.
هنا وان مارس كويتزي لعبة بوح الا انه في اللحظة التي يتقاطع فيها مع بطله الروائي ويتماهي يختفي ويذوب تماما مثل ما حصل مع اليزابيث كوستيلو.
كويتزي في تجنبه الواقعية البسيطة يقوم بتجريب واقعيته الخاصة التي وصفها مرة في محاضرة له بالواقعية وهي تلك التي تطور معيارها الخاص واسطورتها الخاصة وهو ما برز في اعماله الاولي حيث قدمت درجة عالية من المجازات والرموز واستخدام حر للكوابيس المخيفة.
وقد كان كويتزي يحتفي ويحتفل بالسرد الروائي الذي يمكن قطعه ووقفه بطريقة او باخري اما بفعل الظرف السياسي مثلا، الابارتيد او التمييز العنصري، او لسبب آخر .
وقد تحايل كويتزي من خلال السرد ولعبته علي الظرف السياسي في بلاده ومن هنا لم يمنع الرقيب رواياته هناك ليس لانها لم تكن ناقدة للوضع ولكن بسبب التكنيك الذي استخدمه فيها، مما لم يترك مجالا للرقيب لكي يفهم ان هذ العمل او ذاك انه معاد.
واذا حاول كويتزي من خلال لعبة بلاغية ومجازية الابتعاد عن القارئ او التخفي خلف ابطاله ومجازاته فان علاقته مع القارئ ومع تطور عالمه الروائي ولغته الروائية تغيرت، فمنذ عام (1999) تمظهرت رواياته بمظهر عادي وسلس وطبيعي ولكنه مخادع واصبحت لغته اكثر تشذيبا وترتيبا وذات مظهر عصري مما يعني ان الكاتب/ السارد اصبح اكثر حذقا وخبرة بصنعته السردية واكثر جرأة علي الدخول في مساقات السرد الروائي الشائكة .
ويبدو هذا واضحا في لعبة الخداع التي يمارسها في مفكرة عام سيء او ما يمكن تسميته زيف الكاتب، فجي سي بطل الرواية يطلب منه ناشر الماني ان يكتب مجموعة من المقالات تحت عنوان اين الخلل في عالمنا؟ او ما الخطأ في عالمنا؟ وهنا يقوم جي سي بعملية تسجيل افكاره ومواقفه علي مسجلة صغيرة (ديكتافون) وذلك للتعويض عن مشكلة في الكتابة بسبب ضعف في عضلات يده لاصابته بمرض فقدان الذاكرة او الباركنسون.
لكن رؤيته المتقدمة للعالم وقدراته الكتابية البارعة تتأثر بلقائه مع آنيا، وهي شابة استرالية من اصل فليبيني يلتقيها صدفة في مغسلة عامة للملابس القريبة من شقته في المجمع السكني، وهنا تتطور العلاقة الي شهوة وحب وشبق بعد ان يجندها جي سي كمساعدة له للطباعة.
نعرف اكثر ان جي سي هو مهاجر ابيض وأكاديمي، نباتي ويحب العزلة وينقد نفسه كثيرا، فهو يقول عن نفسه ان كثير من الناس يعتقدون انه ليس روائيا عظيما بل رجلا يحب الكتب: وبدأت اصدق ما يقولونه عني .
آنيا لا تقوم بدور الطابعة فقط والمفرغة لافكار الكاتب العظيم بل تقوم بدور من يقوم بحل مشاكل الكاتب حل المشاكل العويصة للعالم هنا وهناك قدر المستطاع ، مما يدخلنا نحن القراء في متاهة مضحكة من الرؤي المختلفة والمتناقضة خاصة ان مواهب آنيا في الطباعة علي آلة الكمبيوتر ليست باهرة خاصة عندما يتعلق الامر بفحص الاخطاء الاملائية.
نعثر في نص كويتزي علي ثلاث طبقات من السرد: اراء جي سي الفلسفية في مقالاته المؤرخة ما بين 2005 و 2006 وعلاقته بآنيا ومواقف الاخيرة المترددة من العلاقة نفسها حيث يقدمها لنا كويتزي في تتابع نظمي يشبه نهاية كتاب الاطفال الذي ينتهي القارئ منه بقطعة او بجزء من القصة.
جي سي يشعر دائما بالغضب والقلق من مواقف آنيا التي تعتقد انه قادم من جنوب امريكا وليس من جنوب افريقيا وتناديه بالسنيور خوان، او سينيور سي او السينيور المواطن.
تختلف "مفكرة عام سيء" عن كل روايات كويتزي من ناحية النزعة الكوميدية الجافة فيها، وشكوي آنيا من ان معلمانية جي سي تنفر القراء من كتبه، ومعرفتها ان جي سي يرغب بها وبجسدها ويريدها لنفسه من اجل ان يتخلص من حس العزلة التي يعيشها، ولكي يشعر بالثقة بنفسه امام الشكوك المتزايدة في داخله حول قدراته الكتابية.
غضب وضيق جي سي بآنيا يفصح اكثر عنه اي الكاتب وليس عنها لاننا نعرف منذ البداية قدراتها المتواضعة ولكن آنيا تسيطر عليه من خلال رغبته بها وهي الرغبة التي لا يستطيع جي سي ردها .
كويتزي ليس معنيا هنا بالجنس او الشهوة ولكنه معني به كموضوع او مجاز عن السلطة، ليس بمعناها التقليدي اي السلطة / الدولة علي الفرد/ الرجل علي المرأة والعكس/ القوي علي الضعيف او الكاتب علي مخلوقه الروائي.
"مفكرة عام سيء" لجي ام كويتزي تثبت ان كويتزي لا زال معنيا بقدرة السرد الروائي وفحص مداه واختبار احتمالاته حيث يترك الرواية لكي تكتب نفسها وتخط قدرها، فالكاتب ليس بيده القرار الاخير، وهنا اذا كان بول رايمونت هو من كانت له الكلمة الاخيرة في رجل بطيء واليزابيث كوسيتللو في العمل بنفس العنوان فان آنيا هي من تقول الكلمة الاخيرة في هذه الرواية، وهي تقف عند رأس جي سي وهو في لحظة الموت الاخيرة عندما تقول علي لسانه لم اكن بارعا في يوم من الايام في استعادة ما هو حقيقي . يقول جي سي.
قبل فترة قدمنا قراءة لمجموعة من المقالات التي نشرها في كتاب جديد هو اعمال داخلية/ باطنية وهي قراءات لأعمال روائية لكتاب اوروبيين وغير اوروبيين. ومنذ فترة خاصة في الاعمال الثلاثة الاخيرة تفصح كتاباته عن قدرات الابطال علي القراءة والتعليق. انه من خلال العزلة والتعليق يقوم بالكشف عن غني في الشخصيات وفيه اعتراف في النهاية بمحدودية الفلسفات الحديثة وعقلانيتها فعلاقة جي سي مع آنيا تكشف عن هذا التناقض الفلسفي والوجودي.
مع التجريب في "مفكرة عام سيء" الا انه تلتزم بالاطار العام الذي رسمه كويتزي خلال تجربته الروائية وهي في الغالب نقل محاور الالم الانساني وابطال يعانون مشاكلهم الفردية والتي جاءت صدفة ولكنه لا يدعونا في سرده للتعاطف معها، الابطال مشغولون في البحث عن طرق للتخلص من معاناتهم او التأقلم معها، ديفيد لوري مثلا في عار ، المحاضر في الادب الانكليزي الذي كان يريد ان يكتب اوبرا عن حياة لورد بايرون، يبحث عن العاطفة مع ثريا، التي كان يقضي معها بعض الساعات في بيت لبيع اللذة ويشعر انه يحبها ويفضلها علي غيرها من بين روايات كويتزي، فيها الكثير من المعرفة، وتحفل الاستشهادات من الفلسفة والادب، وتظهر معرفته بالكمبيوتر واضحة في عمله شباب حيث عمل مبرمجا في الستينات من القرن الماضي (1964 - 1965) في شركة عالمية مقرها براكنيل، في بيركشاير، انجلترا.
ولد كويتزي عام 1940، ودرس في كيب تاون، حيث حصل منها علي الشهادة الاولي والماجستير، وفي عام 1969 حصل علي الدكتوراه في الادب من جامعة اوستن، تكساس، وعمل بعد ذلك في جامعة كيب تاون. وحاضر في اكثر من جامعة قبل ان يهاجر في بداية القرن الحالي الي استراليا، حيث يعمل في جامعة اديلاد.
تزوج كويتزي عام 1963 وطلق زوجته عام 1980 وله منها ولد قتل في حادث سيارة وابنة وحيدة.
يعرف كويتزي بالعزلة، مثل الكاتب الامريكي سالينغر، حيث رفض السفر الي بريطانيا لاستلام جائزة بوكر الادبية المعروفة عن روايته حياة وزمن مايكل كي عام 1983 وفي المرة الثانية عام 1999 عن روايته خزي/ عار .
كويتزي بحسب احد المعارف، لا يشرب او يدخن ولا يأكل اللحم، ويكرس وقته للعمل والدراسة، يقضي ساعة كل يوم في الصباح للكتابة، ويمارس الرياضة للحفاظ علي اللياقة، ويحبذ استخدام الدراجة الهوائية، وقليل الكلام في المناسبات العامة. ويقول احد اصدقائه الذين عملوا معه، لاكثر من عشرة اعوام انه شاهده يضحك مرة واحدة.
اعتمدت في هذه القراءة علي الجزء الذي نشرته مجلة نيويورك لمراجعة الكتب في عدد الشهر الماضي وغالبا ما يشارك فيها كويتزي بمقالات ومراجعات.
** منشور بجريدة "القدس العربي

جي. إم. كويتزي

عمل جي. إم. كويتزي ، الفائز بجائزة نوبل لعام 2003 ، والفائز بجائزة البوكر البريطانية مرتين عام 1983 1999و ، أستاذا للغة والأدب الإنجليزيين في جامعة كيب تاون في جنوب إفريقيا.

Nawahda@go.com.jo
التاريخ : 09-04-2010

جي. إم. كويتزي

John Maxwell Coetzee (born 9 February 1940) is an author and academic from South Africa. He is now an Australian citizen and lives in Adelaide, South Australia.
ولد كويتزي عاك 194- مؤلف واستاذ جامعي من جنوب افريقا وهو الان استرالي الجنسية يعيش في جنوب استراليا

A novelist and literary critic as well as a translator, Coetzee has won the Booker Prize twice and was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature.
South-African novelist, critic, and translator, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2003.
فاز بجائزة نوبل عام 2003
The violent history and politics of his native country, especially apartheid, has provided Coetzee much raw material for his work, but none of his books have been censored by the authorities.
التاريخ العنيف لبلادة وخاصة التمييز العنصري وفر له مادة خصبة للكتابة ورغم ذلك لم يتم منع اي من كتبه
Often he has examined the effects of oppression within frameworks derived from postmodernist thought. Coetzee's reflective, unaffected and precise style cannot be characterized as experimental, but in his novels he has methodically broken the conventions of narration.
"He continues to teach because it provides him with a livelihood; also because it teaches him humility, brings it home to him who he is in the world. The irony does not escape him: that the one who comes to teach learns the keenest of lessons, while those who come to learn learn nothing." (from Disgrace, 1999)
John Maxwell Coetzee, a descendant from 17th-century Dutch settlers, was born in Cape Town. His father was a lawyer and his mother a schoolteacher.
كان والده محاميا وامه مدرسة
In his memoir, Boyhood (1997), Coetzee portrayed himself as a sickly, bookish boys, who adored his freedom-loving mother: "I will not be a prisoner in this house, she says. I will be free."
في مذكراه والت يصدرت عام 1997 كتب كويتزي انه كان طفلا يمرض كثيرا وانه كان يحب الدته المحبة للحرية
At home Cotzee spoke English and with other relatives Afrikaans – his parents wanted to be English. Coetzee studied both mathematics and literature at the University of Cape Town.
درس الرياضيات والادب في جامعة كيبتاون
After graduating, he moved to England, where he worked as an applications programmer (1962-63) in London.
سافر الى لندن بعد تخرجه وعمل في برمجة الطلبات من العام 1962-63
His evening Coetzee spent in the British Museum, "reading Ford Madox Ford, and the rest of the time tramping the cold streets of London seeking the meaning of life," as he later said.
خلال المدة التي قضاها في لندن كان يقرأ فورد مادوكس ويجوب شوارع لندن يحال فهم معنى الحياة
From London he moved to Bracknell, Berkshire, where he worked as a systems programmer for a computer company.
In 1969 Coetzee received his Ph.D. from the University of Texas with a dissertation on Beckett.
في العام 1969 حصل على الدكتوراه من جامعة تكساس حيث كتب رسالتة للدكتواره عن الكاتب الامريكي بكيت
From 1968 to 1971 he taught at the State University of New York at Buffalo.
من عام 1968 وحتى عام 1971 عمل في التدريس في جامعة بافول في نيويورك
While in Buffalo, Coetzee started to Write his first book, Dusklands (1974), which consists of two closely related novellas, one about America and Vietnam, the other, 'The Narrative of Jacobus Coetzee', set in the 1760s.
خلال عمله في بافولو بدأ كتابة روايته الاولى والتي طبعت عام 1974
In 1972 he became a lecturer at the University of Cape Town, at that time an institution for whites, and was later appointed professor of literature.
عام 1972 بدأ العمل كمدرس في جامعة كيبتاون في جنوب افريقيا
From 2002 Coetzee has lived in Australia with his partner, Professor Dorothy Driver. In an interview he said, that "leaving a country is, in some respects, like the break-up of a marriage. It is an intimate matter."
من عام 2002 سافر الى استراليا ليعيش هناك وقد وصف مغادرة مكان مولده بقوله " ان مغادرة البلد الذي يولد فيه الانسان مثل الطلاق فهو مؤثر جدا
Coetzee's works cannot be classified as belonging to any specific postmodernist intellectual current. His essays reveal interest in linguistics, generative grammar, stylistics, structuralism, semiotics, and deconstruction. The dilemmas of his novels are based on South African reality, but often presented in a timeless, metafictional form and carrying a plurality of meanings. In the Heart of the Country (1977), in which the central character is a rebellious, sexually deprived daughter of a sheepfarmer, Coetzee examined the conventions of the South African plaasroman, or farm novel.
The calmly written torture scenes of Waiting for the Barbarians (1980) questioned the voyeuristic nature of fiction. The title of the novel referred to a poem by Constantin Cavafy: "and now, what will become of us without / barbarians? / These people were a kind of solution."
Life and Times of Michael K (1983) won the Booker Prize, but Coetzee did not attend the ceremonies. (In some sources, Coetzee's second name is Michael, or Marie.) The protagonist of the story, set in a future Cape Town and Karoo, is a descendant of Franz Kafka's characters, who never find out the meaning of their suffering, like the victim of the execution machine in the short story 'In der Strafkolonie' (1919). Michael K eventually ends up in a concentration camp. Cynthia Ozick wrote of the book: "Mr. Coetzee's subdued yet urgent lament is for the sadness of South Africa that has made dependents and parasites and prisoners of its own children, black and white."
Foe (1986) played with Defoe's classic novel Robinson Crusoe. In the story a woman, Susan Barton, shares the island with Robinson Cruso and Friday. "I am cast away. I am all alone," she says without getting any sympathy from Cruso, the cruel tyrant of his small empire. After they are rescued, Susan meets Daniel Foe and becomes his muse, whom he forgets. Friday remains mute, his tongue is cut, and he is never allowed to tell his own tale. In The Master of Petersburg (1994) the protagonist is the famous Russian writer, Fyodor Dostoevsky, who tries to understand the death of his stepson, Pavel Alexandrovich Isaev. In his sorrow he takes the role of Orpheus: "He thinks of Orpheus walking backwards step by step, whispering the dead woman's name, coaxing her out of the entrails of hell; of the wife in graveclothes with he blind, dead eyes following him, holding out limp hands before her like a sleepwalker. No flute, no lyre, just the word, the one word, over and over." Coetzee himself has lost his son. He died in a mysterious fall from a high balcony.
Before producing Age of Iron (1990) Coetzee also suffered from a personal tragedy - his ex-wife died of cancer.
قبل كتابة عصر الحديد عام 1990 فقد كويتزي زوجته والتي ماتت بالسرطان
Boyhood: Scenes from Provincial Life (1997) started Coetzee's semi-autobiographical series, which continued in Youth: Scenes from Provincial Life II (2002). Both works are written in the third person. "Boyhood and Youth, after all, aren't an objective record of Coetzee's young life," William Deresiewicz wrote in The New York Times (July 7, 2002), "they are the 50-something Coetzee's reconstruction, seven or eight novels later, of that life." The third volume of the autobiography, Summertime (2009), introduces a fictional character, Vincent, who serves as a biographer of the author – already dead. In Elizabeth Costello: Eight Lessons (2003) Coetzee invented his female alter ego, a famous writer, who travels all over the world and gives speeches and academic lectures. In the United States she discusses and analyzes Kafka's monkey story 'A Report to the Academy' (lesson 1), in England at the fictional Appleton College she drew a parallel between gas chambers and the breeding of animals for slaughter (lesson 3), and in Amsterdam her subject is the problem of evil (lesson 6). As a material Coetzee used his own academic lectures, but at the same time he strips bare Costello's intellectual lifestyle – although her arguments are always fresh and seductive, the result of all her theoretizing is that she starts resemble more and more the copy of Kafka's primate, whose basic predicletions and moral ideas are contrary to the real world. Costello resurfaced in Slow Man (2005), about a misanthropic photographer, who has lost his leg in an accident and who falls in love with a married Croat woman. In this story the protagonist is perhaps a figure imagined by Costello
Early life and education
Coetzee was born in Cape Town, Cape Province, Union of South Africa, on 9 February 1940 to parents of Afrikaner descent.
ولد في كيبتاون لوالدين من اصل من سكان جنوب افريقيا ومن اصل هولندي وكانت لغتهم الافريكان وهي من اللغة الالمانية
His father was an occasional lawyer, government employee and sheep farmer, and his mother a schoolteacher.
كان والده محامي وموظف حكومي وكان لديه مزاع لتربية الاغنام
The family spoke English at home, but Coetzee spoke Afrikaans with other relatives.
كانت العائلة تتكلم الانجليزية في المنزل لكن الروائي كان يتحدث اللغة الاصلية مع السكان من اصول هولندية
The family were descended from early Dutch immigrants dating to the 17th century, although his maternal grand-grandfather - Baltazar Dubiel - was Polish.
Coetzee spent most of his early life in Cape Town and in Worcester in Cape Province (modern-day Western Cape) as recounted in his fictionalized memoir, Boyhood (1997).
قضى معظم طفولتة في مدينة كيبتاون والاقليم المجاور ورستر كما ذكر في مذكراته الصادرة عام 1997
The family moved to Worcester when Coetzee was eight after his father lost his government job due to disagreements over the state's apartheid policy.
انتقلت العائلة الى اقليم ورسستر بعد ان فقد الوالد وظيفته مع الحكومة بسبب الخلاف حول السياسات العنصرية وكان عمر كويتزي حينها 8 اعوام
Coetzee attended St. Joseph's College, a Catholic school in the Cape Town suburb of Rondebosch, and later studied mathematics and English at the University of Cape Town, receiving his Bachelor of Arts with Honours in English in 1960 and his Bachelor of Arts with Honours in Mathematics in 1961.
Coetzee married Philippa Jubber in 1963 and divorced in 1980.
تزوج عام 1963 وطلق زوجته عام 1980
He had a daughter, Gisela (born 1968), and a son, Nicolas (born 1966), from the marriage. Nicolas died in 1989 at the age of 23 in an accident.
انجب طفلة اسمها جسلي عام 1968 وطفل نيكولاس عام 1966 وقد مات نيكولاس عام 1989 وعمره 23 بسبب حادث

Academic and literary career
Coetzee relocated to the United Kingdom in 1962, where he worked as a computer programmer, staying until 1965. He worked for IBM in London. In 1963, while working in the UK, he was awarded a Master of Arts degree from the University of Cape Town for a dissertation on the novels of Ford Madox Ford. His experiences in England were later recounted in Youth (2002), his second volume of fictionalized memoirs.
Personality and reputation
Coetzee is known as reclusive and eschews publicity to such an extent that he did not collect either of his two Booker Prizes in person. Author Rian Malan has said that:
Coetzee is a man of almost monkish self-discipline and dedication. He does not drink, smoke or eat meat. He cycles vast distances to keep fit and spends at least an hour at his writing-desk each morning, seven days a week. A colleague who has worked with him for more than a decade claims to have seen him laugh just once. An acquaintance has attended several dinner parties where Coetzee has uttered not a single word.
يصفه بعض الاصدقاء بانه خجول ولا يحب الظهور ولم يستلم الجوائز التي فاز بها ويقول احد اصدقاؤه انه لا يدخن ولا يشرب الخمر ولا يأكل لحم كما انه رأه يضحك مرة واحدة طول معرفته به كما قال آخر انه كان يحضر مآدب عشاء لا يتحدث فيها ابدا
As a result of his reclusive nature, signed copies of Coetzee's fiction are highly sought after. Recognising this, he was a key figure in the establishment of Oak Tree Press's First Chapter Series, a series of limited edition signed works by literary greats to raise money for the child victims and orphans of the African HIV/AIDS crisis.
Political orientation
Writing about his past in the third person, Coetzee states in Doubling the Point that:
Politically, the raznochinets can go either way. But during his student years he, this person, this subject, my subject, steers clear of the right. As a child in Worcester he has seen enough of the Afrikaner right, enough of its rant, to last him a lifetime. In fact, even before Worcester he has perhaps seen more of cruelty and violence than should have been allowed to a child.
يقول في مذكراته عن طفولته انه شاهد في طفولته الكثير من اعمال اليمنين الافركانين ( البيض ) العنيفة ويقول انه رأى من العنف والقساوة ما لم يكن يجب السماح به لطفل ان يشاهده
So as a student he moves on the fringes of the left without being part of the left. Sympathetic to the human concerns of the left, he is alienated, when the crunch comes, by its language – by all political language, in fact.
Asked about the latter part of this quote in an interview, Coetzee said:
There is no longer a left worth speaking of, and a language of the left. The language of politics, with its new economistic bent, is even more repellent than it was fifteen years ago
Views on South Africa
Along with André Brink and Breyten Breytenbach, Coetzee was, according to Fred Pfeil, at "the forefront of the anti-apartheid movement within Afrikaner literature and letters".
كان طليعيا في المعارضة من بين ابناء الجنس الابيض ضد ساسية الفصل العنصري
On accepting the Jerusalem Prize in 1987, Coetzee spoke of the limitations of art in South African society, whose structures had resulted in "deformed and stunted relations between human beings" and "a deformed and stunted inner life".
He went on to say that "South African literature is a literature in bondage. It is a less than fully human literature. It is exactly the kind of literature you would expect people to write from prison".
وصف الادب الجنوب افريقي بأنه الادب الذي تتوقع ان يكتبه الانسان من السجن
He called on the South African government to abandon its apartheid policy. Scholar Isidore Diala states that J. M. Coetzee, Nadine Gordimer and André Brink are "three of South Africa's most distinguished white writers, all with definite anti-apartheid commitment".
It has been argued that Coetzee's 1999 novel Disgrace allegorises South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Asked about his views on the TRC, Coetzee has stated: "In a state with no official religion, the TRC was somewhat anomalous: a court of a certain kind based to a large degree on Christian teaching and on a strand of Christian teaching accepted in their hearts by only a tiny proportion of the citizenry. Only the future will tell what the TRC managed to achieve".
Following his Australian citizenship ceremony, Coetzee said that "I did not so much leave South Africa, a country with which I retain strong emotional ties, but come to Australia. I came because from the time of my first visit in 1991, I was attracted by the free and generous spirit of the people, by the beauty of the land itself and – when I first saw Adelaide – by the grace of the city that I now have the honour of calling my home."[15] When he initially moved to Australia, he had cited the South African government's lax attitude to crime in that country as a reason for the move, leading to a spat with Thabo Mbeki, who, speaking of Coetzee's novel Disgrace stated that "South Africa is not only a place of rape".[19] In 1999, the African National Congress submission to an investigation into racism in the media by the South African Human Rights Commission named Disgrace as a novel exploiting racist stereotypes.[49] However, when Coetzee won his Nobel Prize, Mbeki congratulated him "on behalf of the South African nation and indeed the continent of Africa".[50]
Bibliography
Coetzee's published work consists of fiction, fictionalised autobiographies (which he terms "autrebiography"),[58] and non-fiction.
Fiction
· Dusklands (1974) ISBN 0-14-024177-9
· In the Heart of the Country (1977) ISBN 0-14-006228-9
· Waiting for the Barbarians (1980) ISBN 0-14-006110-X
· Life & Times of Michael K (1983) ISBN 0-14-007448-1
· Foe (1986) ISBN 0-14-009623-X
· Age of Iron (1990) ISBN 0-14-027565-7
· The Master of Petersburg (1994) ISBN 0-14-023810-7
· The Lives of Animals (1999) ISBN 0-691-07089-X
· Disgrace (1999) ISBN 978-0143115281
· Elizabeth Costello (2003) ISBN 0-670-03130-5
· Slow Man (2005) ISBN 0-670-03459-2
· Diary of a Bad Year (2007) ISBN 1-846-55120-X
Fictionalised autobiography
· Boyhood: Scenes from Provincial Life (1997) ISBN 0-14-026566-X
· Youth: Scenes from Provincial Life II (2002) ISBN 0-670-03102-X
· Summertime (2009) ISBN 1-846-55318-0
· Scenes from Provincial Life (2011) ISBN 1-846-55485-3. An edited single volume of Boyhood: Scenes from Provincial Life, Youth: Scenes from Provincial Life II, and Summertime.
However, Coetzee's solitude has not allowed him to go unnoticed in any way. His books have become worldwide bestsellers and he is the only author to have ever won the Booker Prize twice.

جي. إم. كويتزي

- ولد كويتزي عاك 194- مؤلف واستاذ جامعي من جنوب افريقا وهو الان استرالي الجنسية يعيش في جنوب استراليا
- فاز بجائزة نوبل عام 2003
- التاريخ العنيف لبلادة وخاصة التمييز العنصري وفر له مادة خصبة للكتابة ورغم ذلك لم يتم منع اي من كتبه
- كان والده محاميا وامه مدرسة
- في مذكراه والت يصدرت عام 1997 كتب كويتزي انه كان طفلا يمرض كثيرا وانه كان يحب الدته المحبة للحرية
- درس الرياضيات والادب في جامعة كيبتاون
- سافر الى لندن بعد تخرجه وعمل في برمجة الطلبات من العام 1962-63
- خلال المدة التي قضاها في لندن كان يقرأ فورد مادوكس ويجوب شوارع لندن يحال فهم معنى الحياة
- في العام 1969 حصل على الدكتوراه من جامعة تكساس حيث كتب رسالتة للدكتواره عن الكاتب الامريكي بكيت
- من عام 1968 وحتى عام 1971 عمل في التدريس في جامعة بافول في نيويورك
- خلال عمله في بافولو بدأ كتابة روايته الاولى والتي طبعت عام 1974
- عام 1972 بدأ العمل كمدرس في جامعة كيبتاون في جنوب افريقيا
- من عام 2002 سافر الى استراليا ليعيش هناك وقد وصف مغادرة مكان مولده بقوله " ان مغادرة البلد الذي يولد فيه الانسان مثل الطلاق فهو مؤثر جدا
- قبل كتابة عصر الحديد عام 1990 فقد كويتزي زوجته والتي ماتت بالسرطان
- ولد في كيبتاون لوالدين من اصل من سكان جنوب افريقيا ومن اصل هولندي وكانت لغتهم الافريكان وهي من اللغة الالمانية
- كان والده محامي وموظف حكومي وكان لديه مزاع لتربية الاغنام
- كانت العائلة تتكلم الانجليزية في المنزل لكن الروائي كان يتحدث اللغة الاصلية مع السكان من اصول هولندية
- قضى معظم طفولتة في مدينة كيبتاون والاقليم المجاور ورستر كما ذكر في مذكراته الصادرة عام 1997
- انتقلت العائلة الى اقليم ورسستر بعد ان فقد الوالد وظيفته مع الحكومة بسبب الخلاف حول السياسات العنصرية وكان عمر كويتزي حينها 8 اعوام
- تزوج عام 1963 وطلق زوجته عام 1980
- انجب طفلة اسمها جسلي عام 1968 وطفل نيكولاس عام 1966 وقد مات نيكولاس عام 1989 وعمره 23 بسبب حادث
- يصفه بعض الاصدقاء بانه خجول ولا يحب الظهور ولم يستلم الجوائز التي فاز بها ويقول احد اصدقاؤه انه لا يدخن ولا يشرب الخمر ولا يأكل لحم كما انه رأه يضحك مرة واحدة طول معرفته به كما قال آخر انه كان يحضر مآدب عشاء لا يتحدث فيها ابدا
- يقول في مذكراته عن طفولته انه شاهد في طفولته الكثير من اعمال اليمنين الافركانين ( البيض ) العنيفة ويقول انه رأى من العنف والقساوة ما لم يكن يجب السماح به لطفل ان يشاهده
- كان طليعيا في المعارضة من بين ابناء الجنس الابيض ضد ساسية الفصل العنصري
- وصف الادب الجنوب افريقي بأنه الادب الذي تتوقع ان يكتبه الانسان من السجن
- على الرغم ان يعيش في استراليا حاليا حياة النساك لكنه اصبح كاتبا مشهورا واصبحت كتبه على قائمة اكثر الكتب مبيعا.

حسب كلامه انه شاهد من العنف والقسوة في طفولته المبكرة ما لم يكن يجب ان يسمح لطفل بالمشاهدة وهو العنف الذي كان يرتكبه ابناء جلدته من البيض في جنوب افريقا فهو شاهد على عنف سياسة الفصل العنصري . لا نعرف ان كان قد تيتم مبكرا او متى فقد اين ما والديه لكن واضح انه عاش حياة ازمة الى حد انه اصبح ناسكا كما يصفه البعض.

مأزوم.

والان مع سر الروعة في رواية
85 ـ إدارة المنزل، للمؤلفةمارلينروبنسون.

Housekeeping is a novel by the Pulitzer Prize-winning author Marilynne Robinson. It was published in 1980, nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (which Robinson would eventually win for her second novel, Gilead), and given the PEN/Hemingway Award for best first novel.


In 2003, the Guardian Unlimited named Housekeeping one of the 100 greatest novels of all time. Time magazine also included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005., describing the book thus: "Haunting, poetic story, drowned in water and light, about three generations of women."


Plot summary


Ruth narrates the story of how she and her younger sister Lucille are raised by a succession of relatives in the fictional town of Fingerbone, Idaho (some details are similar to Robinson's hometown, Sandpoint, Idaho).


روث بطلة القصة تروي كيف عاشت هي واختها الصغيرة طفلتهن حيث تم الاعتناء بهن من قبل عدد من الاقارب في قرية متخيلة رغم التشابه الكبير في بعض التفاصيل بينها وبين القرية التي عاشت فيها الكاتبة


Eventually their aunt Sylvie (who has been living as a transient) comes to take care of them. Initially they become a close knit group, but as Lucille grows up she comes to dislike their eccentric lifestyle and she moves out. Then when Ruth's well-being is being questioned by the courts, Sylvie returns to living on the road and takes Ruth with her.


وفي النهاية تأتي الخالة سيلفي (البوهيمية) للاعتناء بهما ولاحقا تغادر البنت الصغرى وعندما تمرض الكبيرة تعود سيلفي لتعيش حياة البوهيمين وتأخذها معها


The novel treats the subject of housekeeping, not only in the domestic sense of cleaning, but in the larger sense of keeping a spiritual home for one's self and family in the face of loss, for the girls experience a series of abandonments as they come of age.


تعالج الرواية كيفية ادارة المنزل في حالة الفقد حيث ان الفتاتان تمران في عدة تجارب من الفقد


The events take place in an uncertain time, in that no dates are mentioned; however, Ruth refers to her grandfather living in a sod dugout in the Midwest, before his journey to Fingerbone, while she herself traverses adolescence sometime in the latter half of the 20th century, as Ruth reads the novel Not as a Stranger, a bestseller from 1954.


Characters


Ruth the narrator of the story. Ruth narrates from the perspective of the Transparent eyeball. This narration style was used by the trancendentalist authors that influenced Marilynne Robinson, including Ralph Waldo Emerson.[3]


Lucille Ruth's younger sister.


Helen the mother of Ruth and Lucille who in the novel commits suicide.


هلن احدى الشخصيات في الرواية هي الوالده وهي تنتحر


Sylvie Helen's younger sister who comes to Fingerbone to take care of Ruth and Lucille.


سيلفي هي اخت هلن الصغرى


Molly Helen's older sister. Molly left Fingerbone to do missionary work as a bookkeeper in the Honan Province of China.


Sylvia Foster Ruth's Grandmother. Sylvia lived her entire life in Fingerbone, accepted the basic religious dogma of an afterlife, and lived her life accordingly.


Edmund Foster Ruth's Grandfather and Sylvia's husband. He was raised in a house, dug out of the ground, in the Middle West. He is consumed with wanderlust and a desire to paint mountains. This desire leads to his job on a train and the related events form the foundation of the novel. Working on the train, he is killed in its crash into the lake of Fingerbone.


Lily Foster Sylvia Foster's sister-in-law, one of two who came from Spokane to care for Ruth.


Nona Foster Sylvia Foster's other sister-in-law.


Bernice is a friend of Helen's who lived below Ruth and her mom, Helen, when they lived in a tall grey building. Bernice urged Helen to visit her estranged mother and lent Helen her car so she could travel to see her. (the same car Helen used to drive herself off the bridge)


Ettie is a friend of Ruth's Grandmother, Sylvia Foster. A tiny old lady, whose skin was the color of toadstools

==
Named by The Observer one of the 100 greatest novels of all time and Time Magazine’s s TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005. From Wikipedia’s plot summary: “Ruth narrates the story of how she and her younger sister Lucille are raised by a succession of relatives in the fictional town of Fingerbone, Idaho . . . Eventually their aunt Sylvie (who has been living as a transient) comes to take care of them. Initially they become a close knit group, but as Lucille grows up she comes to dislike their eccentric lifestyle and she moves out. Then when Ruth’s well-being is being questioned by the courts, Sylvie returns to living on the road and takes Ruth with her. The novel treats the subject of housekeeping, not only in the domestic sense of cleaning, but in the larger sense of keeping a spiritual home for one’s self and family in the face of loss, for the girls experience a series of abandonments as they come of age

Marilynne Summers Robinson (born November 26, 1943) is an American novelist and essayist.
ولدت مارلين عام 1943 وهي روائية امريكية وكاتبة مقال
Biography
Robinson (née Summers) was born and grew up in Sandpoint, Idaho, and did her undergraduate work at Pembroke College, the former women's college at Brown University, receiving her B.A., magna cum laude in 1966, where she was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. She received her Ph.D. in English from the University of Washington in 1977.
ولت وترعرت في ايداهو وحصلت على الشهادة الاولى كما حصلت على الدكتوراه في اللغة الانجليزية من جامعة واشنطن عام 1977
Robinson has written three highly acclaimed novels: Housekeeping (1980), Gilead (2004) and Home (2008). Housekeeping was a finalist for the 1982 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (US), Gilead was awarded the 2005 Pulitzer, and Home received the 2009 Orange Prize for Fiction (UK). Home is a companion to Gilead and focuses on the Boughton family during the same time period.
She is also the author of non fiction works including Mother Country: Britain, the Welfare State, and Nuclear Pollution (1989), The Death of Adam: Essays on Modern Thought (1998) and Absence of Mind: The Dispelling of Inwardness from the Modern Myth of the Self (2010). She has written articles, essays and reviews for Harper’s, The Paris Review and The New York Times Book Review.
She has been writer-in-residence or visiting professor at many universities, including the University of Kent, Amherst, and the University of Massachusetts' MFA Program for Poets & Writers. In 2009, she held a Dwight H. Terry Lectureship at Yale University, giving a series of talks entitled Absence of Mind: The Dispelling of Inwardness from the Modern Myth of the Self. On April 19, 2010, she was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In May 2011 Robinson delivered Oxford University's annual Esmond Harmsworth Lecture in American Arts and Letters at the university's Rothermere American Institute. She currently teaches at the Iowa Writers' Workshop and lives in Iowa City.
Robinson was raised as a Presbyterian and later became a Congregationalist, worshipping and sometimes preaching at the Congregational United Church of Christ in Iowa City. Her Congregationalism, and her interest in the ideas of John Calvin, have been important in her works, including Gilead, which centers on the life and theological concerns of a fictional Congregationalist minister.
Awards
· 1980: Housekeeping - Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award for best first novel; nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
· 2004: Gilead - 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction; National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction; 2005 Ambassador Book Award
· 2006: The recipient of the 2006 Louisville Grawemeyer Award in Religion.
· 2008: Home - 2009 Orange Prize for Fiction; finalist for the 2008 National Book Award.
Collected Works
Novels
· Housekeeping (1980)
· Gilead (2004)
· Home (2008)

Nonfiction
· Mother Country: Britain, the Welfare State, and Nuclear Pollution (1989)
· The Death of Adam: Essays on Modern Thought (1998)
· Absence of Mind: The Dispelling of Inwardness from the Modern Myth of the Self (2010)
==
Dictionary of Literary Biography on Marilynne Robinson (page 2)

Born Marilynne Summers in the town of Sandpoint, Idaho, on 26 November 1943, Robinson was influenced by her family 's pioneer heritage, for her paternal great-grandparents had traveled in covered wagons to northern Idaho and had settled in the area.
Her parents, Ellen Harris Summers and John J. Summers, raised their daughter and her brother, David, in Sandpoint, Sagle, Coolin, and other towns and villages near the forests of northern Idaho and western Washington, where John Summers worked for various lumber companies.
كانت في طفولتها تعيش مع عائلتها قرب الغابات حيث عمل والدها مع عدد من شركات الاخشاب

Most of these towns are situated on or near the shores of beautiful, large lakes—Lake Pend Oreille, Priest Lake, and Lake Coeur d'Alene—surrounded by forested hills and mountains. Everywhere Robinson lived as a child, natural beauty beckoned almost at her doorstep. Several of the towns she grew up in also serve as switching yards or stopping points for railroads, and long railroad bridges cross the lakes near the towns.
In “My Western Roots,” an essay included in Old West—New West: Centennial Essays (1993), Robinson says of her reading as a child and her education at Coeur d'Alene High School: “I find that the hardest work in the world—it may in fact be impossible—is to persuade easterners that growing up in the West is not intellectually crippling.” She explains the probable reason for such misunderstanding:
Idaho society at that time at least seemed to lack the sense of social class which elsewhere makes culture a system of signs and passwords, more or less entirely without meaning except as it identifies group and subgroup.
==
Hundreds of thousands were enthralled by the luminous voice of John Ames in Gilead, Marilynne Robinson’s Pulitzer Prize–winning novel. Home is an entirely independent, deeply affecting novel that takes place concurrently in the same locale, this time in the household of Reverend Robert Boughton, Ames’s closest friend.

Glory Boughton, aged thirty-eight, has returned to Gilead to care for her dying father. Soon her brother, Jack—the prodigal son of the family, gone for twenty years—comes home too, looking for refuge and trying to make peace with a past littered with tormenting trouble and pain.

Jack is one of the great characters in recent literature. A bad boy from childhood, an alcoholic who cannot hold a job, he is perpetually at odds with his surroundings and with his traditionalist father, though he remains Boughton’s most beloved child. Brilliant, lovable, and wayward, Jack forges an intense bond with Glory and engages painfully with Ames, his godfather and namesake.

Home is a moving and healing book about families, family secrets, and the passing of the generations, about love and death and faith. It is Robinson’s greatest work, an unforgettable embodiment of the deepest and most universal emotions.
==
A love letter to lost America
Marilynne Robinson made fans wait 24 years for her second novel. Talking
كتبت روايتها الثانية بعد 24 سنة

If there is a singular refutation of F Scott Fitzgerald's self-lacerating verdict that 'there are no second acts in American lives', it must be the career of Marilynne Robinson. In 1981, she made her debut with Housekeeping , a haunting, lyrical tale of two sisters set in the wilderness of the American north west, quite unlike anything else published at that time.
There's something rather English about Robinson when she utters such sentiments, but she was brought up in the woods of the far north west, Idaho and Montana, by a family who appear to have turned their backs on ranching to go into the lumber business.
Her parents were 'not very churchy people... but I had the feeling of growing up in a religious environment about which nothing was said'. If there was any explicit religion it came from her grandfather, who was an elder in the Presbyterian church. 'My grandparents both went about their lives with this sort of humming or singing.'
This childhood gave her a lifelong love of the Bible, and she speaks affectionately of Genesis, Exodus and the Book of Ruth, which has, she admits, 'influenced me inordinately. The Ruth-Boaz relationship seems to be what I wrote about in Gilead '.
That's not the whole story. Her childhood reading was steeped in British and American classics: The Little House on the Prairie, Treasure Island, Kidnapped, the collected works of Poe, Melville and Dickens. 'It was like some sort of flywheel in my brain as soon as I started reading Dickens: "I've got to write something!" And that was wonderful.'
She also learned Latin and is grateful for the way it grounded her sentences. 'I would have to count Cicero among my influences,' she says, laughing at her absurdity. Her prose flows from these classical sources, at once simple and rich, musical but unadorned. 'Writing has always felt like praying,' says one of her characters, expressing the book's mood.
She had a lot of encouragement to write from her family and found poetic inspiration in storms. 'I felt I had to write poetry if there was a thunderstorm. Then I got old enough to realise I was writing really bad poems. That made a prose writer out of me overnight.'
كانت تشعر انها تحتاج لكتتب اذا سمعت الرعد
Asked about the 24-year hiatus between first and second novels, Robinson explains that Gilead was written very quickly but still speaks of the need she felt to re-evaluate the assumptions of fiction. Out of the blue, I find myself asking: 'Do you think of yourself as a writer?'
'That's an interesting question I think maybe I don't in the way that other people I know do. I've always been creative, but you can't assume a role without falsification. Even if the role is indistinguishable from your identity, you can't do it. That frightening to me.'
Admirers of Robinson will be glad to know she's about to take a sabbatical from Iowa and 'can't wait' to get started on some new writing. She knows what it's to be about but, concludes, with more mischievous laughter: 'I'm not telling
==
Home" and "Gilead" both dealt with the spiritual graspings of fathers and sons. In "Housekeeping", about two lonely girls wading through a doomed adolescence, real maternal figures were absent as well. I ask if Robinson ever intended to write about mothers and sons (she has two, now grown-up). "One of the pleasures, for me at least, of writing fiction is that you can put things at a distance. If I'm writing too close to myself, I feel like something is about to go wrong. Like I'm defending myself. I prefer the idea--even if it's an illusion--that you can reach a level of objectivity, that it doesn't have your handprints all over it."

- روث بطلة القصة تروي كيف عاشت هي واختها الصغيرة طفلتهن حيث تم الاعتناء بهن من قبل عدد من الاقارب في قرية متخيلة رغم التشابه الكبير في بعض التفاصيل بينها وبين القرية التي عاشت فيها الكاتبة


- وفي النهاية تأتي الخالة سيلفي (البوهيمية) للاعتناء بهما ولاحقا تغادر البنت الصغرى وعندما تمرض الكبيرة تعود سيلفي لتعيش حياة البوهيمين وتأخذها معها


- تعالج الرواية كيفية ادارة المنزل في حالة الفقد حيث ان الفتاتان تمران في عدة تجارب من الفقد


- هلن احدى الشخصيات في الرواية ( الام ) تنتحر


- سيلفي هي اخت هلن الصغرى


- مواليد 26 نوفمبر 1943) روائية أمريكية.

- ولدت مارلين عام 1943 وهي روائية امريكية وكاتبة مقال


- ولت وترعرت في ايداهو وحصلت على الشهادة الاولى كما حصلت على الدكتوراه في اللغة الانجليزية من جامعة واشنطن عام 1977


- كانت في طفولتها تعيش مع عائلتها قرب الغابات حيث عمل والدها مع عدد من شركات الاخشاب

- كتبت روايتها الثانية بعد 24 سنة

- كانت تشعر انها تحتاج لكتتب اذا سمعت الرعد


ان محتوى روايات الروائية مارلين روبنسون يدور حول العلاقة بين الابناء والاباء، واليتم حيث تربت بطلات روايتها الرائعة من قبل الاقارب، وفيها الكثير من الحديث عن الخوف والموت والانتحار....اتخيل ان طفولة الروائية المذكورة كانت عاصفة وربما ان امها انتحرت وهو امر يصعب الحديث عنه في احيان كثيرة... ولكننا لا نملك اي دليل على ذلك ولا نملك تفاصيل عن حياتها المبكرة. وعليه سنعتبرها مجهولة الطفولة.

مجهولة الطفولة.

Lanark, subtitled A Life in Four Books, is the first novel of Scottish writer Alasdair Gray. Written over a period of almost thirty years, it combines realist and dystopian fantasy depictions of his home city of Glasgow.
Its publication in 1981 prompted Anthony Burgess to call Gray "the best Scottish novelist since Walter Scott". The book, still his best known, has since won the Saltire Society Book of the Year and David Niven awards, and has become a cult classic. In 2008, The Guardian heralded Lanark as "one of the landmarks of 20th-century fiction."
Plot summary
Lanark comprises four books, arranged in the order Three, One, Two, Four (there is also a Prologue before Book One, and an Epilogue four chapters before the end of the book). In the Epilogue, the author explains this by saying that "I want Lanark to be read in one order but eventually thought of in another", and that the epilogue itself is "too important" to go at the end (p. 483).
In Book Three, a young man awakes alone in a train carriage. He has no memory of his past and picks his name from a strangely familiar photograph on the wall. He soon arrives in Unthank, a strange Glasgow-like fantasy city in which there is no daylight and whose disappearing residents suffer from strange symbolic diseases. Lanark begins to associate with a group of twenty-somethings to whom he cannot fully relate and whose mores he cannot understand, and soon begins to suffer from Dragonhide, a disease which turns his skin into scales as an external manifestation of his emotional repression. Lanark is eventually swallowed by the earth, and awakes in The Institute, a sort of hospital which cures patients of their diseases but uses the hopeless cases for power and food. Upon learning this, Lanark is horrified and determines to leave.
Books One and Two constitute a realist Bildungsroman beginning in pre-War Glasgow, and tell the story of Duncan Thaw ("based on myself, he was tougher and more honest"), a difficult and precocious child born to impecunious and frustrated parents in the East End of Glasgow. The book follows Thaw's wartime evacuation, difficult secondary education and his scholarship to the Glasgow School of Art, where his inability to form relationships with women and his obsessive artistic vision lead to his descent into madness and eventual suicide by drowning.
Book Four sees Lanark begin a bizarre, dreamlike journey back to Unthank, which he finds on the point of total disintegration, wracked by political strife, avarice, paranoia and economic meltdown, all of which he is unable to prevent. During various stages of the journey, during which he meets his author, he rapidly ages. He finally finds himself old, sitting in a hilltop cemetery as Unthank breaks down in an apocalypse of fire and flood, and, his time of death having been revealed to him, he ends the book calmly awaiting it.
Interpretation
Lanark could be viewed as Thaw in a personal Hell (Thaw drowns in the sea; Lanark arrives in Unthank with the same belongings, and seashells and sand in his pockets). However, the connection between the two narratives is ambiguous. Gray has said that -
· "One is a highly exaggerated form of just about the everyday reality of the other" [2](for example, Thaw's eczema is mirrored by Lanark's skin disease 'dragonhide')
- and writes in the novel itself:
· "The Thaw narrative shows a man dying because he is bad at loving. It is enclosed by [Lanark's] narrative which shows civilization collapsing for the same reason" (page 484)
· (spoken to Lanark) "You are Thaw with the neurotic imagination trimmed off and built into the furniture of the world you occupy" (page 493)
· "The plots of the Thaw and Lanark sections are independent of each other and cemented by typographical contrivances rather than formal necessity. A possible explanation is that the author thinks a heavy book will make a bigger splash than two light ones" (page 493).
One of the most characteristically postmodern parts of the book is the Epilogue, in which Lanark meets the author in the guise of the character "Nastler". He makes the first two remarks about the book quoted above, and anticipates criticism of the work and of the Epilogue in particular, saying "The critics will accuse me of self-indulgence, but I don't care". An Index of Plagiarisms is printed in the margins of the discussion. For instance, Gray describes much of Lanark as an extended 'Difplag' (diffuse plagiarism) of Charles Kingsley's The Water Babies. However, some of the supposed plagiarisms refer to non-existent chapters of the book.
Gray added an appendix to the 2001 edition of the novel in which he included a brief biography and elaborated on some of the influences on and inspirations for the novel. He cited Kafka as a major influence on the atmosphere of the novel. He also referred to his own experiences in the media industry which he states is reflected in Lanark's numerous encounters in labyrinthine buildings with individuals talking in jargon. The Institute he describes as a combination of Wyndham Lewis's conception of Hell in Malign Fiesta along with three real-life structures: the London Underground, Stobhill Hospital in Glasgow and BBC Television Centre in London. More immediately evident inspiration can be seen in the cathedral and necropolis episodes in Unthank, whose proximity to an urban tangle of roads is mirrored in Glasgow's real-life Townhead area. Glasgow Cathedral is yards away from the Necropolis to the east and the M8 motorway (and aborted Inner Ring Road) to the north and west. Gray said Glasgow Cathedral was the only location he purposefully visited to make notes about during the writing of the novel; all other locations he wrote about from memory.[3] A hellish encounter in a decaying underpass not far from "New Cumbernauld" is redolent of the under-road pedestrian thoroughfares common in the 1960s New Town design of Cumbernauld and others.
Genesis
Gray began writing the novel as a student in 1954. Book one was written by 1963, but he was unsuccessful in getting it published. The whole work was finished in 1976, and published in 1981 by the small Scottish publisher Canongate Press. The novel was an immediate critical and commercial success.

السادير جري

Alasdair Gray (born 28 December 1934) is a Scottish writer and artist. His most acclaimed work is his first novel Lanark, published in 1981 and written over a period of almost 30 years.
السادير جري كاتب وفنان اسكتلندي ولد عام 1934 اشهر رواياته لانارك والتي استغرف في كتابتها قرابة 30 عام
It is now regarded as a classic, and was described by The Guardian as "one of the landmarks of 20th-century fiction." His novel Poor Things (1992) won the Whitbread Novel Award and the Guardian Fiction Prize. He is a Scottish civic nationalist and a republican.
Gray's works combine elements of realism, fantasy, and science fiction, plus clever use of typography and his own illustrations. He has also written on politics, in support of socialism and Scottish independence, and on the history of English literature. He has been described by author Will Self as "a creative polymath with an integrated politico-philosophic vision", and as "a great writer, perhaps the greatest living in this archipelago today" and by himself as "a fat, spectacled, balding, increasingly old Glasgow pedestrian".

He has also written on politics, in support of socialism and Scottish independence, and on the history of English literature.
كتب في السياسة والاشتراكية والاستقلال لاسكتلندا وفي تاريخ الادب الانجليزي
Life
Gray was born in Riddrie, east Glasgow. His father had been wounded in the First World War and worked at the time in a factory, while his mother worked in a shop.
ولد في جلاسكو وكان والده قد جرح في الحرب العالمية الاولى وكان يعمل في مصنع وكانت امه تعمل في دكان
During the Second World War, Gray was evacuated to Perthshire and then Lanarkshire, experiences which he drew on in his later fiction.
خلال الحرب العالمةي الثانية تك ترحيلة اولا الى بيرثشير ومن ثم الى لانارك شير وهو ما انعكس لاحقا في ادبه
The family lived on a council scheme, and Gray received his education from a combination of state education, (at Whitehill Secondary School), public libraries, and public service broadcasting: "the kind of education British governments now consider useless, especially for British working class children", as he later commented.
عاشت العائلة على المخصصات التي منحت لوالده بسبب اصابته في الحرب وبعض المساعادات من رامج تعليمية كانت تمنح مجانا
He studied at Glasgow School of Art from 1952 to 1957, and taught there from 1958 to 1962. It was as a student that he first began what would become the novel Lanark.
After his graduation, Gray worked as a scene and portrait painter, as well as an independent artist and writer. His first plays were broadcast on radio and television in 1968. Between 1972 and 1974, he participated in a writing group organised by Philip Hobsbaum, where he met James Kelman, Liz Lochhead, and Tom Leonard. From 1977 to 1979, he was Writer in Residence at Glasgow University. In 2001, he became, with Tom Leonard and James Kelman, joint Professor of the Creative Writing programme at Glasgow and Strathclyde Universities.
Gray illustrates his books himself, and has produced many murals as well as paintings. One of his longest-lasting murals can be seen in the Ubiquitous Chip restaurant in the West End of Glasgow.
In 2001, he stood as the candidate of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association for the post of Rector of the University of Glasgow, but was eventually narrowly defeated by Greg Hemphill. Formerly a supporter of the Scottish National Party and the Scottish Socialist Party, at the 2010 UK General Election he supported his local Scottish Liberal Democrat candidate, Katy Gordon. He is a civic nationalist, stating in his 1992 book Why Scots Should Rule Scotland: "The title of this book may sound threatening to those who live in Scotland but were born and educated elsewhere, so I had better explain that by Scots I mean everyone in Scotland who is eligible to vote".
He has been married twice: firstly to Inge Sorenson (1961–1970), and since 1991 to Morag McAlpine. He has one son, Andrew, born in 1964. He still lives in the West End of Glasgow.
تزوج مرتين مرة عام 1961- 1970 والثانية من 1991 ولديه ولد واحد ولد عام 1964 وما يزال يعيش في جلاسكو
He produced the ceiling mural for The Auditorium of the Oran Mor on Byres Road in Glasgow, one of the largest works of art in Scotland.
Gray frequently uses the quotation, "Work as if you live in the early days of a better nation", which is engraved in the Canongate Wall of the Scottish Parliament building. He attributes the quote to Canadian author Dennis Lee.

born
December 28, 1934 in Glasgow, Scotland, The United Kingdom

website
http://www.alasdairgray.co.uk

genre
Science Fiction & Fantasy

Alasdair - '1982, Janine'

Dee - Can you tell me a little bit about your forthcoming books, 'A Life In Pictures' and 'Three Men In Love'?
Alasdair - No, it would take too long.

Dee - You recently celebrated your 70th birthday and you have had some problems with your health, but it sounds like you are busier than ever, from what Rodge Glass said in his interview with me. Will you still be scrambling up scaffolding, painting murals when you are 90? Do you think you'll be working until you draw your last breath?
Alasdair - I don't know but hope so.

Dee - Which novel do you consider to be the greatest ever written? And why?
Alasdair - 'War and Peace'. Ask anyone else who agrees with me. A lot do.

Dee - Have you got an all time favourite painting or painter?
Alasdair - No. But Blake taught me most.

Dee - And finally, what advice would you give to a young man or woman if they told you they wanted to be a writer?

Alasdair - They should acquire a place with one room where they could live and as many as possible that they could sub-let. Thus getting a small steady income