War and Peace (Pre-reform Russian: «Война и миръ», Voyna i mir) is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy, first published in 1869. The work is epic in scale and is regarded as one of the most important works of world literature.[1][2][3] It is considered Tolstoy's finest literary achievement, along with his other major prose work Anna Karenina (1873–1877).
War and Peace delineates in graphic detail events surrounding the French invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic families. Portions of an earlier version of the novel, then known as The Year 1805,[4] were serialized in the magazine The Russian Messenger between 1865 and 1867. The novel was first published in its entirety in 1869.[5] Newsweek in 2009 ranked it first in its list of the Top 100 Books.[6] In 2003, the novel was listed at number 20 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[7]
Tolstoy himself, somewhat enigmatically, said of War and Peace that it was "not a novel, even less is it a poem, and still less a historical chronicle." Large sections of the work, especially in the later chapters, are philosophical discussion rather than narrative.[8] He went on to elaborate that the best Russian literature does not conform to standard norms and hence hesitated to call War and Peace a novel. (Instead, Tolstoy regarded Anna Karenina his first true novel.)

War and Peace is well known as being one of the longest novels ever written, though not the longest. It is actually the seventh longest novel ever written in a Latin or Cyrillic based alphabet and is subdivided into four books or volumes, each with sub parts containing many chapters.
Tolstoy came up with the title, and some of his themes, from an 1861 work of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: La Guerre et la Paix ('War and Peace' in French). Tolstoy had served in the Crimean War and written a series of short stories and novellas featuring scenes of war.
He began writing War and Peace in the year that he finally married and settled down at his country estate. The first half of the book was written under the name "1805".
During the writing of the second half, he read widely and acknowledged Schopenhauer as one of his main inspirations. However, Tolstoy developed his own views of history and the role of the individual within it.[9]
The first draft of War and Peace was completed in 1863. In 1865, the periodical Russkiy Vestnik published the first part of this early version under the title 1805. In the following year, it published more of the same early version. Tolstoy was dissatisfied with this version, although he allowed several parts of it to be published with a different ending in 1867, still under the same title "1805". He heavily rewrote the entire novel between 1866 and 1869.[5][9] Tolstoy's wife, Sophia Tolstaya, wrote as many as seven separate complete manuscripts by hand before Tolstoy considered it again ready for publication.[9] The version that was published in Russkiy Vestnik had a very different ending from the version eventually published under the title War and Peace in 1869.
The completed novel was then called Voyna i mir (new style orthography; in English War and Peace).
The 1805 manuscript (sometimes referred to as "the original War and Peace") was re-edited and annotated in Russia in 1983 and since has been translated separately from the "known" version, to English, German, French, Spanish, Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, Albanian, and Korean. The fact that so many extant versions of War and Peace survive make it one of the best insights into the mental processes of a great novelist.
Russians who had read the serialized version were anxious to acquire the complete first edition, which included epilogues, and it sold out almost immediately. The novel was translated almost immediately after publication into many other languages.
The novel can be generally classified as historical fiction. It contains elements present in many types of popular 18th and 19th century literature, especially the romance novel. War and Peace attains its literary status by transcending genres.
Tolstoy was instrumental in bringing a new kind of consciousness to the novel. His narrative structure is noted for its "god-like" ability to hover over and within events, but also in the way it swiftly and seamlessly portrayed a particular character's point of view. His use of visual detail is often cinematic in its scope, using the literary equivalents of panning, wide shots and close-ups, to give dramatic interest to battles and ballrooms alike. These devices, while not exclusive to Tolstoy, are part of the new style of the novel that arose in the mid-19th century and of which Tolstoy proved himself a master.[10]

Tolstoy incorporated extensive historical research. He was also influenced by many other novels.[9] A veteran of the Crimean War, Tolstoy was quite critical of standard history, especially the standards of military history, in War and Peace. Tolstoy read all the standard histories available in Russian and French about the Napoleonic Wars and combined more traditional historical writing with the novel form. He explains at the start of the novel's third volume his own views on how history ought to be written. His aim was to blur the line between fiction and history, in order to get closer to the truth, as he states in Volume II.
The novel is set 60 years earlier than the time at which Tolstoy wrote it, "in the days of our grandfathers", as he puts it. He had spoken with people who had lived through war during the French invasion of Russia in 1812, so the book is also, in part, accurate ethnography fictionalized. He read letters, journals, autobiographical and biographical materials pertaining to Napoleon and the dozens of other historical characters in the novel. There are approximately 160 real persons named or referred to in War and Peace.[11]

Although Tolstoy wrote most of the book, including all the narration, in Russian, significant portions of dialogue (including its opening paragraph) are written in French with characters often switching between the two languages. This reflected 19th century Russian aristocracy, where French, a foreign tongue, was widely spoken and considered a language of prestige and more refined than Russian.[12] This came about from the historical influence throughout Europe of the powerful court of the Sun King, Louis XIV of France, leading to members of the Russian aristocracy being less competent in speaking their mother tongue. In War and Peace, for example, Julie Karagina, Princess Marya's friend, has to take Russian lessons in order to master her native language.
It has been suggested[13] that it is a deliberate literary device employed by Tolstoy, to use French to portray artifice and insincerity as the language of the theater and deceit while Russian emerges as a language of sincerity, honesty and seriousness. It displays slight irony that as Pierre and others socialize and use French phrases, they will be attacked by legions of Bonapartists in a very short time. It is sometimes used in satire against Napoleon. In the novel, when Pierre proposes to Hélène, he speaks to her in French — Je vous aime ('I love you'). When the marriage later emerges to be a sham, Pierre blames those French words.
The use of French diminishes as the book progresses and the wars with the French intensify, culminating in the capture and eventual burning of Moscow. The progressive elimination of French from the text is a means of demonstrating that Russia has freed itself from foreign cultural domination.[13] It is also, at the level of plot development, a way of showing that a once-admired and friendly nation, France, has turned into an enemy. By midway through the book, several of the Russian aristocracy, whose command of French is far better than their command of Russian, are anxious to find Russian tutors for themselves.

The novel begins in the year 1805 during the reign of Tsar Alexander I and leads up to the 1812 French invasion of Russia by Napoleon. The era of Catherine the Great (1762–1796), when the royal court in Paris was the centre of western European civilization,[14] is still fresh in the minds of older people. Catherine, fluent in French and wishing to reshape Russia into a great European nation, made French the language of her royal court. For the next one hundred years, it became a social requirement for members of the Russian nobility to speak French and understand French culture.[14] This historical and cultural context in the aristocracy is reflected in War and Peace. Catherine's grandson, Alexander I, came to the throne in 1801 at the age of 24. In the novel, his mother, Marya Feodorovna, is the most powerful woman in the Russian court.
War and Peace tells the story of five aristocratic families — the Bezukhovs, the Bolkonskys, the Rostovs, the Kuragins and the Drubetskoys—and the entanglements of their personal lives with the then contemporary history of 1805 to 1813, principally Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. The Bezukhovs, while very rich, are a fragmented family as the old Count, Kirill Vladimirovich, has fathered dozens of illegitimate sons. The Bolkonskys are an old established and wealthy family based at Bald Hills. Old Prince Bolkonsky, Nikolai Andreevich, served as a general under Catherine the Great, in earlier wars. The Moscow Rostovs have many estates, but never enough cash. They are a closely knit, loving family who live for the moment regardless of their financial situation. The Kuragin family has three children, who are all of questionable character. The Drubetskoy family is of impoverished nobility, and consists of an elderly mother and her only son, Boris, whom she wishes to push up the career ladder.
Tolstoy spent years researching and rewriting the book. He worked from primary source materials (interviews and other documents), as well as from history books, philosophy texts and other historical novels.[9] Tolstoy also used a great deal of his own experience in the Crimean War to bring vivid detail and first-hand accounts of how the Russian army was structured.[15]
The standard Russian text of War and Peace is divided into four books (fifteen parts) and an epilogue in two parts – one mainly narrative, the other thematic. While roughly the first half of the novel is concerned strictly with the fictional characters, the later parts, as well as one of the work's two epilogues, increasingly consist of essays about the nature of war, power, history, and historiography. Tolstoy interspersed these essays into the story in a way that defies previous fictional convention. Certain abridged versions remove these essays entirely, while others, published even during Tolstoy's life, simply moved these essays into an appendix.

Wuthering Heights
by Emily Brontë, England, (1818-1848)
Wuthering Heights is the only published novel by Emily Brontë, written between October 1845 and June 1846[1] and published in July of the following year. It was not printed until December 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell, after the success of her sister Charlotte Brontë's novel Jane Eyre. A posthumous second edition was edited by Charlotte in 1850.[2]
The title of the novel comes from the Yorkshire manor on the moors of the story. The narrative centres on the all-encompassing, passionate, but ultimately doomed love between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and the people around them.
Today considered a classic of English literature, Wuthering Heights met with mixed reviews and controversy when it first appeared, mainly because of the narrative's stark depiction of mental and physical cruelty.[3][4] Although Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre was generally considered the best of the Brontë sisters' works during most of the nineteenth century, many subsequent critics of Wuthering Heights argued that it was a superior achievement.[5] Wuthering Heights has also given rise to many adaptations and inspired works, including films, radio, television dramatisations, a musical by Bernard J. Taylor, a ballet, three operas (by Bernard Herrmann, Carlisle Floyd, and Frédéric Chaslin), a role-playing game, and the 1978 chart-topping song by Kate Bush.

In 1801, Mr. Lockwood, a rich man from the south of England, rents Thrushcross Grange in the north of England for peace and recuperation. Soon after his arrival, he visits his landlord, Mr. Heathcliff, who lives in the remote moorland farmhouse called "Wuthering Heights." He finds the inhabitants of Wuthering Heights to be a rather strange group: Mr. Heathcliff appears a gentleman but his mannerisms suggest otherwise; the reserved mistress of the house is in her mid-teens; and a young man appears to be one of the family, although he dresses and talks like a servant.
Being snowed in, Mr. Lockwood stays the night and is shown to an unused chamber, where he finds books and graffiti from a former inhabitant of the farmhouse named Catherine. When he falls asleep, he has a nightmare in which he sees Catherine as a ghost trying to enter through the window. Heathcliff rushes to the room after hearing him yelling in fear. He believes Mr. Lockwood is telling the truth, and inspects the window, opening it in a futile attempt to let Catherine's spirit in from the cold. After nothing eventuates, Heathcliff shows Mr. Lockwood to his own bedroom, and returns to keep guard at the window.
As soon as the sun rises, Mr. Lockwood is escorted back to Thrushcross Grange by Heathcliff. There, he asks his housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell him the story of the family from the Heights.

Thirty years prior, the Earnshaw family lived at Wuthering Heights. The children of the family are the teenaged Hindley and his younger sister, Catherine. Mr. Earnshaw travels to Liverpool, where he finds a homeless boy--"dark-skinned gypsy in aspect"--whom he decides to adopt, naming him "Heathcliff." Hindley finds himself robbed of his father's affections and becomes bitterly jealous of Heathcliff. However, Catherine grows very attached to him. Soon, the two children spend hours on the moors together and hate every moment apart.
Because of the domestic discord caused by Hindley's and Heathcliff's sibling rivalry, Hindley is eventually sent to college. However, he marries a woman named Frances and returns three years later, after Mr. Earnshaw dies. He becomes master of Wuthering Heights, and forces Heathcliff to become a servant instead of a member of the family.
Several months after Hindley's return, Heathcliff and Catherine travel to Thrushcross Grange to spy on the Linton family. However, they are spotted and try to escape. Catherine, having been caught by a dog, is brought inside the Grange to have injuries tended to while Heathcliff is sent home. Catherine eventually returns to Wuthering Heights as a changed woman, looking and acting as a lady. She laughs at Heathcliff's unkempt appearance. When the Lintons visit the next day, Heathcliff dresses up to impress her. It fails when Edgar, one of the Linton children, argues with him. Heathcliff is locked in the attic, where Catherine later tries to comfort him. He swears vengeance on Hindley.
In the summer of the next year, Frances gives birth to a son, Hareton, but she dies before the year is out. This leads Hindley to descend into a life of drunkenness and waste.
Two years pass and Catherine has become close friends with Edgar, growing more distant from Heathcliff. One day in August, while Hindley is absent, Edgar comes to visit Catherine. She has an argument with Nelly, which then spreads to Edgar who tries to leave. Catherine stops him and, before long, they declare themselves lovers.
Later, Catherine talks with Nelly, explaining that Edgar had asked her to marry him and she had accepted. She says that she does not really love Edgar but Heathcliff. Unfortunately she could never marry Heathcliff because of his lack of status and education. She therefore plans to marry Edgar and use that position to help raise Heathcliff's standing. Unfortunately, Heathcliff had overheard the first part about not being able to marry him and runs away, disappearing without a trace. After three years, Edgar and Catherine are married.
Six months after the marriage, Heathcliff returns as a gentleman, having grown stronger and richer during his absence. Catherine is delighted to see him although Edgar is not so keen. Edgar's sister, Isabella, now eighteen, falls in love with Heathcliff, seeing him as a romantic hero. He despises her but encourages the infatuation, seeing it as a chance for revenge on Edgar. When he embraces Isabella one day at the Grange, there is an argument with Edgar which causes Catherine to lock herself in her room and fall ill.
Heathcliff has been staying at the Heights, gambling with Hindley and teaching Hareton bad habits. Hindley is gradually losing his wealth, mortgaging the farmhouse to Heathcliff to repay his debts.
While Catherine is ill, Heathcliff elopes with Isabella. The fugitives marry and return two months later to Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff hears that Catherine is ill and arranges with Nelly to visit her in secret. In the early hours of the day after their meeting, Catherine gives birth to her daughter, Cathy, and then dies.
The day after Catherine's funeral, Isabella flees Heathcliff and escapes to the south of England where she eventually gives birth to Linton, Heathcliff's son. Hindley dies six months after Catherine. Heathcliff finds himself the master of Wuthering Heights and the guardian of Hareton.

Twelve years later, Cathy has grown into a beautiful, high-spirited girl who has rarely passed outside the borders of the Grange. Edgar hears that Isabella is dying and leaves to pick up her son with the intention of adopting him. While he is gone, Cathy meets Hareton on the moors and learns of her cousin's and Wuthering Heights' existence.
Edgar returns with Linton who is a weak and sickly boy. Although Cathy is attracted to him, Heathcliff wants his son with him and insists on having him taken to the Heights.
Three years later, Nelly and Cathy are on the moors when they meet Heathcliff who takes them to Wuthering Heights to see Linton and Hareton. He has plans for Linton and Cathy to marry so that he will inherit Thrushcross Grange. Cathy and Linton begin a secret friendship.
In August of the next year, while Edgar is very ill, Nelly and Cathy visit Wuthering Heights and are held captive by Heathcliff who wants to marry his son to Cathy and, at the same time, prevent her from returning to her father before he dies. After five days, Nelly is released and Cathy escapes with Linton's help just in time to see her father before he dies.
With Heathcliff now the master of both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, Cathy has no choice but to leave Nelly and to go and live with Heathcliff and Hareton. Linton dies soon afterwards and, although Hareton tries to be kind to her, she retreats into herself. This is the point of the story at which Lockwood arrives.
After being ill with a cold for some time, Lockwood decides that he has had enough of the moors and travels to Wuthering Heights to inform Heathcliff that he is returning to the south.

In September, eight months after leaving, Lockwood finds himself back in the area and decides to stay at Thrushcross Grange (since his tenancy is still valid until October). He finds that Nelly is now living at Wuthering Heights. He makes his way there and she fills in the rest of the story.
Nelly had moved to the Heights soon after Lockwood left to replace the housekeeper who had departed. In March, Hareton had had an accident and been confined to the farmhouse. During this time, a friendship had developed between Cathy and Hareton. This had continued into April when Heathcliff began to act very strangely, seeing visions of Catherine. After not eating for four days, he was found dead in Catherine's room. He was buried next to Catherine.
Lockwood departs but, before he leaves, he hears that Hareton and Cathy plan to marry on New Year's Day. Lockwood passes the graves of Catherine, Edgar and Heathcliff, pausing to contemplate the peaceful quiet of the moors.

مرتفعات ويذيرنغ Wuthering Heights هي الرواية الوحيدة للكاتبة إيميلي برونتي. نشرت أول مرة عام 1847 تحت اسم مستعار هو ايلليس بيل Ellis Bell. وقد أجرت أختها شارلوت برونتي تعديلات على الطبعة الثانية من الرواية بعد وفاة ايملي. أخذ اسم الرواية من عزبة في مروج يوركشير Yorkshire وهي بلدة تاريخية في شمال إنجلترا(فكلمة ويذيرنغ في يوركشير تعني الجو المتقلب). وتحكي هذه الرواية قصة الحب والشغف الذي يصل حد الامتلاك بين بطلة القصة كاثرين cathrine وهيثكليف Heathcliff، وكيف يصل بهما هذا الحب المحموم إلى تدميرهما وتدمير آخرين من حولهما.

- هيثكليف Heathcliff وهو بطل القصة. فتى يتيم يتباه السيد إيرنشاو بعد أن يجده ضالا بلا مأوى. يقع في حب كاثرين إيرنشو لحد الجنون. لكنه يتزوج من إيزابيلا لينتون لينتقم من أخيها الذي تزوج كاثرين.
- كاثرين إيرنشو Cathrine Earnshaw بطلة القصة، وأخت هيثكليف بالتبني. تقع في غرام هيثكليف. ذات شخصية فريدة في الأدب فهي أنانية وسريعة الغضب. تتزوج من ايدجار لينتون لنفوذه وثروته، لكن يبقى حب هيثكليف مسيطرا عليها.
- ايدجار لينتون Edgar Linton هو صديق كاثرين في أيام الطفولة ويتزوجها فيما بعد. شخصية إيدجار هي شخصية السيد الهادئ والراقي، يحب كاثرين بشدة ويعاني هو أيضا من حبه لها ومن صدقاتها لهيثكليف.
- إيزابيلا لينتون Isabella Linton أخت ايدجار الصغرى. تقع في غرام هيثكليف وتخدع بشخصيته خاصة بعدما يعود غنيا بعد سني غربة طويلة. يتزوجها هيثكليف فقط كي يحطمها هي وعائلتها. تستطيع في النهاية أن تهرب من المنزل وتعيش مع ابنها بعيدا عن الأخرىن إلى ان تموت.
- هيندلي ايرنشاو Hindely Earnshaw هو أخو كاثرين وأخو هيثكليف بالتبني. يكره هيثكليف ويغار من حيازته على اهتمام والده بدلا عنه، ولا يتوقف عن القاء صنوف العذاب على هيثكليف وهو طفل. يتزوج من شخصية ثانوية في القصة هي فارنسيس وينجب ابنه الوحيد هارتون. يصبح سكيرا بعد وفاة زوجته ويخسر كثيرا من ثروته وحياته. لكن يأتي في النهاية هيثكليف ليسدد عنه ديونه ويسمح له بالبقاء في البيت امعانا في اذلاله.
- أيلين (أو نيللي) دين Ellen (Nelly) Dean هي مدبرة المنزل ورواية هذه القصة. تتنقل في فترة عملها بين ثراشكروس جراج ومرتفعات ويذرينغ. تلم بكل الأحداث الأليمه التي تمر بها عائلتي لينتون وايرنشاو.
- لينتون هيثكليف Linton Heathcliff هو ابن هيثكليف وإيزابيلا التي ولدته بعد هروبها من زوجها. يعود إلى عائلته بعد وفاة أمه. يعيش تحت رحمة هيثكليف الذي يدفعه للزواج من كاثرين لينتون لكي ينال ثروتها.
- كاثرين لينتون Catherine Linton هي ابنة كاثرين ايرنشاو وإيدجار لينتون. تتوفى والدتها عند ولادتها. تعيش طفولة سعيدة نسبيا مع والدها دون أن تعرف أي شيء عن تاريخ أسرتها المظلم، إلى أن تقرر يوما أن تتجاوز الحدود التي فرضها عليها والدها وتتعرف بأسرة أيرنشاو. تظن أنها تقع في حب لينتون هيثكليف، لكنها سرعان ما تكتشف أنه كان يخادعها بأمر من والده. تتزوج منه مرغمة بعد حبسها وتهديدها. بعد وفاة زوجها تقع في حب هارتون إيرنشاو.
- هاريتون إرينشاو Hareton Earnshaw ولد هيندلي وفرانسيس. يتبناه هيثكليف ويسيء معاملته جدا انقاما من المعاملة السيئة التي كان يلاقها هو من والده هيندلي. يحب في نهاية القصة كاثرين إيرنشاو.
- جوزيف Joseph هو خادم عائلة إيرنشاو.
- السيد لوكوود Lockwood هو المستأجر الجديد لثارشكروس جرانج.
- فرانسيس إيرنشاو Frances Earnshaw زوجة هيندلي وأم هارتون، تموت عند الولادة.
- السيد كيننيث Mr.Kenneth طبيب العائلة.

تعد هذه الرواية من أعمدة الأدب الإنجليزي، وقد حظيت باهتمام النقاد منذ صدروها لما فيها من مواقف القسوة المرعبة ذهنيا وجسديا. ورغم أن رواية أختها شارلوت برونتي جين اير كانت تعد أفضل ما كتبته الأخوات برونتي، إلا أن مرتفعات ويذرينغ عدت بعد ذلك هي الأفضل. بالإضافة لذلك فإن هذه الرواية ألهمت العديد من الأعمال الفنية بعد ذلك، بما فيها السينما والإذاعة والأغاني (من أشهرها أغنية بنفس الاسم للمغنية كايت بوش Kate Bush)، بالإضافة إلى الأوبرا والباليه.
في عام 1956 تم تحويلها إلى فيلم سينمائي حمل عنوان الغريب من إخراج فطين عبد الوهاب وكمال الشيخ وبطولة يحيى شاهين وماجدة وكمال الشناوي.

(بالإنكليزية: Emily Jane Brontë) روائيةبريطانيةوشاعرة، وُلدت في 30 يوليو1818، وتوفيت 19 ديسمبر1848. تشتهر برونتي بروايتها الوحيدة مرتفعات ويذرنغ التي تُعتبر من كلاسيكيات الأدب الإنكليزي. إيميلي هي الأخت الثانية في الأخوات برونتي، حيث أنها أصغر من شارلوت وأكبر من آن. نشرت إيميلي أعمالها تحت الاسم الذكوري المستعار إيلي بيل Ellis Bell

سيرة الذاتية
ولدت أميلي برونتي في الثلاثين من تموز سنة 1818 في مدينة ثورنتورن في المقاطعة المسماة يوركشاير من أبوين فقيرين هما ماري برانويل والاب باترك برونتي. كانت الشقيقة الصغرى تشارلوت برونتي والخامسة من ستة أطفال. في عام 1824، انتقلت العائلة إلى هاوورث، تلك المنطقة المزدهرة بمواهبهم الادب الإنكليزي.
التعليم

كانت برونتي تبلغ من العمر ثلاثة سنوات عندما وافى الاجل والدتها المريضة. بينما ارسلت الأخوات الأكبر سنا مارياواليزابيث وشارلوت إلى مدرسة للبنات حيث عانو من سوء معاملة وجوع وحرمان ظهر ذلك جليا في كتاب شارلوت جين أير. التحقت اميلي في المدرسة بعد فترة قصيرة من ذلك. وبعد أن اجتاج مرض تيفوس المدرسة اصيبت كلا الاخوات ماريا واليزابيث بالمرض ذاته جيث ارسلو إلى البيت وتبين فعلا انهم مصابين بمرض السل الرئوي حيث توفيت ماريا هناك. ونتيجة لذلك ابعدت برونتي عن المدرسة خوفا من انتشار وتفشي العدوى. توفيت اليزابيث بعد فترة قصيرة من وفاة اختها الأكبر شارولت. وبقيت برونتي وثلاثة من اخواتها واخيها باتريك برانويل حبيسين المنزل حيث تلقو التعليم على يد عمتهم اليزابيث برانويل. وفي اوقات الفراغ كانت الاخوات يستمتعون بخلق الروايات واستيحائها من عالم الدمى والالعاب التي كانو يلهون بها, والتي ظهرت في القصص التي كتبوا فيما بعد عن الجنود الدوق ولينغتون وأبنائه، وتشارلز وليسلي آرثر آرثر ويلزلي.
مرتفعات ويذرينغ

نشرت رواية مرتفعات ويذرنغ لاول مرة سنة 1847 في مجلدين من ثلاثة مجلدات واعتبرت فيما بعد من روائع الادب الإنكليزي الكلاسيكي, وعلى الرغم أنها تلقت أراء مختلفة عند صدورها ألا أنها غالبا ما كانت تدان لوصفها حالة الشغف والحب اللا أخلاقي والانتقام من الحبيب. وفي عام 1850 نشرت اختها شالروت الرواية كاملة وبأعتبارها من مؤلفات اميلي برونتي. ومن المفارق بألامر أن أميلي اختارت ليموت ابطال الرواية بسبب مرض السٌل ونفس المرض الذي كان السبب ليقضي على جميع افراد اسرة اميلي برونتي.
الوفاة

توفيت اميلي برونتي بأصابتها بمرض السٌل كباقي افراد العائلة ويرجح البعض ألا الظروف الصحية السيئة في المنزل, وكذلك مياه الاستخدام المنزلي الملوثة التي تصب فيها مياه القادمة من الفناء الخلفي لمقبرة الكنيسة. تمرضت في أثناء مراسيم دفن اخيها في شهر سبتمبر من عام 1848 حيث اخذت صحتها بالتدهور شيئا فشيء كما رفضت اخذ العقاقير والوصفات الطبية قائلة "أنها لاتريد سموم الطبيب" حتى وافاها الاجل في التاسع عشر من شهر سبتمبر من عام 1848 في الساعة الثانية بعد الظهر. ودفنت في كنيسة القديس رئيس الملائكة ميخائيل حيث يرقد جثمانها هناك في مدينة هاورث في الغرب من مقاطعة يوركشاير.

After the death of their mother in 1821, when Emily was three years old,[3] the older sisters Maria, Elizabeth and Charlotte were sent to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge, where they encountered abuse and privations later described by Charlotte in Jane Eyre. Emily joined the school for a brief period. When a typhus epidemic swept the school, Maria and Elizabeth caught it. Maria, who may actually have had tuberculosis, was sent home, where she died. Emily was subsequently removed from the school along with Charlotte and Elizabeth. Elizabeth died soon after their return home.
The three remaining sisters and their brother Patrick Branwell were thereafter educated at home by their father and aunt Elizabeth Branwell, their mother's sister. Their father was very strict, and during the day he would work in his office, while his children were to remain silent in a room together. In their leisure time the children created a number of fantasy worlds, which were featured in stories they wrote and enacted about the imaginary adventures of their toy soldiers along with the Duke of Wellington and his sons, Charles and Arthur Wellesley. Little of Emily's work from this period survives, except for poems spoken by characters (The Brontës' Web of Childhood, Fannie Ratchford, 1941).[4] When Emily was 13, she and Anne withdrew from participation in the Angria story and began a new one about Gondal, a large island in the North Pacific. With the exception of Emily's Gondal poems and Anne's lists of Gondal's characters and place-names, their writings on Gondal were not preserved. Some "diary papers" of Emily's have survived in which she describes current events in Gondal, some of which were written, others enacted with Anne. One dates from 1841, when Emily was twenty-three: another from 1845, when she was twenty-seven.[5]
At seventeen, Emily attended the Roe Head girls' school, where Charlotte was a teacher, but managed to stay only a few months before being overcome by extreme homesickness. She returned home and Anne took her place.[6] At this time, the girls' objective was to obtain sufficient education to open a small school of their own.

Emily became a teacher at Law Hill School in Halifax beginning in September 1838, when she was twenty. Her health broke under the stress of the 17-hour work day and she returned home in April 1839. Thereafter she became the stay-at-home daughter, doing most of the cooking and cleaning and teaching Sunday school. She taught herself German out of books and practised piano.
In 1842, Emily accompanied Charlotte to Brussels, Belgium, where they attended a girls' academy run by Constantin Heger. They planned to perfect their French and German in anticipation of opening their school. Nine of Emily's French essays survive from this period. The sisters returned home upon the death of their aunt. They did try to open a school at their home, but were unable to attract students to the remote area.
In 1844, Emily began going through all the poems she had written, recopying them neatly into two notebooks. One was labelled "Gondal Poems"; the other was unlabelled. Scholars such as Fannie Ratchford and Derek Roper have attempted to piece together a Gondal storyline and chronology from these poems.[7][8] In the autumn of 1845, Charlotte discovered the notebooks and insisted that the poems be published. Emily, furious at the invasion of her privacy, at first refused, but relented when Anne brought out her own manuscripts and revealed she had been writing poems in secret as well.
In 1846, the sisters' poems were published in one volume as Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. The Brontë sisters had adopted pseudonyms for publication: Charlotte was Currer Bell, Emily was Ellis Bell and Anne was Acton Bell. Charlotte wrote in the "Biographical Notice of Ellis and Acton Bell" that their "ambiguous choice" was "dictated by a sort of conscientious scruple at assuming Christian names positively masculine, while we did not like to declare ourselves women, because... we had a vague impression that authoresses are liable to be looked on with prejudice[.]" Charlotte contributed 20 poems, and Emily and Anne each contributed 21. Although the sisters were told several months after publication that only two copies had sold, they were not discouraged. The Athenaeum reviewer praised Ellis Bell's work for its music and power, and the Critic reviewer recognized "the presence of more genius than it was supposed this utilitarian age had devoted to the loftier exercises of the intellect."

- ماتت امها وهي في سن الثالتة عام 1821.
- درست في مدرسة داخلية .
- ماتت اختها ماريا وهي صغير بمرض السل.
- ماتت ايضا اختها اليزبث بعد ان انقطعا عن الدراسة بسبب مرض التيفوئيد حيث تم اعادتهما الى المنزل لكنها ما لبتثت ان مات.
- كان والدهم شديد وكان يمنعهم من الكلام ليوم كامل.
- انهارت صحتها من الضغط وهي في سن العشرين حيث كانت تعمل مدرسة.

Zorba the Greek by Nikos Kazantzakis, Greece, (1883-1957

Zorba the Greek (Βίος και Πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά, Life and Adventures of Alexis Zorbas) is a novel written by the Greek author Nikos Kazantzakis, first published in 1946. It is the tale of a young Greek intellectual who ventures to escape his bookish life with the aid of the boisterous and mysterious Alexis Zorba. The novel was adapted into a successful 1964 film of the same name as well as a 1968 musical, Zorba.

Plot
The book opens in a café in Piraeus, just before dawn on a gusty autumn morning in the 1930s. The narrator, a young Greek intellectual, resolves to set aside his books for a few months after being stung by the parting words of a friend, Stavridakis, who has left for the Caucasus in order to help some ethnic Greeks who are undergoing persecution. He sets off for Crete in order to re-open a disused lignite mine and immerse himself in the world of peasants and working-class people.
He is about to dip into his copy of Dante's Divine Comedy when he feels he is being watched; he turns around and sees a man of around sixty peering at him through the glass door. The man enters and immediately approaches him to ask for work. He claims expertise as a chef, a miner, and player of the santuri, or cimbalom, and introduces himself as Alexis Zorba, a Greek born in Romania. The narrator is fascinated by Zorba's lascivious opinions and expressive manner and decides to employ him as a foreman. On their way to Crete, they talk on a great number of subjects, and Zorba's soliloquies set the tone for a large part of the book.
On arrival, they reject the hospitality of Anagnostis and Kondomanolious the café-owner, and on Zorba's suggestion make their way to Madame Hortense's hotel, which is nothing more than a row of old bathing-huts. They are forced by circumstances to share a bathing-hut. The narrator spends Sunday roaming the island, the landscape of which reminds him of "good prose, carefully ordered, sober… powerful and restrained" and reads Dante. On returning to the hotel for dinner, the pair invite Madame Hortense to their table and get her to talk about her past as a courtesan. Zorba gives her the pet-name "Bouboulina" and, with the help of his cimbalom, seduces her. The protagonist seethes in his room while listening to the sounds of their impassioned lovemaking.
The next day, the mine opens and work begins. The narrator, who has socialist ideals, attempts to get to know the workers, but Zorba warns him to keep his distance: "Man is a brute.... If you're cruel to him, he respects and fears you. If you're kind to him, he plucks your eyes out." Zorba himself plunges into the work, which is characteristic of his overall attitude, which is one of being absorbed in whatever one is doing or whomever one is with at that moment. Quite frequently Zorba works long hours and requests not to be interrupted while working. The narrator and Zorba have a great many lengthy conversations, about a variety of things, from life to religion, each other's past and how they came to be where they are now, and the narrator learns a great deal about humanity from Zorba that he otherwise had not gleaned from his life of books and paper.
The narrator absorbs a new zest for life from his experiences with Zorba and the other people around him, but reversal and tragedy mark his stay on Crete, and, alienated by their harshness and amorality, he eventually returns to the mainland once his and Zorba's ventures are completely financially spent. Having overcome one of his own demons (such as his internal "no," which the narrator equates with the Buddha, whose teachings he has been studying and about whom he has been writing for much of the narrative, and who he also equates with "the void") and having a sense that he is needed elsewhere (near the end of the novel, the narrator has a premonition of the death of his old friend Stavridakis, which plays a role in the timing of his departure to the mainland), the narrator takes his leave of Zorba for the mainland, which, despite the lack of any major outward burst of emotionality, is significantly emotionally wrenching for both Zorba and the narrator. It almost goes without saying that the two (the narrator and Zorba) will remember each other for the duration of their natural lives.

The story was later turned into a film as well as a ballet and a musical, Zorba.

"What is your favorite dish, grandad?"
"All of them, my son. It's a great sin to say this is good and that is bad."
"Why? Can't we make a choice?"
"No, of course we can't."
"Why not?"
"Because there are people who are hungry." I was silent, ashamed. My heart had never been able to reach that height of nobility and compassion.