The Good Soldier: A Tale of Passion is a 1915 novel by English novelist Ford Madox Ford. It is set just before World War I and chronicles the tragedy of Edward Ashburnham, the soldier to whom the title refers, and his own seemingly perfect marriage and that of two American friends. The novel is told using a series of flashbacks in non-chronological order, a literary technique that formed part of Ford's pioneering view of literary impressionism. Ford employs the device of the unreliable narrator,[1] to great effect as the main character gradually reveals a version of events that is quite different from what the introduction leads you to believe. The novel was loosely based on two incidents of adultery and on Ford's messy personal life.
The novel’s original title was The Saddest Story, but after the onset of World War I, the publishers asked Ford for a new title. Ford suggested (sarcastically) The Good Soldier, and the name stuck.
In 1998, the Modern Library ranked The Good Soldier 30th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.
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The Good Soldier is narrated by the character John Dowell, half of one of the couples whose dissolving relationships form the subject of the novel. Dowell tells the stories of those dissolutions as well as the deaths of three characters and the madness of a fourth, in a rambling, non-chronological fashion that leaves gaps for the reader to fill.
The novel opens with the famous line, “This is the saddest story I have ever heard.” Dowell explains that for nine years he, his wife Florence and their friends Captain Edward Ashburnham (the “good soldier” of the book’s title) and his wife Leonora had an ostensibly normal friendship while Edward and Florence sought treatment for their heart ailments at a spa in Nauheim, Germany.
As it turns out, nothing in the relationships or in the characters is as it first seems. Florence’s heart ailment is a fiction she perpetrated on John to force them to stay in Europe so that she could continue her affair with an American thug named Jimmy. Edward and Leonora have a loveless, imbalanced marriage broken by his constant infidelities (both of body and heart) and Leonora’s attempts to control Edward’s affairs (both financial and romantic). Dowell is a fool and is coming to realize how much of a fool he is, as Florence and Edward had an affair under his nose for nine years without John knowing until Florence was dead.
Florence’s affair with Edward leads her to commit suicide when she realizes that Edward is falling in love with his and Leonora’s young ward, Nancy Rufford, the daughter of Leonora's closest friend. Florence sees the two in an intimate conversation and rushes back into the resort, where she sees John talking to a man she knows (and who knows of her affair with Jimmy) but whom John doesn’t know. Assuming that her relationship with Edward and her marriage to John are over, Florence takes prussic acid – which she has carried for years in a vial that John thought held her heart medicine – and dies.
With that story told, Dowell moves on to tell the story of Edward and Leonora’s relationship, which appears normal but which is a power struggle that Leonora wins. Dowell runs through several of Edward’s affairs and peccadilloes, including his possibly innocent attempt to comfort a crying servant on a train; his affair with the married Maisie Maidan, the one character in the book whose heart problem was unquestionably real, and his bizarre tryst in Monte Carlo and Antibes with a kept woman known as La Dolciquita. Edward’s philandering ends up costing them a fortune in bribes, blackmail and gifts for his lovers, leading Leonora to take control of Edward’s financial affairs. She gradually gets him out of debt.
Edward’s last affair is his most scandalous, as he becomes infatuated with their young ward, Nancy. Nancy came to live with them after leaving a convent where her parents had sent her; her mother was a violent alcoholic, and her father (it is later suggested that this man may not be Nancy’s biological father) may have abused her. Edward, tearing himself apart because he does not want to spoil Nancy's innocence, arranges to have her sent to India to live with her father, even though this frightens her terribly. Once Leonora knows that Edward intends to keep his passion for Nancy chaste, but only wants Nancy to continue to love him from afar, Leonora torments him by making this wish impossible—she pretends to offer to divorce him so he can marry Nancy, but informs Nancy of his sordid sexual history, destroying Nancy’s innocent love for him. After Nancy's departure, Edward commits suicide, and when she reaches Aden and sees the obituary in the paper, she becomes catatonic.
The novel’s last section has Dowell writing from Edward’s old estate in England, where he takes care of Nancy, whom he cannot marry because of her mental illness. Nancy is only capable of repeating two things – a Latin phrase meaning “I believe in an omnipotent God” and the word “shuttlecocks.” Dowell states that the story is sad because no one got what he wanted: Leonora wanted Edward but lost him and marries the normal (but dull) Rodney Bayham; Edward wanted Nancy but lost her; Dowell wanted a wife but has twice ended up a nurse to a sick woman, one a fake.
As if in an afterthought, Dowell closes the novel by telling the story of Edward’s suicide. Edward receives a telegram from Nancy that reads, “Safe Brindisi. Having a rattling good time. Nancy.” He asks Dowell to take the telegram to his wife, pulls out his pen knife, says that it’s time he had some rest and slits his own throat.
Dowell ends up expressing sympathy for Edward, even though he casts both Edward and Florence as the villai

Ford Madox Ford (17 December 1873 – 26 June 1939) was an English novelist, poet, critic and editor whose journals, The English Review and The Transatlantic Review, were instrumental in the development of early 20th-century English literature.
روائي اتجليزي ولد عام 1873
He is now best remembered for The Good Soldier (1915),
اروع رواياته هي " الجندي الطيب" والتي نشرت عام 1915
the Parade's End tetralogy (1924–28) and The Fifth Queen trilogy (1906–08). The Good Soldier is frequently included among the great literature of the past century, including the Modern Library 100 Best Novels, The Observer's '100 Greatest Novels of All Time', and The Guardian's '1000 novels everyone must read'.
Novelist, poet, literary critic, editor, one of the founding fathers of English Modernism.
واحد من مؤسيي الحداثه البريطانية
Ford published over eighty books.
الف اكثر من 80 كتاب
A frequent theme was the conflict between traditional British values and those of modern industrial society.
الفكرة التي تكررت في اعماله كثيرا تدور حول الصراع بين العادات والقيم البريطانية القديمة وتلك التي سادت في المجتمع الصناعي الحديث
Ford was involved with a number of women, including the novelist Jean Rhys, who described their unhappy relationship in After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie.
كان له علاقات مع عدد من النساء من بينهم الروائية جين رايز
"But for the judging of contemporary literature the only test is one's personal taste. If you much like a new book, you must call it literature even though you find no other soul to agree with you, and if you dislike a book you must declare that it is not literature though a million voices should shout you that you are wrong. The ultimate decision will be made by Time." (in The March of Literature, 1939)
Ford Madox Ford was born Ford Madox Hueffer in Merton, Surrey. His father was an author and the music editor of The Times, his grandfather was the Pre-Raphaelite painter Ford Madox Brown, and his uncle William Michel Rossetti. Ford's literary-artistic milieu included Dante Gabriel and Christina Rossetti, Algernon Swinburne, Edward Burne-Jones, and William Morris. Partly because of family connections in Germany and France, Ford traveled on the Continent several times in his youth.
سافر عبر قارة اوروبا عدة مرات في حياته
He was educated at the Praetorius School at Folkstone.
تعلم في مدرسة فولكستون
When his father died, the family moved to London.
عندما مات والده انتقلت العائلة الى لندن
Ford continued his education at University College School, but he never went to college.
اكمل فورد دراسته في مدرسة الكلية لكنه لم يدرس في الكلية
However, he spoke fluent French and German, some Italian and Flemish, and had good knowledge of Greek and Latin. At the age of nineteen he converted to Catholicism
في سن التاسعة عشره تحول الى الكاثوليكية
Ford's first book was The Brown Owl (1891), a fairy tale, which was illustrated by his grandfather. Ford was just 18 when the book was published.
نشر اول كتاب له عام 1891 وكان عبارة عن قصة خيالية وكان عمره عندها ثمانية عشر سنة
In 1894 Ford married Elsie Martindale. The marriage was unhappy and broke up in 1908, but Ford never divorced her.
تزوج عام 1894 من السا مارتندايل وكان الزواج غير سعيد وانفصل الاثنان عام 1908
According to some sources, he had nearly twenty major relationships with women over the course of his lifetime.
بناء على بعض المصادر كان له ما يزيد على عشرين علاقة نسائية خلال حياته
Ford was not especially handsome but looked very ordinary-he was fat, had a mustache and blond hair. He smoke Gauloises and had bad teeth. His memory was exceptional.

لم يكن مظهره جميلا كان زائد الوزن ويدخن لكن ذاكراته كانت قويه ويمكن القول انه كان لديه ذاكرة فوتوغرافية
He could quote long passages from classics and he once started a French translation of his work without a copy of the book or a note.
Scandals around Ford-he an affair with his wife's sister-the social ostracism, ill-health, and financial anxiety led eventually to a nervous breakdown in 1904.
كان له علاقة مع اخت زوجته وكان مريضا وكان يعاني من مشاكل مالية مما ادي في النهاية الىاصابته بأنهيار عصبي في عام 1904
"Only two classes of books are of universal appeal: the very best and the very worst," Ford wrote in Joseph Conrad (1924). He had met the author in the late 1890s and collaborated with him on The Inheritors (1901) and Romance (1903). Conrad's use of mediating narrators impressed Ford deeply. Later he used the technique in The Good Soldier.
In 1908 Ford launched the English Review, which attracted such contributors as Thomas Hardy, H.G. Wells, John Galsworthy, Henry James, and Anatole France. Ford lost control of the Review in 1910, a time of crisis in his life, which was associated with his romance with the writer Violet Hunt. In the same year Ford was ordered to pay his wife funds for the support of their two daughters. When he refused he was sent to Brixton prison for eight days.
العام 1910 مثل عام ازمنة بالنسبة له حيث كان في ذلك العام على علاقة مع الروائية فيولت هنت وفي نفس العام امرته المحكمة بأن يدفع نفقة لبناته من زوجته لكنه رفض فارسل الى السجن لمدة 8 ايام
At the age of forty-two, Ford published The Good Soldier, which is generally considered his his masterpiece.
عندما بلغ الرابعة والعشرين نشر فورد روايته الجندي الطيب
The story about adultery and deceit revolves around two couples, Edward and Leonora Ashburnham, and their two American friends, John and Florence Dowell.
وتدور احداث الرواية حول الرذيلة ( الزنا ) والخديعة
Ford presents the story through the mind of John Dowell, who recounts the events of their life, Florence's affair with Edward, the "good soldier," and her subsequent suicide.
وجعل فورد الراوي في روايته جون دويل الذي يروى العلاقة بين البطلة فلورانس والبطل ادوارد ( الجندي الطيب) ومن ثم انتحار البطلة
Through Dowell's confused and perhaps unreliable narrative Ford attempts to recreate real thoughts. "You may well ask why I write. And yet my reasons are quite many. For it is not unusual in human beings who have witnessed for the the sack of a city or the falling to pieces of a people to desire to set down what they have witnessed for the benefit of unknown heirs or of generation infinitely remote; or, if you please, jut to get the sight out of their heads." (from The Good Soldier) The technique was a forerunner of such works as Samuel Beckett's Molloy (1951) and J.M. Coetzee's In the Heart of the Country (1977). The Good Soldier was also Ford's own favorite of his early books. Originally it was entitled "The Saddest Story".
اطلق على روايته ( الجندي الطيب ) في البداية اسم اكثر القصص حزنا
Ford claimed that it was based on a true story.
يقول فورد ان تلك القصة كتبت على اثر قصة حقيقية
Before writing it he had noted that he had "never really tried to put into any novel of mine all that I knew about writing."
During World War I Ford served as a lieutenant in the Welch Regiment. Ford wrote the poem 'Antwerp' which T.S. Eliot considered the only good poem he'd met with on the subject of war. During the Battle of the Somme in 1916 Ford was shell-shocked and in 1917 he was invalided home. Ford's war experiences inspired some of his poetry and propaganda pieces.
شارك فورد في الحرب العالمية الاولى وكتب عن تجاربه فيها اشعار وقصص . وخلال العام 1916 اصابته صدمة من شدة القصف عليه وفي العام 1917 سرح من الجيش حيث اعتبر عاجزا عن الاستمرار فيه
After the war Ford lived in isolation in the country for a time.
بعد الحرب عاش في عزلة في الريف لمدة
He then became bored and moved with the Australian painter Stella Bowen to France.
بعد ذلك لم يطق العيش في الريف وسافر مع الرسامة الاسترالية الى فرنسا
In Paris, he founded The Transatlantic Review. Hemingway was its deputy editor; he portrayed Ford as the party-giving Henry Braddocks in The Sun Also Rises (1926). They published works by Ezra Pound, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, e.e. cummings and Jean Rhys. In 1919 Ford changed his name from Ford Madox Hueffer to Ford Madox Ford. In 1925 his lover, Violet Hunt, was legally restrained from describing herself as Ford's wife.
In 1924 Ford began an affair with Jean Rhys, whose husband Jean Lenglet had been sentenced to prison.
في العام 1924 بدأ في علاقة مع جين رايز والذي كان زوجها قد سجن

ولد عام 1873 ومات ابوه فرانسس عام 1889 عندما كان فورد في سن الـ 16
He went by the name of Ford Madox Hueffer and in 1919 changed it to Ford Madox Ford (allegedly because it sounded too Germa[ in honour of his grandfather, the Pre-Raphaelite painter Ford Madox Brown, whose biography he had written.

The Thirty-Nine Steps is an adventure novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. It first appeared as a serial in Blackwood's Magazine in August and September 1915 before being published in book form in October that year by William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh.[1] It is the first of five novels featuring Richard Hannay, an all-action hero with a stiff upper lip and a miraculous knack for getting himself out of sticky situations.
The novel formed the basis for a number of film adaptations, notably: Alfred Hitchcock's 1935 version; a 1959 colour remake; a 1978 version which is perhaps most faithful to the novel; and a 2008 version for British television.

Background
John Buchan wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps while he was ill in bed with a duodenal ulcer, an illness which remained with him all his life. The novel was his first "shocker", as he called it — a story combining personal and political dramas. The novel marked a turning point in Buchan’s literary career and introduced his famous adventuring hero, Richard Hannay. He described a "shocker" as an adventure where the events in the story are unlikely and the reader is only just able to believe that they really happened.
Buchan's son, William, later wrote that the name of the book originated when the author's daughter, then about age six, was counting the stairs at a private nursing home in Broadstairs, where Buchan was convalescing. "There was a wooden staircase leading down to the beach. My sister, who was about six, and who had just learnt to count properly, went down them and gleefully announced: there are 39 steps." Some time later the house was demolished and a section of the stairs, complete with a brass plaque, was sent to Buchan.
Plot introduction
In May 1914, Europe is close to war and spies are everywhere. Richard Hannay has just returned to London from Rhodesia in order to begin a new life, when a freelance spy called Franklin P. Scudder calls on him to ask for help. Scudder reveals to Hannay that he has uncovered a German plot to murder the Greek Premier and steal British plans for the outbreak of war. Scudder claims to be following a ring of German spies called the Black Stone.
A few days later, Hannay returns to his flat to find Scudder murdered. If Hannay goes to the police, he will be arrested for Scudder’s murder. Hannay decides to continue Scudder’s work and his adventure begins. He escapes from the German spies watching the house and makes his way to Scotland, pursued both by the spies and by the police.
The mysterious phrase Thirty-nine Steps first mentioned by Scudder becomes the title of the novel and the solution to its meaning is a thread that runs through the whole story.
Plot summary
Richard Hannay, the protagonist and narrator, an expatriate Scot, returns from a long stay in Southern Africa to his new home, a flat in London. One night he is buttonholed by a stranger, a well-travelled American, who claims to be in fear for his life. The man appears to know of an anarchist plot to destabilise Europe, beginning with a plan to assassinate the Greek Premier, Karolides, during his forthcoming visit to London. He reveals his name to be Franklin P. Scudder. Hannay lets Scudder hide in his flat, and returns later the next day to find that another man has been found shot dead in the same building, apparently a suicide. Four days later Hannay returns home to find Scudder dead with a knife through his heart.
Hannay fears that the murderers will come for him next, but cannot ask the police for help because he is the most likely suspect for the murders. Not only does he want to avoid imprisonment, but he also feels a duty to take up Scudder's cause and save Karolides from the assassination, planned in three weeks' time. He decides to go into hiding in Scotland and then to contact the authorities at the last minute. In order to escape from his flat unseen, he bribes the milkman to lend him his uniform and exits wearing it. Carrying Scudder's pocket-book, he catches the next express train leaving from London St.Pancras station; its destination happens to be Dumfries in Scotland, and Hannay, remembering for some reason the nearby town of Newton-Stewart, names this as his destination when he buys his ticket from the guard.
Arriving at the countryside somewhere in Galloway, Hannay lodges in a shepherd's cottage. The next morning he reads in a newspaper that the police are looking for him in Scotland. Reasoning that the police would expect him to head for a port on the West Coast, he doubles back and boards a local train heading east, but jumps off between stations. He is seen but escapes, finding an inn where he stays the night. He tells the innkeeper a modified version of his story, and the man is persuaded to shelter him. While staying at the inn, Hannay cracks the substitution cipher used in Scudder's pocket-book. The next day two men arrive at the inn looking for Hannay, but the innkeeper sends them away. When they return later, Hannay steals their car and escapes.
On his way, Hannay reflects on what he has learnt from Scudder's notes. They contradict the story that Scudder first told to him, and mention an enemy group called the Black Stone and the mysterious Thirty-nine Steps. The United Kingdom appears to be in danger of an invasion by Germany and its allies. By this time, Hannay is being pursued by an aeroplane, and a policeman in a remote village has tried to stop him. Trying to avoid an oncoming car, Hannay crashes his own, but the other driver offers to take him home. The man is Sir Harry, a local landowner and prospective politician, although politically very naive. When he learns of Hannay's experience of South Africa, he invites him to address an election meeting that afternoon. Hannay's speech impresses Sir Harry, and Hannay feels able to trust him with his story. Sir Harry writes an introductory letter about Hannay to a relation in the Foreign Office.
Hannay leaves Sir Harry and tries to hide in the countryside, but is spotted by the aeroplane. Soon he spots a group of men on the ground searching for him. Miraculously, he meets a road mender out on the moor, and swaps places with him, sending the workman home. His disguise fools his pursuers, who pass him by. On the same road he meets a rich motorist, whom he recognises from London, and whom he forces to exchange clothes with him and drive him off the moor.
The next day, Hannay manages to stay ahead of the pursuers, and hides in a cottage occupied by an elderly man. Unfortunately, the man turns out to be one of the enemy, and with his accomplices he imprisons Hannay. Fortunately, the room in which Hannay is locked is full of bomb-making materials, which he uses to break out of the cottage, injuring himself in the process.
A day later, Hannay retrieves his possessions from the helpful roadmender and stays for a few days to recover from the explosion. He dines at a Public House in Moffat before walking to the junction at Beattock to catch a southbound train to England, changing at Crewe, Birmingham New Street and Reading, to meet Sir Harry's relative at the Foreign Office, Sir Walter Bullivant, at his country home in Berkshire. As they discuss Scudder's notes, Sir Walter receives a phone call to tell him that Karolides has been assassinated.
Sir Walter, now at his house in London, lets Hannay in on some military secrets before releasing him to go home. Hannay is unable to shake off his sense of involvement in important events, and returns to Sir Walter's house where a high-level meeting is in progress. He is just in time to see a man, whom he recognises as one of his former pursuers in Scotland, leaving the house. Hannay warns Sir Walter that the man, ostensibly the First Sea Lord, is about to return to Europe with the information he has obtained from their meeting. At that point, Hannay realises that the phrase "the thirty-nine steps" could refer to the landing-point in England from which the spy is about to set sail. Throughout the night Hannay and the United Kingdom's military leaders try to work out the meaning of the mysterious phrase.
After some reasoning worthy of Sherlock Holmes, and with the help of a knowledgeable coastguard, the group decide on a coastal town in Kent. They find a path down from the cliff that has thirty-nine steps. Just offshore they see a yacht. Posing as fishermen, some of the party visit the yacht, the Ariadne, and find that at least one of the crew appears to be German. The only people onshore are playing tennis by a villa and appear to be English, but they match Scudder's description of the conspirators, The Black Stone. Hannay, alone, confronts the men at the villa. After a struggle, two of the men are captured while the third flees to the yacht, which meanwhile has been seized by the British authorities. The plot is thwarted, and the United Kingdom enters the First World War having kept its military secrets from the enemy.
A few weeks later, Hannay joins the army with a captain's rank

John Buchan, first Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield (1875-1940) Scottish historian, Governor General of Canada, Commander-in-Chief of the Dominion of Canada and author of the infamous thriller The Thirty-Nine Steps. (1915)
ولد عام 1875 وهو من اصل اسكتلندي
John Buchan was born at York Place, Perth, Scotland on 26 August 1875 and grew up in the mining town of Pathhead, Fife. He was the eldest son of John Buchan (1847–1911) a jovial and fun-loving Free Church of Scotland minister, and Helen née Masterson, (1857–1937) both of whom would later provide fodder for his fictional characters.
كان الاكبر بين اخوته ، مات ابوه عام 1911 ( وعمره 36 سنة ) وماتت امه عام 1937 وعمره 62 سنة ) فهو ليس يتيم
Among John's siblings William, Walter and Alistair, his sister Anna Buchan (b.1877) would become the novelist O. Douglas.
Scottish diplomat, barrister, journalist, historian, poet, and novelist, whose most famous thriller was THE THIRTY-NINE STEPS (1915), his 27th book, which has been filmed several times.
اصبح كتابه رقم 27 من روائع الادب العالمي ونشر عام 1915 وقد حولت الرواية الى فلم.
Alfred Hitchcock's film version of the story from 1935 is ranked as one of the director's best achievemets. In addition to his large body of nonfiction, John Buchan published nearly 30 novels and seven collections of short stories.
"Public life is regarded as the crown of a career, and to young men it is the worthiest ambition. Politics is still the greatest and the most honorable adventure."
John Buchan was born in Perth, Scotland, the eldest son of Rev. John Buchan and Helen (née Masterton) Buchan.
In 1876 the family moved to Pathhead, Fife, a small mining town, and then to Glasgow.
انتقلت العائلة عام 1876 الى قرية صغيرة تعمل في مجال مناجم الفحم
After attending Hutcheson's Grammar School, Buchan studied at the University of Glasgow and Brasenose College, Oxford, where he had an outstanding career, winning the Stanhope Essay Prize in 1897 and the Newdigate Prize in the following year.
Returning to London in 1903, Buchan specialized in tax law and continued to write prolifically, both fiction and nonfiction.
درس القانون وتخصص في قانون الضرائب
He joined in 1906 the publisher Thomas Nelson and Sons, revitalized publication of pocket editions of great literature, and virtually edited The Spectator.
In 1907 he married Susan Charlotte Grosvenor; they had three sons and one daughter.
تزوج عام 1906 من سوزان تشارلوتي وانجب ثلاثة اطفال وابنة واحدة
After the outbreak of WWI, Buchan tried to enlist but was refused because of an ulcer.
حاول الانضمام للجيش بعد اندلاع الحرب العالمية لكنه فشل بسبب وجود قرحه معوية
Before being able to join the army, he worked as a special correspondent for The Times on the Western Front.
قبل تمكنه من الانضمام الى الجيش عمل مراسل حربي
Buchan began his literary career in the 1890s.
بدأ حياه الادبية عام 1890
While ill in bed in 1914, during the first months of the war, Buchan wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, which introduced the spy-catcher Richard Hannay, who was modelled after a young Army officer named Edmund Ironside, later Field-Marshal Lord Ironside of Archangel.
كتب رائعته تسعة وثلاثين خطوة عام 1914 بينما كان يرقد في السرير بسبب المرض
Hannay had all the qualities of a hero, who could defend the English way of life against foreign thread – he is resourceful, courageous, "solid and respectable citizen" devoted to his own country. In the story Hannay, a 37-year-old wealthy Scot, meets an American journalist, named Scudder, who tells of an international assassination plan. Scudder is murdered, and Hannay realizes that he is the prime suspect. He flees to Scotland, and hides there from the police and the foreign conspirators and other anarchists. Hannay guesses that Scudders's cryptic note ("Thirty-nine steps – I counted them – High tide 10:17 p.m.) refers to the location of the anarchists' beach house. The conspirators are arrested.
A consistent theme in Buchan's thrillers was that nothing is as it seems – behind a respectable facade, there is a hidden agenda and deeply buries secrets, threatening the order of modern society.
At the age of five, Buchan was run over by a carriage, whereupon he lay in bed for the better part of a year and which would leave permanent scars on his otherwise striking features.
عندما كان عمره 5 سنوات صدمته عربة رقد على اثرها في السري لمدة عام تقريبا وقد تركت تلك الحادثه على جسده اثرا بارزا
Summer holidays were spent in the southern sunny Borders region with his maternal grandparents, sheep farmers for many generations, where young John explored the glens, hunted for birds and their eggs, fished for trout in the rivers and met the local people.
كان يقضي ايام الصيف في مزرعة جده والذي كان يربي الغنم وكان يصطاد السلاحف من النهر
Daytime revolved around jaunts into the surrounding woods, which Paul Bunyan himself had claimed, and the magic of fairytales told by his father added to the enchantment. These idyllic childhood memories would also provide much basis for his future writings.
The concept of a Calvinistic Devil didn't torment Buchan as a child because "The fatal influence of Robert Burns made me regard him as a rather humorous and jovial figure; nay more, as something of a sportsman, dashing and debonair." An avid reader, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress was a "constant companion" for John.
Buchan did not follow a conventional schooling due to the family's financial constraints.
لم يلتحق بمدرسة بالمعنى التقليدي بسبب المصاعب المالية لعائلته
1911 saw the birth of his son John Norman Stuart, on 25 November and it was to be the first year that Buchan would suffer troubles from painful duodenal illness.
في عام 1911 انجب ابنه الاول ولكنه نفس العام الذي وقع في مشاكل صحية سببها الاثنا عشر
He entered politics for the first time, becoming the conservative candidate for Peebles and Selkirk counties. He also wrote a number of biographies including one of Sir Walter Scott.
دخل في معترك السياسة وكتب مجموعة من السير الذاتية
Also in 1911 Buchan's father John died peacefully in his sleep after years of dedication to the sick and poor in the Gorbals tenement district of Glasgow.
ايضا مات ابوه في عام 1911 اثناء نومه بعدسنوات لخدمة المرضى والفقراء في منطقة جلاسكو
In 1912 Buchan's brother Willie died and a number of his friends, three from Oxford, were killed in the Great War to his everlasting sadness.
في عام 1912 قتل اخوه مع مجموعة آخرين من زملاؤه في الحرب العظمى وقد تسبب هذا الحادث في حزن دام ابد الدهر ( عندما كان عمره 37 سنه)
When the war had broken out in 1914 Buchan was bed-ridden for three months due to illness.
في عام 1914 رقد جون بوشان في السرير لمدة ثلاثة اشهر بسبب المرض
His brother Alistair would be killed in action in 1917 as head of the Royal Scots Fusiliers.
في عام 1917 قتل اخوه الستير
In 1915 Buchan become a war correspondent after the battle of Loos for The Times newspaper.
عام 1915 اصبح مراسل حربي لصحيفة التايمز اللندنية
He wrote Britain's War By Land and his famous thriller The Thirty-Nine Steps in 1915.
كتب روايته الراعة عام 1915
"The war left me with an intense craving for a country life . . . quiet after turmoil." Walking was one of Buchan's favourite pastimes whereupon he would don his `disreputable' shapeless hat and tweeds and head for the hills and dales.
لقد تركته الحرب يشتاق الى حياة الريف حيث كانت رياضة المشي هي المفضلة لديه

والان مع سر الروعة في :

45 ـ يوليسيس، للمؤلف جيمس جويس.

Ulysses is a novel by the Irish author James Joyce. It was first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from March 1918 to December 1920, and then published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach on 2 February 1922, in Paris. One of the most important works of Modernist literature,[1] it has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement".[2] "Before Joyce, no writer of fiction had so foregrounded the process of thinking."[3]
Ulysses chronicles the passage of Leopold Bloom through Dublin during an ordinary day, 16 June 1904 (the day of Joyce's first date with his future wife, Nora Barnacle).[4] The title alludes to Odysseus (Latinised into Ulysses), the hero of Homer's Odyssey, and establishes a series of parallels between characters and events in Homer's poem and Joyce's novel (e.g., the correspondence of Leopold Bloom to Odysseus, Molly Bloom to Penelope, and Stephen Dedalus to Telemachus). Joyce fans worldwide now celebrate 16 June as Bloomsday.
Ulysses is approximately 265,000 words in length and uses a lexicon of 30,030 words (including proper names, plurals and various verb tenses),[5] divided into eighteen episodes. Since publication, the book attracted controversy and scrutiny, ranging from early obscenity trials to protracted textual "Joyce Wars." Ulysses' stream-of-consciousness technique, careful structuring, and experimental prose—full of puns, parodies, and allusions, as well as its rich characterisations and broad humour, made the book a highly regarded novel in the Modernist pantheon. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Ulysses first on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[6]

Background
Joyce first encountered Odysseus in Charles Lamb's Adventures of Ulysses—an adaptation of the Odyssey for children, which seemed to establish the Roman name in Joyce's mind. At school he wrote an essay on Ulysses entitled "My Favourite Hero".[7][8]
Joyce told Frank Budgen that he considered Ulysses the only all-round character in literature.[9]
He thought about calling Dubliners by the name Ulysses in Dublin,[10] but the idea grew from a story in Dubliners in 1906, to a "short book" in 1907,[11] to the vast novel that he began in 1914.
Structure
Joyce divided Ulysses into 18 chapters or "episodes". At first glance much of the book may appear unstructured and chaotic; Joyce once said that he had "put in so many enigmas and puzzles that it will keep the professors busy for centuries arguing over what I meant", which would earn the novel "immortality".[12] The two schemata which Stuart Gilbert and Herbert Gorman released after publication to defend Joyce from the obscenity accusations made the links to the Odyssey clear, and also explained the work's internal structure.
Every episode of Ulysses has a theme, technique, and correspondences between its characters and those of the Odyssey. The original text did not include these episode titles and the correspondences; instead, they originate from the Linati and Gilbert schema. Joyce referred to the episodes by their Homeric titles in his letters. He took the idiosyncratic rendering of some of the titles––'Nausikaa', the 'Telemachia'––from Victor Bérard's two-volume Les Phéniciens et l’Odyssée which he consulted in 1918 in the Zentralbibliothek Zürich.

جيمس أوغسطين ألويسيوس جويس

(2 فبراير1882 في دبلن، أيرلندا - 13 يناير1941 في زيوريخ، سويسرا) كاتب وشاعر أيرلندي من القرن 20، من أشهر أعماله "عوليس"، و"صورة الفنان كشاب" (A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man)، و"أليسز" (Ulysses)، و"استيقاظ فينغانز" (Finnegans Wake).
تلقى جيمس جويس تعليمه في مدرسة مسيحية، ثم التحق كلية دبلين الجامعية، وقرر أن يصبح أديباً. في عام 1902 انتقل إلى باريس، فرنسا.
كانت حياته صعبة، ومليئة بالمشاكل الاقتصادية،
كما كان مصاباً بأمراض عين مزمنة قادت أحياناً للعمى،
بالإضافة إلى إصابة ابنته بمرض عقلي.
مع العون المالي المقدم من أصحابه، أمضى سبع سنين في كتابة "أليسز" (1922) المثير للجدل، الذي منع في البداية في الولايات المتحدةوبريطانيا. اليوم يعتبر ذلك الكتاب من أعظم كتب اللغة الإنجليزية في القرن العشرين. وأمضى 17 عاماً في كتابة عمله الأخير، "استيقاظ فينغانز" (1939).

James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century.
جميس جويس كاتب ايرلندي ولد عام 1882 وكان من اكثر الكتاب تأثيرا في مطلع القرن العشرين
Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a landmark novel which perfected his stream of consciousness technique and combined nearly every literary device available in a modern re-telling of The Odyssey.
Other major works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914), and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). His complete oeuvre includes three books of poetry, a play, occasional journalism, and his published letters.
Irish novelist, noted for his experimental use of language in such works as ULYSSES (1922) and FINNEGANS WAKE (1939).
During his career Joyce suffered from rejections from publishers, suppression by censors, attacks by critics, and misunderstanding by readers.
عانى الكثير خلال رحلته مع الادب من الرفض من قبل الناشرين والملاحقة من قبل الرقابة والهجوم من قبل النقاد وسوء الفهم من قبل القراء
From 1902 Joyce led a nomadic life, which perhaps reflected in his interest in the character of Odysseus.
كان يعيش حياة بوهيمية بدوية وظل هائما على وجهه
Although he spent long times in Paris, Trieste, Rome, and Zürich, with only occasional brief visit to Ireland, his native country remained basic to all his writings.
سافر كثيرا على باريس وروما وزيورخ وقلما عاد الى ايرلندا في زيارات خاطفه لكنه جعل منم بلاده مسرحا لرواياته
"But when the restraining influence of the school was at a distance I began to hunger again for wild sensations, for the escape which those chronicles of disorder alone seemed to offer me. The mimic warfare of the evening became at last as wearisome to me as the routine of school in the morning because I wanted real adventures to happen to myself. But real adventures, I reflected, do not happen to people who remain at home: they must be sought abroad." (from Dubliners)
في هذه المقطوعة يقول بأن المغامرة لا يمكن الحصول عليها وانت في المنزل ولا بد من الحصول عليها في الخارج
James Joyce was born in Dublin. His father, John Stanislaus Joyce, was an impoverished gentleman, who had failed in a distillery business and tried all kinds of professions, including politics and tax collecting.
والده كان رجلا فقيرا وقد فشل في كل عمل قام به تقريبا بما في ذلك مصنع للتقطير
Joyce's mother, Mary Jane Murray, was ten years younger than her husband. She was an accomplished pianist, whose life was dominated by the Roman Catholic Church and her husband. In spite of the poverty, the family struggled to maintain solid middle-class facade.
والدته كانت مثقفة ولديها وعازفت بيانو وقد حاولت العائلة وعلى الرغم من الفقر الحفاظ على مستواها الاجتماعي كواحدة من العائلات المنتمية للطبقة الوسطى
From the age of six Joyce, was educated by Jesuits at Clongowes Wood College, at Clane, and then at Belvedere College in Dublin (1893-97).
تعلم جويس في مدارس منذ سن السادسه من عام 1893 وحتى عام 1897
Later the author thanked Jesuits for teaching him to think straight, although he rejected their religious instructions. At school he once broke his glasses and was unable to do his lessons. This episode was recounted in A PORTRAIT OF THE ARTIST AS A YOUNG MAN (1916).
في احد المرات كرس جويس نظاراته ولم يكن قادر على متابعة دروسه وقد روى عن هذا الحادث في احدى رواياته " صورة الفنان وهو صغير".
In 1898 he entered the University College, Dublin, where he found his early inspirations from the works of Henrik Ibsen, St.Thomas Aquinas and W.B. Yeats. Joyce's first publication was an essay on Ibsen's play When We Dead Awaken.
كانت اولى كتاباته عن مسرحية ابسن بعنوان عندما نحن الاموات افقنا
It appeared in Fortnightly Review in 1900. At this time he began writing lyric poems.
After graduation in 1902 the twenty-year-old Joyce went to Paris, where he worked as a journalist, teacher and in other occupations in difficult financial conditions.
بعد تخرجه في سن الثانية والعشرين سافر جويس الى فرنسا حيث عمل كصحفي ومدرس ومهن اخرى في ظل وضع مالي سيء.
He spent in France a year, returning when a telegram arrived saying his mother was dying. Not long after her death, Joyce was traveling again.
قضى عام واحد في فرنسا وعاد عندما وصلته برقية تقول بأن امه تموت وما ان ناتت فعلا حتى عاد جويس للسفر من جديد.
He left Dublin in 1904 with Nora Barnacle, a chambermaid (they married in 1931), staying in Pola, Austria-Hungary, and in Trieste, which was the world’s seventh busiest port. Joyce gave English lessons and talked about setting up an agency to sell Irish tweed. Refused a post teaching Italian literature in Dublin, he continued to live abroad.
ظل يعمل في مجال تدريس اللغة الانجليزية في الخارج وتزوج من عاملة تنظيف عام 1931
The Trieste years were nomadic, poverty-stricken, and productive.
عاش في ترستي الايطالية على البحر الادرياتكي حياة بوهيمية وعانى من الفقر الشديد
In 1909 Joyce opened a cinema in Dublin, but this affair failed and he was soon back in Trieste, still broke and working as a teacher, tweed salesman, journalist and lecturer. In 1912 he was in Ireland, trying to persuade Maunsel & Co to fulfill their contract to publish Dubliners. The work contained a series of short stories, dealing with the lives of ordinary people, youth, adolescence, young adulthood, and maturity. The last story, 'The Dead', was adapted into screen by John Huston in 1987.
عام 1909 زار دبلن محاولا نشر مجموعته القصصيه والتي كان آخر قصة فيها بعنوان الاموات والتي تحولت الى فلم سينمائي
From 1917 to 1930 Joyce endured several eye operations, being totally blind for short intervals. (According to tradition, Homer was also blind.)
اجرى جويس من عام 1917 وحتى عام 1930 عدة عمليات لعينيه وكانت تمر عليه اوقات كان فيها اعمى
Joyce's daughter Lucia, born in Trieste in 1907, became Carl Jung's patient in 1934.
اصيبت ابنة جويس والتي ولدت عام 1907 بالجنون وعالجها الطبيب النفسي كارل يونج في عام 1934
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 to John Stanislaus Joyce ( John Stanislaus Joyce (4 July 1849 – 29 December 1931) was the father of writer James Joyce, and a well known Dublin man about town).
مات والد جويس عام 1931
and Mary Jane Murray in the Dublin suburb of Rathgar. He was the eldest of ten surviving children; two of his siblings died of typhoid.
كان اكبر اخوته العشرة و مات اثنان من اخوته بسبب التيفوئيد
In 1891, Joyce wrote a poem, Et Tu Healy on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell. His father was angry at the treatment of Parnell by the Catholic church and at the resulting failure to secure Home Rule for Ireland.
كتب جويس قصيدة عام 1891 ( وعمره حينها كان 10 سنوات) عن موت تشارلز ستيوارت بارنيل وهو قائد سياسي ايرلندي مرموق

The elder Joyce had the poem printed and even sent a part to the Vatican Library. In November of that same year, John Joyce was entered in Stubbs Gazette (an official register of bankruptcies) and suspended from work. In 1893, John Joyce was dismissed with a pension, beginning the family's slide into poverty caused mainly by John's drinking and general financial mismanagement.
اعلن والده عام 1893 ووحينما كان جويس في سن الحادية عشره افلاسه وذلك بسبب ادمانه على الخمر وبسبب سوء الادارة المالية

- كانت حياته صعبة، ومليئة بالمشاكل الاقتصادية،
- كما كان مصاباً بأمراض عين مزمنة قادت أحياناً للعمى،
- بالإضافة إلى إصابة ابنته بمرض عقلي.

والان مع سر الروعة في :

46 ـ السيدة دالاوي، للمؤلفة فيرجينياوولف.

Mrs Dalloway (published on 14 May 1925) is a novel by Virginia Woolf that details a day in the life of Clarissa Dalloway in post-World War IEngland. It is one of Woolf's best-known novels.
Created from two short stories, "Mrs Dalloway in Bond Street" and the unfinished "The Prime Minister", the novel's story is of Clarissa's preparations for a party of which she is to be hostess. With the interior perspective of the novel, the story travels forwards and back in time and in and out of the characters' minds to construct an image of Clarissa's life and of the inter-war social structure.
In 2005, the novel was chosen by Time magazine as one of the one hundred best English-language novels from 1923 to present.[1]

Clarissa Dalloway goes around London in the morning, getting ready to host a party that evening. The nice day reminds her of her youth at Bourton and makes her wonder about her choice of husband; she married the reliable Richard Dalloway instead of the enigmatic and demanding Peter Walsh and she "had not the option" to be with Sally Seton. Peter reintroduces these conflicts by paying a visit that morning.
Septimus Warren Smith, a veteran of World War I suffering from deferred traumatic stress, spends his day in the park with his Italian-born wife Lucrezia, where they are observed by Peter Walsh. Septimus is visited by frequent and indecipherable hallucinations, mostly concerning his dear friend Evans who died in the war. Later that day, after he is prescribed involuntary commitment to a psychiatric hospital, he commits suicide by jumping out of a window.
Clarissa's party in the evening is a slow success. It is attended by most of the characters she has met in the book, including people from her past. She hears about Septimus' suicide at the party and gradually comes to admire the act of this stranger, which she considers an effort to preserve the purity of his happiness.

اديلين فيرجينيا وولف

25 يناير1882 — 28 مارس1941 أديبة إنجليزية، اشتهرت برواياتها التي تمتاز بإيقاظ الضمير الإنساني, ومنها :السيدة دالواي, الأمواج, تعد واحدة من أهم الرموز الأدبية المحدثة في القرن العشرين.

==
Adeline Virginia Woolf 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English author, essayist, publisher, and writer of short stories, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century.
كاتبه انجليزيه ولدت عام 1882
During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929), with its famous dictum, "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."
اصبحت واحدة من اهم الشخصيات الادبية البريطانية
Woolf, who was educated at home, grew up at the family home at Hyde Park Gate. From her early age, she was extremely attached to her father.
فرجينا كانت مرتبطة كثيرا بوالدها
In middle age she described this period in a letter to Vita Sackville-West: "Think how I was brought up! No school; mooning about alone among my father's books; never any chance to pick up all that goes on in schools—throwing balls; ragging; slang; vulgarities; scenes; jealousies!"
لم تذهب الى المدرسة ولكنها تعلمت من كتب والدها
Woolf's youth was shadowed by series of emotional shocks.
في شبابها تعرض ت لعدد من الصدمات العاطفية
Gerald Duckworth, her half-brother, sexually abused her.
فقد اعتدى عليها اخوها غير الشقيق جنسيا
Julia Jackson Duckworth died from a bout of influenza, when Virginia was in her early teens.
ماتت امها عندما كانت في الثالثة عشرة والتي لم تكن علاقتها بها جيدة حتى انها لا تتذكر بأنها قضت معها وقت ولول لعدة دقائق
She never had a close relationship with her mother – "Can I remember," she once asked, "being alone with her for more than a few minutes."
Stella Duckworth, her half sister, took her mother's place, but died a scant two years later.
اخذت اختها الكبيرة ستيلا دور الام لكنها ما لبثت ان ماتت هي ايضا بعد عامين
Leslie Stephen suffered a slow death from stomach cancer, he died in 1904.
مات والدها عام 1904 عندما كان عمرها ( 22 سنة) اصيبت بأنهيار عصبي
When Virginia's brother Thoby died in 1906, she had a prolonged mental breakdown.
وعندما مات اخوها ثوبي عام 1906 وعمرها 24 اصيبت بأنهيار عصبي طويل
The sudden death of her mother in 1895, when Virginia was 13, and that of her half-sister Stella two years later, led to the first of Virginia's several nervous breakdowns.
The death of her father in 1904 provoked her most alarming collapse and she was briefly institutionalised.
Her breakdowns and subsequent recurring depressive periods, modern scholars (including her nephew and biographer, Quentin Bell) have suggested,[5] were also influenced by the sexual abuse she and Vanessa were subjected to by their half-brothers George and Gerald Duckworth (which Woolf recalls in her autobiographical essays A Sketch of the Past and 22 Hyde Park Gate).
Throughout her life, Woolf was plagued by periodic mood swings and associated illnesses. Though this instability often affected her social life, her literary productivity continued with few breaks throughout her life.
On 28 March 1941, Woolf put on her overcoat, filled its pockets with stones, and walked into the River Ouse near her home and drowned herself. Woolf's body was not found until 18 April 1941. Her husband buried her cremated remains under an elm in the garden of Monk's House, their home in Rodmell, Sussex.
In her last note to her husband she wrote:

-اصبحت واحدة من اهم الشخصيات الادبية البريطانية
- فرجينا كانت مرتبطة كثيرا بوالدها
-لم تذهب الى المدرسة ولكنها تعلمت من كتب والدها
-في شبابها تعرض ت لعدد من الصدمات العاطفية
- فقد اعتدى عليها اخوها غير الشقيق جنسيا
-ماتت امها عندما كانت في الثالثة عشرة والتي لم تكن علاقتها بها جيدة حتى انها لا تتذكر بأنها قضت معها وقت ولول لعدة دقائق
-اخذت اختها الكبيرة ستيلا دور الام لكنها ما لبثت ان ماتت هي ايضا بعد عامين
-مات والدها عام 1904 عندما كان عمرها ( 22 سنة) اصيبت بأنهيار عصبي
-وعندما مات اخوها ثوبي عام 1906 وعمرها 24 اصيبت بأنهيار عصبي طويل
-ماتت منتحرة عام 1941 وكتبت لزوجها تقول بأنها بدأت تفقد عقلها من جديد وانه لا يمكنها احتمال ذلك فاغرقت نفسها في النهر

عاشت حياة مآساوية بكل ما في الكلمة من معنى، فمن ناحية تم الاعتداء عليها جنسيا وهي صغيرة من قبل اخيها غير الشقيق ثم ماتت امها، ثم ماتت اختها والتي اصبحت مثل ام بديلة ، ثم مات اخوها ومات ابوها وقد زاد الالم من المستوى المقبول الى حد انها اصيبت بأنهيار عصبي ثم تكرر الانهيار العبصبي الى ان ماتت منتحرة.

يتمية الام في سن الـ 13.

47ـ الطريق إلىالهند، للمؤلف إي. إم. فورستر.

هذه المقالة قمت بترحمتها ونشرها في احدى الصحف المحلية قبل عدة أشهر بأسمي الحقيقي ...
الطريق إلى الهــــند
Passage to India
للقصصي الإنجليزي
إ. م فورستر
E. M. froster

هذه هي خاتمة قصة " رحلة إلى الهند "A Passage to India لعملاق القصة الإنجليزي المعاصر إ.م . فوستر E.M Forster وجدير أن نذكر أن فوستر قضى فترة طويلة من شبابه خلال الحرب العالمية الأولى في مصر . ضمن فريق الصليب الأحمر في الإسكندرية . وقد أثمرت هذه الإقامة العديد من المقالات الأسبوعية التي كان ينشرها تباعا في الأجبشيان جازيت ، كما أثمرت كتابين هامين عن مدينة الإسكندرية أولهما Alexandria : a History. and a Guide والآخر هو Pharos and PhariIIon
ولعل قصة " رحلة إلى الهند " قد اختمرت في مخيلته كحيلة لتجربة إقامته في مصر . فقد بدأ هذه القصة أثناء زيارته الأولى للهند قبل مجيئه إلى مصر . ثم ألقاها جانباً . ثم تناولها مرة أخرى بعد أن عاود زيارة الهند عام 1921م . وأكمل القصة في إنجلترا عام 1924م . تخللت إقامته في مصر هاتين الزيارتين ، وأنضجت إحساسه بالمواجهة بين حضارتي الشرق والغرب والصراع القائم بينهما وهو الموضوع الرئيسي لقصة " رحلة إلى الهند " .
ومحور الحكاية هو مقدم بمسز مور مع خطيبة ابنها مس كوستد إلى بلدة شندرابور بالهند حيث يعمل ابنها رونى وكيلا للنيابة . وهى رحلة تهدف مس كوستد من خلالها أن تخبر الحياة في الهند استعداداً للإقامة الدائمة فيها . غير أن الأمر ليس بهذه البساطة إذ تفجر هذه القرية . وهو ليس صراع بين قوميات بين الجالية الإنجليزية الحاكمة ، والهنود المحكومين فحسب . بل هو صراع بين القديم والحديث . بين الشرق والغرب . وهو أيضاً صراع بين ثلاث من الدينات الكبرى الإسلام . والمسيحية والبوذية . غير أن هذه الصراعات المتأججة المتوهجة ، تخفى تحتها رغبة جامحة . وحنيناً شديداً نحو التلاقي والتواصل بين بنى الإنسان .
ويقسم فورستر القصة إلى أقسام ثلاثة فيرمز للقسم الأول بالمسجد وللثاني بالكهف وللثالث بالمعبد . وهذه الرموز - فضلا عن أنها ترمز لحضارات وديانات مختلفة إلا أنها تحدد - بالنسبة للقصة - المحاور الثلاثة التي تدور حولها هذه العلاقات المزدوجة التي تنطوي على التنافر والتلاحم في آن معا. فالمسجد هو المكان الذي التقى فيه عزيز الطبيب الهندي المسلم وبطل القصة - بمسز مور الوافدة الإنجليزية التي علقت بشخصيتها مسحة من التصوف . وهو لقاء بدأ بشيء من التشكك وانتهى بألفة أذابت ما بين الطرفين من اختلاف جنسي وديني .
أما الكهف - عنوان القسم الثاني - فهو إشارة إلى كهوف مالابار الأسطورية المظلمة . حيث كان اللقاء بين الدكتور عزيز ومس كوستد وهو لقاء بدأ بالألفة ولكنه انتهى بالمحنة التي أودت بعزيز متهماً بهتك عرض مس كوستد ومحاكمته. وفى هذا القسم يصل الصراع بين الأطراف إلى قمته .
أما في القسم الثالث والأخير فنحن في المعبد حيث يقام احتفال ديني يؤمه البوذيون بمناسبة عيد مولد اله الحب . وتتلى الترانيم تيمناً بهذا الإله . وطبيعي أن الحب هو القصد الأسمى من التراحم والتعاطف غير أن صورة الاحتفال به كما ورد في الجزء من القصة . توحي بأنه مازال شيئاً أسطورياً بعيد المنال والاحتمال .
فرغم محاولة الفردين الهندي والإنجليزي ، التغلب على العوائق التي تمنع تواصلهما . فإن هذه العوائق قومية كانت أم طبيعية - مازالت صعبة الاجتياز .
الطريق إلى الهند
الهند أمة ! يا له من تحول عظيم ! آخر من سيدخل زمرة قوميات القرن التاسع عشر ! تحبو الساعة لتتبوأ مكانها ! تلك التي لم يكن يضارعها إلا الإمبراطورية الرومانية المقدسة ، ستقف الآن على قدم مع جواتيمالا وربما بلجيكا
وسخر فيلدنج مرة أخرى . وأخذ عزيز - في قمة الغضب يلوى هنا وهناك ، لا يدرى ماذا يفعل . ثم صاح " فليسقط الإنجليز على كل حال .
هذا مؤكد انزحوا يا هؤلاء - بسرعة . نحن قد يكره أحدنا الآخر ، ولكن كرهنا لكم أشد . فإذا لم نفلح في إجلائكم . فسيفلح أحمد ، وسيفلح كريم ، وسنتخلص منكم ولو بعد خمسة آلاف سنة . نعم سنلقى كل إنجليزي كريه في اليم ، ثم - وهنا جمح نحوه بالحصان - واختتم وهو يكاد يلثمه ثم نصبح أنا وأنت صديقين ".
" ولم لا نكون صديقين منذ الساعة ؟ " قالها الآخر وهو يضمه إليه في تعاطف . " هذا ما أبغيه . وهذا ما تبغيه " .
ولكن الحصانين لم يبغيا ذلك . فقد انفرجا متباعدين . وكذلك الأرض لم تبغ ذلك فقد تصاعدت الصخور بحيث لا يمكن للراكبين إلا السير فرادى . المعابد . والخزان . والسجن . والقصر . والطيور . والغثاء ، ودار الضيافة - كل ما ترامى إلى النظر بعد أن خرجا من الشعاب ليريا قرية ماو في أدنى الجبل - كل ذلك لم يبغ الالتقاء . والكل ردد في أصوات كثيرة " لا ليس بعد " ، وقالت السماء " لا ليس هنالك "

A Passage to India (1924) is a novel by E. M. Forster set against the backdrop of the British Raj and the Indian independence movement in the 1920s. It was selected as one of the 100 great works of English literature by the Modern Library and won the 1924 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. Time magazine included the novel in its "TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005".[1] The novel is based on Forster's experiences in India.
The story revolves around four characters: Dr. Aziz, his British friend Mr. Cyril Fielding, Mrs. Moore, and Ms. Adela Quested. During a trip to the Marabar Caves (modeled on the Barabar Caves of Bihar),[2] Adela accuses Aziz of attempting to assault her. Aziz's trial, and its run-up and aftermath, bring out all the racial tensions and prejudices between indigenous Indians and the British colonists who rule India.

A young British schoolmistress, Adela Quested, and her elderly friend, Mrs. Moore, visit the fictional city of Chandrapore, British India. Adela is to marry Mrs. Moore's son, Ronny Heaslop, the city magistrate.
Meanwhile, Dr. Aziz, a young MuslimIndianphysician, is dining with two of his Indian friends and conversing about whether it is possible to be friends with an Englishman. During the meal, a summons arrives from Major Callendar, Aziz's unpleasant superior at the hospital. Aziz hastens to Callendar's bungalow as ordered, but is delayed by a flat tyre and difficulty in finding a tonga and the major has already left in a huff.
Disconsolate, Aziz walks down the road toward the railway station. When he sees his favourite mosque, a rather ramshackle but beautiful structure, he enters on impulse. He sees a strange Englishwoman there, and angrily yells at her not to profane this sacred place. The woman, however, turns out to be Mrs Moore. Her respect for native customs (she took off her shoes on entering and she acknowledged that "God is here" in the mosque) disarms Aziz, and the two chat and part friends.
Mrs. Moore returns to the British club down the road and relates her experience at the mosque. Ronny Heaslop, her son, initially thinks she is talking about an Englishman, and becomes indignant when he learns the truth. He thinks she should have indicated by her tone that it was a "Mohammedan" who was in question. Adela, however, is intrigued.
Because the newcomers had expressed a desire to see Indians, Mr. Turton, the city tax collector, invites numerous Indian gentlemen to a party at his house. The party turns out to be an awkward business, thanks to the Indians' timidity and the Britons' bigotry, but Adela does meet Cyril Fielding, headmaster of Chandrapore's little government-run college for Indians. Fielding invites Adela and Mrs. Moore to a tea party with him and a Hindu-Brahmin professor named Narayan Godbole. On Adela's request, he extends his invitation to Dr. Aziz.
At Fielding's tea party, everyone has a good time conversing about India, and Fielding and Aziz even become great friends. Aziz buoyantly promises to take Mrs. Moore and Adela to see the Marabar Caves, a distant cave complex that everyone talks about but no one seems to actually visit. Aziz's Marabar invitation was one of those casual promises that people often make and never intend to keep. Ronny Heaslop arrives and rudely breaks up the party.
Aziz mistakenly believes that the women are really offended that he has not followed through with his promise and arranges the outing at great expense to himself. Fielding and Godbole were supposed to accompany the little expedition, but they miss the train.
Aziz and the women begin to explore the caves. In the first cave, however, Mrs. Moore is overcome with claustrophobia, for the cave is dark and Aziz's retinue has followed her in. The press of people nearly smothers her. But worse than the claustrophobia is the echo. No matter what sound one makes, the echo is always "Boum." Disturbed by the echo, Mrs. Moore declines to continue exploring. So Adela and Aziz, accompanied by a single guide, a local man, climb on up the hill to the next cluster of caves.
As Aziz helps Adela up the hill, she innocently asks him whether he has more than one wife. Disconcerted by the bluntness of the remark, he ducks into a cave to compose himself. When he comes out, he finds the guide sitting alone outside the caves. The guide says Adela has gone into one of the caves by herself. Aziz looks for her in vain. Deciding she is lost, he angrily punches the guide, who runs away. Aziz looks around again and discovers Adela's field-glasses (binoculars) lying broken on the ground. He puts them in his pocket.
Then Aziz looks down the hill and sees Adela speaking to another young Englishwoman, Miss Derek, who has arrived with Fielding in a car. Aziz runs down the hill and greets Fielding effusively, but Miss Derek and Adela have already driven off without a word of explanation. Fielding, Mrs. Moore, and Aziz return to Chandrapore on the train.
Then the blow falls. At the train station, Dr. Aziz is arrested and charged with sexually assaulting Adela in a cave. She reports the alleged incident to the British authorities.
The run-up to Aziz's trial for attempted sexual assault releases the racial tensions between the British and the Indians. Adela accuses Aziz only of trying to touch her. She says that he followed her into the cave and tried to grab her, and that she fended him off by swinging her field glasses at him. She remembers him grabbing the glasses and the strap breaking, which allowed her to get away. The only actual evidence the British have is the field glasses in the possession of Dr. Aziz. Despite this, the British colonists firmly believe that Aziz is guilty; at the back of all their minds is the conviction that all darker peoples lust after white women. They are stunned when Fielding proclaims his belief in Aziz's innocence. Fielding is ostracized and condemned as a blood-traitor. But the Indians, who consider the assault allegation a fraud aimed at ruining their community's reputation, welcome him.
During the weeks before the trial, Mrs. Moore is unexpectedly apathetic and irritable. Her experience in the cave seems to have ruined her faith in humanity. Although she curtly professes her belief in Aziz's innocence, she does nothing to help him. Ronny, alarmed by his mother's assertion that Aziz is innocent, decides to arrange for her return by ship to England before she can testify to this effect at the trial. Mrs. Moore dies during the voyage. Her absence from India becomes a major issue at the trial, where Aziz's legal defenders assert that her testimony alone, had it been available, would have proven the accused's innocence.
After an initial period of fever and weeping, Adela becomes confused as to Aziz's guilt. At the trial, she is asked point-blank whether Aziz sexually assaulted her. She asks for a moment to think before replying. She has a vision of the cave in that moment, and it turns out that Adela had, while in the cave, received a shock similar to Mrs. Moore's. The echo had disconcerted her so much that she temporarily became unhinged. She ran around the cave, fled down the hill, and finally sped off with Miss Derek. At the time, Adela mistakenly interpreted her shock as an assault by Aziz, who personifies the India that has stripped her of her psychological innocence, but he was never there. She admits that she was mistaken. The case is dismissed. (Note that in the 1913 draft of the novel EM Forster originally had Aziz guilty of the assault and found guilty in the court, but later changed this in the 1924 draft to create a more ambiguous ending).
All the Anglo-Indians are shocked and infuriated by what they view as Adela's betrayal of the white race. Ronny Heaslop breaks off their engagement. Adela stays at Fielding's house until her passage on a boat to England is arranged. After explaining to Fielding that the echo was the cause of the whole business, she departs India, never to return.
Although he is free and vindicated, Aziz is angry and bitter that his friend, Fielding, would befriend Adela after she nearly ruined his life. The two men's friendship suffers in consequence, and Fielding soon departs for England. Aziz believes that he is leaving to marry Adela for her money. Bitter at his friend's perceived betrayal, he vows never again to befriend a white person. Aziz moves to the Hindu-ruled state of Mau and begins a new life.
Two years later, Fielding returns to India and to Aziz. His wife is Stella, Mrs. Moore's daughter from a second marriage. Aziz, now the Raja's chief physician, at first persists in his anger against his old friend. But in time, he comes to respect and love Fielding again. However, he does not give up his dream of a free and united India. In the novel's last sentences, he explains that he and Fielding cannot be friends, at least not until India is free of the British Raj. Even the earth and the sky seem to say, "Not yet."

إدوارد مورغان فورستر
(بالإنجليزية: Edward Morgan Forster) روائي وقاص وكاتب مقالات بريطاني ولد في لندن1 يناير1879 وتوفي في 7 يوليو1970. تُظهر رواياته اهتمامه بالعلاقات الشخصية والعقبات الاجتماعية والنفسية والعرقية التي تقف في طريق مثل هذه العلاقات. تركز رواياته على أهمية اتباع الدوافع الكريمة أو الفطرة السليمة.

أكثر روايات فورستر التي نالت التقدير هي ونهاية آل هوارد 1910؛ رحلة إلى الهند1924. ونهاية آل هوارد، قصة اجتماعية كوميدية ذات مضمون مأساوي تحكي عن شخصيات إنجليزية من الطبقة الوسطى. تعكس الرواية مفهوم فورستر المثالي عن الأرستقراطية الرقيقة المشاعر، والمراعية لحقوق الآخرين، والشجاعة المقدامة. أما رواية رحلة إلى الهند فتصف الصراع بين الثقافتين الإنجليزيةوالهندية. كتب فورستر أربع روايات أخرى هي: عندما تخاف الملائكة أن تطأ1905, أطول رحلة1907, غرفة ذات إطلالة1908, موريس التي أُكملت عام 1914، ونُشرت عام 1971، أي بعد أن توفي الكاتب.
في السنوات الـ 46 الأخيرة من حياته، لم يكتب فورستر سوى القصص الواقعية. إلا أنه كتب مقالات وتراجم ونقدًا أدبيًا بأسلوب رائع ممتاز وبنفس الجمال والكياسة والأناقة التي تميزت بها رواياته.

Edward Morgan Forster OM, CH (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970), was an English novelist, short story writer, essayist and librettist.
ولد في عام 1879 روائي انجليزي
He is known best for his ironic and well-plotted novels examining class difference and hypocrisy in early 20th-century British society.
غرف عنه كتابته روايات باسلوب ساخر وهي تعالج الصراع الطبقي
Forster's humanistic impulse toward understanding and sympathy may be aptly summed up in the epigraph to his 1910 novel Howards End: "Only connect".
English author and critic, member of Bloomsbury group and friend of Virginia Woolf. After gaining fame as a novelist, Forster spent his 46 remaining years publishing mainly short stories and non-fiction. Of his five important novels four appeared before World War I. Forster's major concern was that individuals should 'connect the prose with the passion' within themselves, and that one of the most exacting aspect of the novel is prophecy.
"If human nature does alter it will be because individuals manage to look at themselves in a new way. Here and there people - a very few people, but a few novelists are among them - are trying to do this. Every institution and vested interest in against such a search: organized religion, the State, the family in its economic aspect, have nothing to gain, and it is only when outward prohibitions weaken that it can proceed: history conditions it to that extent." (in Aspects of the Novel, 1927)
Edward Morgan Forster was born in London as the son of an architect, who died before his only child was two years old.
مات والده قبل بلوغه عامه الثاني
Forster's childhood and much of his adult life was dominated by his mother and his aunts.
سيطر على طفولته امه وعماته
The legacy of her paternal great-aunt Marianne Thornton, descendant of the Clapham Sect of evangelists and reformers, gave later Forster the freedom to travel and to write. Forster's years at Tonbridge School as a teenager were difficult – he suffered from the cruelty of his classmates.
كانت حياته في المدرسة صعبة حيث عانى من قسوة اقرانه

Forster attended King's College, Cambridge (1897-1901), where he met members of the later formed Bloomsbury group. In the atmosphere of skepticism, he became under the influence of Sir Jamer Frazer, Nathaniel Wedd, Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, and G.E. Moore, and shed his not very deep Christian faith. After graduating he travelled in Italy and Greece with his mother, and on his return began to write essays and short stories for the liberal Independent Review. In 1905 Foster spent several month in German as tutor to the children of the Countess von Armin.
Between the years 1912 and 1913 Forster travelled in India.
سافر عبر الهند ما بين عامي 1912 و1913
From 1914 to 1915 he worked for the National Gallery in London. Following the outbreak of World War I, Forster joined the Red Cross and served in Alexandria, Egypt. There he met the Greek poet C.P. Cavafy, and published a selection of his poems in PHARAOS AND PHARILLON (1923). His conversations with wounded soldiers he recorded in his diary.
In 1921 Forster returned to India, working as a private secretary to the Maharajah of Dewas. The land was the scene of his masterwork A PASSAGE TO INDIA (1924), an account of India under British rule. It was Forter's last novel – and for the remaining 46 years of his life he devoted himself to other activities. In the novel he said: "Most of life is so dull that there is nothing to be said about it and the books and talk that would describe it as interesting are obliged to exaggerate, in the hope of justifying their own existence. Inside its cocoon of work or social obligation, the human spirit slumbers for the most part, registering the distinction between pleasure and pain, but not nearly as alert as we pretend." Moreover, writing about "the love of men for women & vice versa" was not the most important element in Forster's life; already in 1910 he stated in his notebook, known as "the Locked Diary", that he was wary of the subject.
After Forster's death his literary executors turned down approaches from Joseph Losey, Ismail Merchant and James Ivory, and Waris Hussein, to make a feature film adaptation of A Passage to India, but eventually David Lean was approved as director. Forster had shared with T.E. Lawrence a dislike and distrut of the cinema. The two last chapters of the book Forster had written under the influence of Lawrence's The Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Later Lean was criticized that he produced his own vision of India, not Forster's. He also changed the ending of the story, defending himself: "Look, this novel was written hot on the movement for Indian independence. I think the end is a lot of hogwash so far as a movie is concerned." (in David Lean: A Biography by Kevin Brownlow, 1996)

Forster was a humanist, homosexual, lifelong bachelor.[9] Forster developed a long-term loving relationship with Bob Buckingham, a married policeman (his wife's name was May),[10] and included the couple in his circle, which also included the writer and arts editor of The Listener, J.R. Ackerley, the psychologist W.J.H. Sprott, and, for a time, the composer Benjamin Britten. Other writers with whom Forster associated included the poet Siegfried Sassoon and the Belfast-based novelist Forrest Reid.
From 1925 until Forster's mother's death at age 90 on 11 March 1945, he lived with her at West Hackhurst, Abinger Hammer, finally leaving on or around 23 September 1946 His London base was 26 Brunswick Square from 1930 to 1939, after which he rented 9 Arlington Park Mansions in Chiswick until at least 1961.[

- هناك ما يشير الى انه عانى الكثير في المدرسة وسافر كثيرا لكن مصدر المه الرئيسي يأتي من كونه يتيم الاب في الطفولة المبكرة.
يتيم الاب في عامه الاول.

غاتسبي العظيم (بالإنجليزية: The Great Gatsby‏) رواية من تأليف الكاتب الأمريكي فرنسيس سكات فيتزجيرالد نشرت لأول مرة في عام 1925 وتعتبر هذه الرواية واحدة من كلاسيكيات الأدب الأمريكي وإحدى أهم الوثائق الأدبية التي أرَّخت لعقد العشرينات الصاخب Roaring Twenties، وهي فترة مفصلية شكلت نقطة تحول في حياة الأمريكيين، أخلاقياً ومادياً واجتماعياً، أطلق عليها فيتزجيرالد اسم عصر الجاز The Jazz Age، فأضحى المسمى في ما بعد المصطلح المعتمد في الدوائر الأدبية، الأكاديمية منها وغير الأكاديمية.
يبدأ عصر الجاز مع نهاية الحرب العالمية الأولى (1918)، بعيد رواج موسيقى الجاز، عندما أخذ الاقتصاد الأمريكي يحقق أفضل أداء له بمعدلات غير مسبوقة من النمو. واستتبع ذلك ولوج أمريكا عصراً من حال الدعة بعد البؤس، عصراً ذهبياً براقاً متخماً ركن فيه أصحاب النعمة إلى الرفاهية، والتبذير، والرخاء، وما رافق ذلك من السعي وراء المتع الحسية وضروب التسلية مع دخول المخترعات الحديثة كالسيارة والتلفون والنقل الجوي . إلخ التاريخ البشري لأول مرة.

تبدأ الأحداث الفعلية للرواية في صيف عام 1922 أي بعد حوالي عامين من دخول القانون المعدل الثامن عشر للدستور (Eighteenth Amendment) حيز التنفيذ بعد إقراره عام 1919 والذي حُرّمت بموجبه الكحول حيث عُرفت تلك الحقبة بـ عهد تحريم الخمور Prohibition، فكان ذلك موضع ترحيب الملايين من البروتستانت بوصف القانون نصراً أخلاقياً. ترتب على ذلك انخفاض استهلاك الطبقة العاملة من الخمور، وتراجعت معدلات الوفيات والأمراض الناشئة عن معاقرتها.
بيد أن ذلك القانون إن حل بعضاً من مشكلات الولايات المتحدة الصحية، فإنه فاقم أزمتها الأخلاقية بعد أن نشأت تجارة غير شرعية للخمور: صناعة وتهريباً وبيعاً وتعاطياً، مفرزة شريحة من المهربين Bootleggersلم تعدم الحيلة في إيجاد أماكن لبيع المهربات واحتسائها عُرفت بـ الغرز Speakeasies ما لبثت أن غدت أوكاراً للعصابات وجرائمها المنظمة ليغدو من أبرز أساطينها آل كابوني Al Capone (1899_1947) في شيكاغو، إلينوي.
لكن نهاية نفس عام 1920 شهد التطبيق الفعلي لقانون معدل آخر يفوق القانون السابق أهمية، ألا وهو قانون الانتخابات الذي منح المرأة حق المشاركة في الانتخابات الذي تمكنت بموجبه حوالي ثمانية ملايين امرأة أمريكية (بيضاء) من التصويت لأول مرة. وتبع ذلك الحدث الهام انفلات الحرية الشخصية من عقالها، وإطلاق العنان لحرية التعبير الفردي، وبرزت نزعة عنيدة نحو الفردانية Individualism مع تنام تدريجي لنفوذ الملونين، لا سيما السود، في الوقت الذي كان فيه نظام القيم الاجتماعية يتداعى أكثر فأكثر بالتوازي مع كل انخفاض لمؤشر البورصة، قبل أن ينهار الاثنان سوية انهياراً مدوياً يوم الخميس الأسود Black Thursday، مؤذناً بفاتحة فترة الكساد العظيم The Great Depression التي أناخت بكلكلها على أمريكا حتى عام 1939.
من جملة ما تنعاه الرواية اللهاث وراء النجاح واللذة العابرة والحلم الأمريكي، كما تهجو، بلبوس حكاية حب خيالية، تفسخ نظامي القيم الاجتماعية والدينية بعد أن كانا نظامين يتسمان بكثير من المحافظة والتدين الذين يرجعان في أصولهما إلى المهاجرين الأوائل: الآباء الحجاج The Pilgrim Fathers أو الطهرانيين Puritans الذين أتو من إنكلترا إلى شمال أمريكا على متن الباخرة مي فلاور Mayflower عام 1620 فراراً من اضطهاد الكنيسة الانجليكانية التي أسسها الملك هنري الثامن )1491_1547( لتبرّمهم من كنيسة يرأسها الملك وتديرها الدولة، باحثين عن بقعة من الأرض ليبنوا عليها مجتمعاً مسيحياً ورعاً يتيح لهم ممارسة عقائدهم الدينية بحرية.
وقد رصد فيتزجيرالد في روايته نواح عدة من مظاهر التغيرات التي طرأت على حياة الفرد الأمريكي، سواء كانت تلك اختلالات سلبية أو تطورات إيجابية تراوحت بين مكانة المرأة وقضية تحررها، ومسألة تفوّق الرجل الأبيض والتوجس من الأعراق الأخرى، ومشكلة العصابات والجريمة المنظمة، والفساد، ودهشة الاختراعات "الحديثة" (آنذاك). . . إلخ. لقد أطلق فيتزجيرالد اسم "عصر الجاز" على تلك الحقبة التي عاشها من بواكيرها إلى منتهاها ليراها تهمد بعد أن استنزفت نفسها.
أما النساء فكاد فيتزجيرالد أن يفرد لهن نصف صفحات الرواية ويساويهن بعدد الشخصيات الرئيسة فيها: فهنالك ديزي حبيبة غاتسبي المتزوجة من توم بوكانن، ولاعبة الغولف جوردن بيكر صديقة ديزي التي تستأثر باهتمام الرواي نك كاراويه، وميرتل عشيقة توم بوكانن، وهنالك شخصيتان أنثويتان ثانويتان هما كاثرين شقيقة ميرتل وجارتها مسز مكي. بيد أنهن جميعاً يصورن إما ساذجات ذوات ثقافة ضحلة لا يرمن إلا المال، وإما قويات الشخصية إلى درجة الاسترجال، أو متحررات يخدعن أزواجهن.
وتسجل الرواية ما أصابته المرأة من نجاح في انتزاع حق المساواة مع الرجل، فما نراه من المُسلّمات الآن في الحياة الأمريكية كان حلماً بعيد المنال للنساء آنذاك. فمثلاً، لم تمنح ولاية نيويورك المرأة حق التصويت إلا عام 1917، أي قبل وقوع أحداث الرواية بخمس سنوات فقط، وهذا ينسحب على حقوق عديدة كحقها في السفر، وممارسة الرياضة، وقيادة السيارة، وما استتبع ذلك من ممارسات أتت بها الحرية والمساواة كالتدخين، وتعاطي المشروبات الكحولية، والحرية الجنسية . . . إلخ، وهكذا تمتعت النساء في ذلك العصر بحرية لم يتسن لهن أن يحلمن بها من قبل، وكل ذلك كان حاضراً في ذهن فيتزجيرالد الذي التقط كل تلك الجزئيات في مجتمع سريع في تطوره، متطور في إنجازاته.
يستهل الفصل الأول من الرواية بسرد يقدمه نك كارويه، الراوي، عن نفسه وشخصيته وأصوله العريقة وعائلته الموسرة، ومتى ولِمَ ذهب إلى نيويورك، مسرح الأحداث، ولماذ قفل عاداً منها. وكارويه راوٍ ثقة لا يرتاب القارئ في ما يقوله لما يقدمه من أوراق اعتماد مقنعة تنفي عنه ريبة الانحياز أو تلفيق الوقائع: فهو إلى جانب كونه راوي الحكاية، فهو أيضاً أحد أبطالها، والشاهد على أحداثها والمطلع على جميع حيثياتها من منظوري بطل الرواية (غاتسبي) وخصمه (أو خصومه)، لمجاورته قصر غاتسبي، ولصلة القربى مع ديزي حبيبة غاتسبي، ولمساحة الحركة المتاحة له التي تمكنه من التقاط شذرات من هنا وهناك مما يخوض فيه الخائضون الذين يتسنى له التعرف إليهم عن طريق غاتسبي وديزي. كثيراً ما تدرج الرواية على قائمة أفضل عشر روايات كتبت باللغة الإنجليزية، وهي بلا أدنى ريب من أفضل ما كتب من نثر في الأدب الأمريكي منذ نشأته قبل حوالي قرون أربعة. ومن المؤشرات الأخرى على منزلة الرواية مداومة الكتّاب وكتّاب سيناريو الأفلام والصحفيين والسياسيين الأمريكيين على الاقتباس من عباراتها والاستشهاد بجملها، فآخر سطر في الرواية، على سبيل المثال، أصبح واحداً من الأكثر وروداً في سياقات المقالات الصحفية وحوارات أفلام هوليوود وسواها من مسلسلات تلفزيونية: "وهكذا نواصل التجديف، ومراكبنا تبحر عكس التيار، لنُحمَل دونما توقف إلى الماضي." وهذا السطر مشابه ربما لما خطه قلم طه حسين في كتابه الصادر عام 1926 في الشعر الجاهلي حيث يقول: " . . . الزمان صائر إلى الشر لا الخير . . . الدهر يسير بالناس القهقرى: يرجع بهم إلى وراء ولا يمضي بهم إلى أمام."
تنتهي الحكاية التي يتمحور موضوعها حول قضيتي المال واستحواذ فكرة واحدة على وجدان البطل بمأساة يسقط صرعى فيها ثلاثة من شخوصها لتنتقد بأسلوب غير مباشر المهاجرين في بواكير القرن العشرين في سعيهم وراء تحقيق الحلم الأمريكي The American Dream الذي تلخصت فكرته بأن الولايات المتحدة هي أرض الفرص التي يمكن فيها لأي مهاجر أن يصيب قدراً من النجاح والثروة إن هو جد في سعيه.
تنتهي "الحكاية" وتبقى تأملات الراوي نك كارويه في ذلك المساء الأخير على ساحل وست إيغ وهو يحدق من الشاطئ إلى قصر غاتسبي المهجور الذي كان يعج يوماً بالرقص والقمر والأصدقاء والغناء والموسيقى والبذخ والنساء. تبقى تأملاته بمثابة مرثاة مهيبة تردد صدى ناقوسها الناعي في سديم بعض من الأدب القصصي الأمريكي بنغمة حِداد بديعة.
لم يتيسر إلا لقلة من الكتاب الأمريكيين ممن تحدثوا عن يأسهم من أوضاع الإنسانية أن يأتوا بفصاحة فيتزجيرالد وبصوره الفذة. لقد تركت كل من شخصية غاتسبي المأساوية الفاسدة وصوت نك كارويه الأبح المحبَط المنادي بالأخلاق في جمهرة القراء والكتاب الأمريكيين أثراً لا يمّحي.

غاتسبي العظيم ليست محض حكاية غرام، بل بالحري قصة كد ومثابرة لشاب معوز لكنه طموح مغامر ينطوي على إمكانات واعدة يفشل في الزواج من فاتنته الموسرة حتى بعد أن أصاب حظاً من الثراء فاحشاً. فإلى جانب التوثيق التاريخي والاجتماعي لحقبة عصر الجاز فإن الرواية تعطي في تضاعيفها إلماعات إلى أحداث شخصية في حياة كاتبها، إذ لم يفلح فيتزجيرالد في الوقوف على مبعدة من حياته الخاصة، وهذه إحدى سمات أسلوبه الذي يتميز بكثير من إسقاطات التجربة الشخصية والسيرة الذاتية، وهو أمر لا يدين الكاتب ولا العمل، فانشباك الفنان بأعماله الإبداعية مسألة جدلية قديمة قدم الإبداع نفسه.
الرواية اشبه ما تكون بقصة اعترافية لحياة فيتزجيرالد مع زوجته زيلدا. فهو، كالراوي نك كارويه شاب دائم التفكير، مثقف، من ولاية مينسوتا، يدرس في إحدى أعرق الجامعات الأمريكية (نك يدرس في جامعة ييل Yale) وينتقل بعد الحرب إلى مدينة نيويورك.
ويشترك فيتزجيرالد مع بطل الرواية جيه غاتسبي في أنه شاب يعبد الثروة ليقدمها ذبيحة تحت قدمي شابة ظالمة الحسن يتيّم بها أثناء أدائه الخدمة العسكرية في الجنوب.
المؤلف والبطل يأتيان من خلفية متواضعة، لكنهما ينجحان في مسيرتهما العملية في سن مبكرة نسبياً. وكما عاد فيتزجيرالد من نيويورك بعد رواج روايته الأولى للزواج من زيلدا (أنظر حياة الكاتب) بعد أن كانت رفضته لفقره، يعود غاتسبي وقد وصل إلى غاية الثراء وخرج من الضيق إلى السعة بعد ضنك العيش وتباريح الشوق في جبهة الحرب ليبحث عن ديزي التي كانت تزوجت من رجل آخر.
كحال غاتسبي، قدّس فيتزجيرالد الأثرياء بعد أن وجد نفسه يعيش في الشرق (الساحل الشرقي للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، وخاصة مدنه الكبرى كـ نيويورك، وبوسطن، . . . إلخ) في بيئة تميزها نزعات مادية لا ضوابط لها، لكنه آنس في ثنايا تألق عصر الجاز ذاك خواءً أخلاقياً ومراءاة و"لامبالاة جمة"، لاقت جميعها هوى في نفسه بما كان لديه من استعداد لمثل هذا الغياب الأخلاقي.
يقول فيتزجيرالد في مقالته الانهيار The Crack-Up التي بسط فيها كيف وقع الانهيار العاطفي الذي تبع نجاحه الباهر المبكر ككاتب مرموق در عليه قلمه آنذاك أموالاً طائلة، يقول: "إن معيار الذكاء المتوقد يكمن في القدرة على اعتناق فكرتين متضاربتين في آن، وفي الاحتفاظ بالقدرة على العمل مع ذلك". وعليه، يمكن النظر إلى سيرة فيتزجيرالد العملية كسلسة من النضالات لتحقيق هذا الالتقاء المثالي بين التوتر الفكري والمقدرة الخلاقة. إن غاتسبي العظيم هي محاولة فيتزجيرالد لمواجهة مشاعره المتضاربة في كونه ممثلاً وناقداً لعصر الجاز في آن معاً.
وكما الأعمال الإبداعية المتميزة، فإن مرد الإبداع في الرواية ليس وثائقيتها وحسب، وإنما اشتمالها على عناصر العمل القصصي الناجح الذي يمكن أن يدرس كل على حده، كاللغة وأسلوب السرد والشخوص والحبكة، وأسلوبه الساخر، فغاتسبي "العظيم"، مثلاً، لم يكن عظيماً.
يقول الناقد الأمريكي ليونيل ترلنغ Lionel Trilling إن إبداع فيتزجيرالد كروائي لا يكمن في مقدرته السردية، وإنما في "صوت نثره" الرقيق الأنيق الذي قلما يتخلى عن سخريته حين يكون فيتزجيرالد منغمساً في العمل الذي يكتبه، ولا يضحّي أبداً بتعاطفه إذا ما نأى بنفسه عما يكتب

Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigm writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself.
كاتب امريكي ولد عام 1896

F. Scott Fitzgerald was born in St Paul, Minnesota of mixed Southern and Irish descent. He was given three names after the writer of The Star Spangled Banner, to whom he was distantly related.

اعطي ثلاثة اسماء

Born in 1896 in Saint Paul, Minnesota to an upper middle class Irish Catholic family, Fitzgerald was named after his famous second cousin, three times removed, Francis Scott Key,[2] but was referred to as "Scott." He was also named after his deceased sister, Jean Scott,[3] one of two sisters who died shortly before his birth. His parents were Mollie (MacQuillan) and Edward Fitzgerald.
ماتت له اخت قبل ولادته بقليل

Illness and death

deferred traumatic stress-

- كاتب امريكي ولد عام 1896
- اعطي ثلاثة اسماء
- والده كان يعمل بائعا وقد انهارت اعماله في مجال بيع الاثاث
- كان ولدا وحيدا لوالديه وكانت والدته ابنة لتاجر ناجح
- ظلت العائلة في حالة تنقل دائم لكنها استقرت في عام 1918 في سانت بول
- في سن 18 وقع فتزجرالاد في غرام فتاة عمرها 16 سنة جنفرا كنج
- لم يكمل دراسته الجامعية لضعف التحصيل العلمي عنده وغادر الجامعة والتحق بالجيش الامريكي
- انضم الى الحيش عام 1917 وعمره 23 سنة.
- ترك الجيش عام 1919 وعمل في نيويورك في وكالة اعلان لفترة قصيرة
- كانت نقطة التحول في حياة عام 1920 حينما التقى زلدا ساير وكانت كاتبه مثله وقد تزوجا عام 1920
- بدأت ديونه تزداد واكتشفت زوجته انها حامل عام 1921
- روايته جاتسبي العظيم حصلت على نقد جيد لكنها لم تنجح ماليا
- تحول الى مدمن على الكحول
- سافر كثيرا الى فرنسا واوروبا
- لقد اجتذب ادمان فيتزجرالد على الخمور والانهيار العصبي لزوجته زلدا الاهتمام في اعوام الثلاثينات
- وقد ادرك فتزجرالد ان شفائها اصبح اقل احتمالا في كل مرة تكرر فيها انهيارها العصبي
- ماتت له اخت قبل ولادته بقليل
- لقد ادمن فتزجرالد الكحول منذ ان كان في الكلية واصبح شيء السمعة لشدة ادمانه في العشرينيات ( 1920 ) مما ادي الى صعف في صحته في نهاية الثلاثنيات ( 1930 ) ، وتقول بعض الروايات انه اصيب بالسل وانه اصيب به من بادية 1919 وانه في العام 1929 ادى الى نزيف .
- الاب مات عام 1931 و الام ماتت عام 1936 .
ليس يتيم وهناك عناصر مهمة ربما تكون قد خلقت ازمة له مثل فشل والده في التجارة ثم انهاء خدمته من الشركة التي كان يعمل بها ، ثم ان هناك موت اخت له قبل ولادته يبدو ان ترك اثرا هائلا في الاسرة حتى ان اسمه يرتبط بها بشكل او بآخر. كما اننا نجده قد ادمن على الكحول في سن مبكرة ولكن ربما ان اهم عنصر من العناصر التي تسببت له بأزمة هو مرضه بالسل رغم ان وجود محاولات لاخفائه.
قد يكون هناك اسباب اخرى غير واضحه تسبب في جعله انسان مأزوم ولكني سأعتبره.
غير يتيم وليس مأزوم.

(بالألمانية: Franz Kafka) (3 يوليو1883 - 3 يونيو1924) كاتب تشيكييهودي كتب بالألمانية، رائد الكتابة الكابوسية. يعد أحد أفضل أدباء الألمانية في فن الرواية والقصة القصيرة.
تعلم كافكا الكيمياءوالحقوق والادب في الجامعة الألمانية في براغ (1901). ولد لعائلة يهودية متحررة، وخلال حياته تقرب من اليهودية. تعلم العبرية لدى معلمة خصوصية. عمل موظفا في شركة تأمين حوادث العمل. امضى وقت فراغه في الكتابة الادبية التي راى بها هدف وجوهر حياته. القليل من كتاباته نشرت خلال حياته، معظمها - يشمل رواياته العظمى (الحكم) و(الغائب) التي لم ينهها- نشرت بعد موته، على يد صديقه المقرب ماكس برود، الذي لم يستجب لطلب كافكا بإبادة كل كتاباته.
حياته كانت مليئة بالحزن والمعاناة، بما في ذلك علاقته بوالده. فكافكا كان مثقفا حساسا وقع تحت حكم والد مستبد وقوي، عنه، هكذا قال، كتبت كل إنتاجاته. فكتب رسالته الطويلة تحت عنوان (رسالة لأب). الامر يبرز بصورة خاصة في كتابه (الحكم) حيث يقبل الشاب حكم الموت الذي اصدره عليه والده ويغرق. كان كافكا نباتيا واشمأز من أكل اللحوم، وهنالك من يربطون هذا بمهنة جده الذي كان جزارا. عرف كافكا على انه شخص يصعب عليه اتمام الامور، وهو الامر الذي ميز كتابته حيث كان يجد صعوبة في انهاء إنتاجاته.

Franz Kafka (German pronunciation: [; 3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a culturally influential German-language novelist.
ولد كافكا عام 1883 في المانيا وكتب باللغة الالمانية
Contemporary critics and academics, including Vladimir Nabokov, regard Kafka as one of the best writers of the 20th century.
يعتبره البعض واحد من اهم كتاب القرن العشرين
The term "Kafkaesque" has become part of the English language.
Kafka was born to middle class German-speaking Jewish parents in Prague, Bohemia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
ولد لاسرة يهودية المالنية من الطبقة الوسطى
The house in which he was born, on the Old Town Square next to Prague's Church of St Nicholas, now contains a permanent exhibition devoted to the author.
Most of Kafka's writing, much of it unfinished at the time of his death, was published posthumously.
Czech-born German-speaking writer whose posthumously published novels express the alienation of 20th century man.
ولد في تشيكولسفاكيا وهو يتحدث الالمانية والف روايات تتحدث عن اغتراب الانسان في القرن العشرين
Kafka's nightmares of dehumanization, bureaucratic labyrinths, and totalitarian society have much in common with the works of George Orwell (Nineteen Eighty-Four, 1949; Animal Farm, 1955). Jorge Luis Borges has noted, that Zeno's paradox against motion and the arrow and Achilles are the first Kafkaesque characters in literature.
Kafka's ill health was also an important biographical factor behind the fear of physical and mental collapse dramatized in such short stories as "Ein Hungerkünstler" (1924) and "Die Verwandlung" (1915, The Metamorphosis).
"As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect..." (from "The Metamorphosis")
كان كافكا مريضا وكان هذا المرض عامل مهم خلف المخاوف التي كان يعيشها وخشيته من الانهيار الجسدي والنفسي الذي صوره كافاكا في قصصه.
ولد كافكا في براغ وكان والده صاحب محل تجاري كبير
Hermann Kafka was a domestic tyrant, who directed his anger against his son.
كان والده طاغية وجهه غضبه على ولده كافكا
Kafka also had three sisters, all of whom perished in Nazi camps.
كان له ثلاث اخوات كلهن اختفين في مخيمات النازية
Often Kafka's stories dealt with the struggle between father and son, or a scorned individual's pleading innocence in front of remote figures of authority.
معظم قصص كافكا تعبر عن صراع بين اب وابن او بين شخص عادي وشخص مسؤول
In Letter to His Father (1919) Kafka admitted: "My writing was all about you; all I did there, after all, was to bemoan what I could not bemoan upon your breast. It was an intentionally long-drawn-out leave-taking from you."
في رسالة كتبها فرانز كافكا عام 1919 قال له بأن كل كتاباته كانت عنه . لقد استخدمت كتاباتي من اجل ان اتحسر على ما لم اتمكن من اتحسر عليه فوق صدرك
Kafka grew up in an atmosphere of familial tensions and social rejection that he experienced as a member of Prague's Jewish minority.
كبر كافكا في جو من التوتر الاسري و الرفض الاجتماعي كونه واحد من الاقلية اليهودية في براغ
His attitude to his Jewish heritage was ambivalent. In a diary he wrote: ''What have I in common with Jews? I have hardly anything in common with myself and should stand very quietly in a corner, content that I can breathe.''
كان يعيش تناقضا مع ذاته ومع تراثه اليهودي فلم يكن يرى ان لديه اي شيء يربطه بالتراث اليهودي
Kafka was educated at the German National and Civic Elementary School and the German National Humanistic Gymnasium. In 1901 he entered Ferdinand-Karls University, where he studied law and received a doctorate in 1906.
درس القانون
During his life Kafka had many girlfriends, many affairs, and a number of broken engagements. In 1912 he met Felice Bauer, a twenty-four-year-old businesswoman from Berlin. He warned her that life with him would mean ''a monastic life side by side with a man who is fretful, melancholy, untalkative, dissatisfied and sickly.''
كان له عدة علاقات نسائية والتقى عام 1912 مع امر|’ عمرها 24 من برلين وقد حذرها بأن العيش معه يعني رهبنة من نوع ما كئيب وصامت ولا يرضيه شيء ومريض

In August 1917 Kafka discovered that he had contracted tuberculosis.
عام 1917 اكتشف كافكا انه اصيب بمرض السل
He spent ten months with his sister Ottla in the Bohemian village of Zuerau.
In 1919 he was hospitalized because of influenza.
عام 1919 نام في المشفى بسبب الانفلونزا
Kafka's fear of sexuality was probably the main reason for his decision to leave Milena.
كان لديه خوف من الممارسة الجنيسة اثرت على علاقاته النسائية
Kafka, who wrote letters busily, was occasionally forced to send postcards because he did not have money for the letter post. His health rapidly deteriorated. In 1924 Kafka moved with Dora to the Kierling Sanatorium outside Vienna.
كان فقيرا جدا وتدهورت صحبته بشكل كبير
Kafka spent in the sanatorium the last six weeks of his life. He suffered from thirst and in his last letter to his parents he recollects his childhood when he drank beer with his father during their visits to a bathing establishment.
عاش في مصحة صحية اخر 6 اسابيع من حياتة وكان يعاني من العطش
Kafka died of tuberculosis on June 3, 1924.
مات كافكفا سبب مرض السل عام 1924

His father, Hermann Kafka (1852–1931), was described as a "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman"[4] and by Kafka himself as "a true Kafka in strength, health, appetite, loudness of voice, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, presence of mind, [and] knowledge of human nature".
مات والده عام 1931
Kafka's mother, Julie (1856–1934), was the daughter of Jakob Löwy, a prosperous brewer in Poděbrady, and was better educated than her husband.
ماتت والدته عام 1934
Franz was the eldest of six children.[6] He had two younger brothers: Georg and Heinrich, who died at the ages of fifteen months and seven months, respectively, before Franz was seven;
كان له اخان والاثنان ماتا واحد عندما اصبح عمره 15 شهرا والاخر عند سبعة اشهر بينما كان عمر كافكا سبع سنوات
On business days, both parents were absent from the home. His mother helped to manage her husband's business and worked in it as many as 12 hours a day. The children were largely reared by a series of governesses and servants.
في ايام العمل كان الاب والام غائبان وترك امر تربية الاطفال للمربيات

Some sources have claimed that Kafka possessed a schizoid personality disorder rather a rare type/trait according to some authors
ادعى البعض انه كان يعاني من مرض الشيفروزينيا

- ولد كافكا عام 1883 في المانيا وكتب باللغة الالمانية
-يعتبره البعض واحد من اهم كتاب القرن العشرين
-ولد لاسرة يهودية المالنية من الطبقة الوسطى
-ولد في تشيكولسفاكيا وهو يتحدث الالمانية والف روايات تتحدث عن اغتراب الانسان في القرن العشرين

-ولد كافكا في براغ وكان والده صاحب محل تجاري كبير
-كان والده طاغية وجهه غضبه على ولده كافكا
-كان له ثلاث اخوات كلهن اختفين في مخيمات النازية
-معظم قصص كافكا تعبر عن صراع بين اب وابن او بين شخص عادي وشخص مسؤول
-في رسالة كتبها فرانز كافكا عام 1919 قال له بأن كل كتاباته كانت عنه . لقد استخدمت كتاباتي من اجل ان اتحسر على ما لم اتمكن من اتحسر عليه فوق صدرك
-كبر كافكا في جو من التوتر الاسري و الرفض الاجتماعي كونه واحد من الاقلية اليهودية في براغ
-كان يعيش تناقضا مع ذاته ومع تراثه اليهودي فلم يكن يرى ان لديه اي شيء يربطه بالتراث اليهودي
-درس القانون
-كان له عدة علاقات نسائية والتقى عام 1912 مع امر|’ عمرها 24 من برلين وقد حذرها بأن العيش معه يعني رهبنة من نوع ما كئيب وصامت ولا يرضيه شيء ومريض
-عام 1917 اكتشف كافكا انه اصيب بمرض السل
-عام 1919 نام في المشفى بسبب الانفلونزا
-كان لديه خوف من الممارسة الجنيسة اثرت على علاقاته النسائية
-كان فقيرا جدا وتدهورت صحبته بشكل كبير
-عاش في مصحة صحية اخر 6 اسابيع من حياتة وكان يعاني من العطش
-مات كافكفا سبب مرض السل عام 1924
-والده عام 1931
-ماتت والدته عام 1934
-كان له اخان والاثنان ماتا واحد عندما اصبح عمره 15 شهرا والاخر عند سبعة اشهر بينما كان عمر كافكا سبع سنوات
-في ايام العمل كان الاب والام غائبان وترك امر تربية الاطفال للمربيات

Men Without Women (1927) is a collection of short stories written by American author Ernest Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961). The volume consists of fourteen stories, ten of which had been previously published in magazines. The story subjects include bullfighting, infidelity, divorce and death. "The Killers", "Hills Like White Elephants" and "In Another Country" are considered to be among Hemingway's best work.[1]
In a letter to F. Scott Fitzgerald dated September 1927, Hemingway tells that he originally wanted to find another title from the Book of Ecclesiastes (source of The Sun Also Rises) but, upon borrowing an Anglican vicar's bible, discovered that Rudyard Kipling and others had mined all potential biblical quotations, leaving him to come up with Men Without Women off the cuff.[citation needed]
Publication history

Men Without Women was Hemingway's second book of short stories. It was published in October 1927 with a first print-run of approximately 7600 copies at $2.[2]

One of the most famous American novelist, short-story writer and essayist, whose deceptively simple prose style have influenced wide range of writers. Hemingway was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize for Literature. He was unable to attend the award ceremony in Stockholm, because he was recuperating from injuries sustained in an airplane crash while hunting in Uganda.

"Certainly there is no hunting like the hunting of man and those who have hunted armed men long enough and liked it, never really care for anything else thereafter. You will meet them doing various things with resolve, but their interest rarely holds because after the other thing ordinary life is as flat as the taste of wine when the taste buds have been burned off your tongue." (from 'On the Blue Water' in Esquire, April 1936)

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الحوار المتمدن - العدد: 3030 - 2010 / 6 / 10
المحور: الادب والفن


هدفي هو أن أضع على الورق ما أرى وما أشعر بأفضل وأبسط طريقة".... همنغواي
يعد إرنست همنغواي كأحد أهم كتاب أمريكا في القرن العشرين، روائي وقاص ذو أسلوب نثر بسيط موجز مظلل، ضمن إطار مكاني يمتاز بالحيوية ويتفاعل مع الشخصيات. أَثر على نطاق واسع من الكُتاب، ومُنح جائزة نوبل للآداب 1954 وجائزة بوليتز عن رواية العجوز والبحر التي نشرت في 1952، لكنه لم يتمكن من حضور مراسم الجائزةَ في ستوكهولم، بسبب الإصابات التي لحقته اثر تحطّم طائرة أثناء رحلة صيد في أوغندا.
ولد همنغواي في اواك بارك بولاية الينوي الأمريكية، في 21 يوليو 1899، والدته موسيقية بارعة محبة للثقافة، أما والده الدّكتور كلارنس إدموندز همنغواي، فزرع في نفس ولده حب الطبيعة والصيد وعدم التقيد بمحددات الحياة، إلى أن انتحر الأب في 1938 بعد تدهور صحته وإصابته بمرض السكري.
حضر همنغواي المدارس العامّة في اواك بارك ونشر قصصَه الأولى وقصائده في صحيفة مدرسته.. وبعد إنهائه للدراسة الثانوية في 1917، رفض الالتحاق بالجامعة وذهب إلى مدينة كنساس حيث عمل لستة شهور كمراسل لصحيفة (كنساس ستي ستار). بعد ذلك تطوع في وحدة سيارة إسعاف في إيطاليا أثناء الحرب العالمية الأولى في 1918 تلقى خلالها إصابة بليغة في ساقه، قبل أن تستقبله بلدته بحفاوة حيث كرمته الحكومة الإيطالية كبطل من أبطال الحرب.
أثناء فترة تعافيه في المستشفى أقام همنغواي علاقة مع ممرضة أمريكية (اجني فون كوروفسكي) ، والتي كانت مصدر الإلهام لشخصية كاترين باركلي في رواية (وداعا للسلاح) 1929 والتي تصور إيطاليا أبان الحرب العالمية الأولى، حيث حبيبان يبحثان عن سبل السعادة البسيطة... صور منها فلمين الأول في 1932، بطولة غاري كوبير، هيلين هايز، وأدولف مينجو. أما النسخة الثانية فصورت في 1957، بطولة شارل فيدور، روك هودسون وجينيفر جونز. وكسبت الرواية نجاح نقدي وتجاري هائل..
بعد انتهاء الحرب عمل همنغواي لفترة قصيرة كصحفي في شيكاغو. وفي 1921 انتقل إلى باريس، حيث كتب مقالات لـ( تورنتو ستار).وهناك اخلبه جمال الطبيعة وحيوية الاجواء فجاء في وصفه لباريس: "أنت محظوظ جدا أن وفقت للعِيش في باريس وأنت في عمر الشباب، فأثناء وجودك في باريس تلازمك وليمة متنقلة." (مِنْ رواية وليمة متنقلة 1964)...
بعدها جاءت فترة توقف همنغواي عن الكتابة وترك العمل في الصحيفة وكرس اهتماماته للتَجوّل مَع زوجتِه ( إليزابيث هادلي ريتشاردسون): فرنسا، سويسرا، وإيطاليا. وفي 1922 ذَهبَ إلى اليونان وتركيا للاطلاع على الحرب بين تلك البلدانِ. في 1923 سافر إلى إسبانيا لرُؤية مصارعة الثيران في مهرجانِ بامبلونا السنوي، حيث جاء في وصفه لهذا المهرجان "مصارعة الثيران هي الفنّ الوحيد الذي يكون فيه الفنان في خطر الموت ودرجة التألق في الأداء تحاكي شرف المقاتل".
لدى همنغواي العديد من المؤلفات، أولها "ثلاث قصصِ وعشْرة قصائدِ" (1923)، ومجموعة قصصية بعنوان "في عصرنا" (1924)، والتي نشرها في باريس. أما "سيول الربيع" (1926) فكَانت محاكاة ساخرة لأسلوبِ شيروود أندرسن. وأول روايات همنغواي الجدية كانت "الشمس تشرق أيضاً" (1926). والتي يروي أحداثها بطل الرواية وهو صحفي أمريكيِ، يتعامل مع مجموعة من المغتربين في فرنسا وإسبانيا، وهم محرري منشورات عن الجيل الذي فقد في الحرب العالمية الأولى. الشخصيتان الرئيسيتان في الرواية هما السيدةَ بريت آشلي وجايك بارنز، اللذان عاشا قصة حب متأرجحة حيث الاضطراب الذي طرأ على شخصية السيدة بريت التي كبلت بصراعات جسيمة بين رغباتها الذاتية ومشاعرها تجاه جايك الذي لا يستطيع إجابة حاجاتها بسبب جرحه في الحرب، بالرغم من أن همنغواي لم يحدد جرح جايك بشكل واضح.. جايك وبريت ومجموعتهم الشاذّة من الأصدقاء لهم مغامرات مختلفة حول أوروبا، في مدريد، باريس، وبامبلونا. وكمحاولة لمجابهة يأسِهم اتجهوا إلى الكحول والعنف والجنس.. يقول بيتر هاي في كتاب "موجز تاريخ الأدب الأمريكي" إن أبطال رواية همنغواي الأولى كانت "الشمس تشرق أيضاً" يريدون معرفة كيف يمكنهم أن يعيشوا في هذا الفراغ الموجود في العالم، وفي كتاباته الأخيرة، نراه يطور هذا الفراغ إلى مفهوم "النادا"، وهي كلمة اسبانية تعني العدم، فهو يصور هذه النادا في بعض الأحيان على صورة أمل مفقود، أو عدم القدرة على المشاركة الفعالة في العالم الواقعي، وفي أحيان أخرى تكون هذه النادا على شكل رغبة في النوم. أو الرغبة في الموت بسهولة، ان البطل النموذجي عند همنغواي يجب عليه أن يقاتل دائما ضد نادا العالم، ويجب عليه ألا يتوقف أبدا عند محاولة أن يحيا الحياة الكاملة، وقدر ما يستطيع". استخدم همنغواي لغة بسيطة، وموجزة مما جعل النصّ غني بالدلالات والإيحاءات.
بعد نشر رواية "رجال من دون نساء" (1927)، عاد همنغواي إلى الولايات المتحدة، ليستقر في فلوريدا. في هذه السنة طلق همنغواي زوجته الأولى هادلي، وفي نفس السنة تزوّج بولين فيفير وهي صديقة هادلي... وفي الثلاثينات كتب همنغواي الأعمال الرئيسية والرائدة كـ"موت بعد الظهيرة" (1932) , و"تلال أفريقيا الخضراء" (1935)، و"الفائز لا يربح".
في 1937 عاصر همنغواي الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية وعايشها عن كثب.. وأثناء تلك الأحداث قابل في مدريد (مارثا جلهورن) وهي كاتبة ومراسلة حرب، والتي اصبحت زوجته الثالثة في 1940. كانت السنوات الأولى من زواجه سعيدة، لكنّه أدرك لاحقا أنّ جلهورن لايمكن ان تكون ربّة بيت، بل صحفية طموحة.حيث وصفها همنغواي بـ"رفيق ممتنع تنبض مع العالم".
بالإضافة إلى رحلات الصيد في أفريقيا، أفصح همنغواي عن عاطفته تجاه البحر وولعه بصيد الأسماك في مياه البهاما، وكوبا. وضل يراقب بقاربه المسلح نشاطات النازية وغوّاصاتهم في تلك المنطقة أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية. وبعد إكماله لرواية "لمن تقرع الأجراس"1940 أشترى همنغواي بيتا في كوبا واستأجر مزرعة مجاورة له ليخصصها لتربية القطط.. وفي ذلك المكان وتلك الأجواء أقام همنغواي اتصالات مع سياسيين ومعارضين وفنانين من هوليود ورياضيين ومصارعي ثيران، محيطا نفسه بعالم ساحر اقرب للخرافة، بالإضافة إلى زيجاته المتعددة ومغامراته العاطفية، ورحلات الصيد والبحر والحروب التي شارك فيها وعايشها، مما أثرى تجربته الأدبية وحرك بداخله جذوة الابتكار.
في مطلع 1941 سافر همنغواي مع جلهورن إلى الصين وشرق آسيا إلى أن تطلقا في 1945 قبل ان يعود همنغواي إلى كوبا في 1946 ليأتي زواجه من ماري ويلش التي ظلت معه حتى مماته.
شرب همنغواي للكحول بدأ عندما كان مراسلا، ولم يؤثّر على نوعية كتابته لكن كميات المشروب ازدادت فيما بعد ولوقت طويل، في أواخر الأربعينات بدأت الأصوات تطن في رأسه، ازداد وزنه، أصيب بارتفاع ضغط الدمّ ، والتليف الكبدي... إلى أن أدخل المستشفى عام 1960 لمعالجة الأكتئآب، وخرج من المستشفى في 1961بعد أن عولج بالصدمات الكهربائية للشهرين... وفي يوليو/تموز 1961 إنتحر همنغواي ببندقيته في بيته بكتشوم شمال الولايات المتحدة..
بعد انتحاره في كتشم بولاية ايداهو ، في عام 1961 ، ضل الوسط الأدبي يصدح بجائزة نوبل 1954 الى ان نشرت بعض اعماله التي لم ترى النور الى بعد وفاته اهمها روايتي جزر في تيار (1970) ، وجنة عدن (1986) ،كما ونشرت له 88 قصيدة (1979) ، ورسائل مختارة (1981). ورحلة صيد في كينيا (1999)، وكان الدور الاهم في هذه الاحداث يعود الى جمعية همنغواي (الولايات المتحدة).
وكنتيجة طبيعية لهذا الاهتمام المكرس ضهرت جوانب متعددة واساسية في حياة همنغواي والتي كانت مبهمة او محجوبة عن الجمهور قبل ذلك الوقت، لهذا تحتم إعادة التقييم والنظر في القيم الأساسية، التي تكشف لنا التجريب والانفراد وعدم التقيد بنمط ما ،الامر الذي منح همنغواي بصماته الخاصة والحديثة والتي تؤطر فهم همنغواي وفق منظار اعمق، وعلى الرغم من ذلك لازالت أعماله وسيرته تقودنا إلى الحيرة والغموض الجاثم فوق شخصيته..

Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist.
ولد ايرنست همنجوي في عام 1899 وكان كاتب وصحفي
His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and his public image.
اسلوبه اثر في ادب القرن العشرين كما اثرت حياته التي اتصفت بالمغامرة
He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Many of his works are classics of American literature. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime; a further three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously.
Hemingway was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After leaving high school he worked for a few months as a reporter for The Kansas City Star, before leaving for the Italian front to become an ambulance driver during World War I, which became the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms.
عمل لفترة كصحفي قبل ان يغادر الى ايطاليا ليعمل سائق سيارة اسعاف بعد انهاؤه المدرسة الثانوية
In 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home within the year.
في العام 1918 اصيب اصباة خطيرة واعيد الى الولايات المتحدة
In 1922 Hemingway married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives, and the couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent.
عام 1922 تزوج اولى زوجاته حيث تزوج اربع نساء وانتقل الى فرنسا يعمل مراسل صحفي اجني
During his time there he met and was influenced by modernist writers and artists of the 1920s expatriate community known as the "Lost Generation". His first novel, The Sun Also Rises, was published in 1926.
صدرت اول رواية له والشمس تشرق ايضا عام 1926
After divorcing Hadley Richardson in 1927 Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer; they divorced following Hemingway's return from covering the Spanish Civil War, after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls.
عام 1927 تزوج للمرة الثانية
Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940; they split when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II.
تزوج زوجته الثالثه عام 1940 وافترقا عندما قابل ماري ولش في لندن خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية
During the war he was present at D-Day and the liberation of Paris.
Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea in 1952 Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in a plane crash that left him in pain or ill-health for much of the rest of his life.
بعد نشره لروايته الشيخ والبحر عام 1952 ذهب همنجوي الى افريقا حيث تعرض لحادث سقوط طائرة وظل بعدها يعاني من المرض
Hemingway had permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba during the 1930s and '40s, but in 1959 he moved from Cuba to Ketchum, Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961.

Ernest Hemingway was born inn Oak Park, Illinois. His mother Grace Hall, whom he never forgave for dressing him as a little girl in his youth, had an operatic career before marrying Dr. Clarence Edmonds Hemingway; he taught his son to love out-door life.
والدته جريس كانت موسيقية لم يسامحها همنجوي ابدا لانها كانت تجربة على ارتداء الملابس النسائية وهو شاب اما والده فقد علمه حب الطبيعة
Hemingway's father took his own life in 1928 after losing his healt to diabetes and his money in the Florida real-estate bubble.
والد همنجوي انتحر عام 1928 بسبب اصابته بالسكري وبسبب فقدانه لماله في الانهيار الاقتصادي الذي حدث في ذلك العام في فلوريدا
Hemingway attended the public schools in Oak Park and published his earliest stories and poems in his high school newspaper. Upon his graduation in 1917, Hemingway worked six months as a reporter for The Kansas City Star. He then joined a volunteer ambulance unit in Italy during World War I. In 1918 he suffered a severe leg wound. For his service, Hemingway was twice decorated by the Italian government.
Hemingway's affair with an American nurse, Agnes von Kurowsky, during his hospital recuperation gave basis for the novel A FAREWELL TO ARMS (1929). The tragic love story was filmed first time in 1932
وقع في غرام ممرضة امريكية خلال علاجه وقد استوحى من تلك العلاقة روياته وداعا للسلاح كما تحولت قصة الحب المأساوية تلك الى افلام سينمائية
When he was not writing for the newspaper or for himself, Hemingway toured with his wife, the former Elisabeth Hadley Richardson, France, Switzerland, and Italy. In 1922 he went to Greece and Turkey to report on the war between those countries. In 1923 Hemingway made two trips to Spain, on the second to see bullfights at Pamplona's annual festival.
عندما لم يكن همنجوي يعمل مراسلا او يكتب روايات كان يسافر الى بلدان كثيرة
After the publication of MEN WITHOUT WOMEN (1927), Hemingway returned to the United States, settling in Key West, Florida.
بعد نشرة لرواية رجال من دون نساء عام 1927 عاد همنجوي الى امريكا
Hemingway and Hadley divorced in 1927. On the same year Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer, a wealthy fashion editor. In Florida he wrote A Farewell to Arms, which was published in 1929. Its scene is the Italian front in World War I, where two lovers find a brief happiness. The novel gained enormous critical and commercial success.
By June he was stationed at the Italian Front, and on his first day in Milan was sent to the scene of a munitions factory explosion where rescuers retrieved the shredded remains of female workers. He described the incident in his non-fiction book Death in the Afternoon: "I remember that after we searched quite thoroughly for the complete dead we collected fragments".
عندما تطوع للعمل كسائق سيارة اسعاف في اوروبا خلال الحرب ارسل الى الجبهة الايطالية وارسل في اول يوم عمل له الى موقع انفجار في مصنه متفجرات حيث ساهم في لملمت احشاء واجساد الضحايا التي تقطعت اربا وقد كتب عن تلك التجربة في روايته الموت في المساء
A few days later he was stationed at Fossalta di Piave. On July 8 he was seriously wounded by mortar fire, having just returned from the canteen to deliver chocolate and cigarettes to the men at the front line.Despite his wounds, Hemingway carried an Italian soldier to safety, for which he received the Italian Silver Medal of Bravery.
بعد ذلك بأيام اصيب هو ورغم اصابتة نقل جندي ايطالي مصاب الى المشفى وحصل من اجل ذلك على ميديلية ايطالية
Still only eighteen, Hemingway said of the incident: "When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you ... Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you."
كان عمر همنجوي عندما شارك في الحرب 18 سنة وقك كتب عن تلك التجربة اذ قال عندما تشارك في الحرب تظن انك لن تقتل انت بل الاخرون ولكن عندما تصاب في الحرب اول شيء يقتل هو ذلك الظن
He sustained shrapnel wounds to both legs; underwent an operation at a distribution center; spent five days at a field hospital; and was transferred to the Red Cross hospital in Milan for recuperation.Hemingway spent six months in the hospital,
لقد عولج في مشفىة ميداني ولكنه قضى 6 اشهر في مستشفى لمعلاجة جروح رجليه
where he met and fell in love with Agnes von Kurowsky, a Red Cross nurse seven years his senior.
خلال وجوده في المستشفى وقع في غرام امرأة تكبره بسبع سنوات
Agnes and Hemingway planned to marry, but she became engaged to an Italian officer in March 1919, an incident that provided material for the short and bitter work "A Very Short Story".Biographer Jeffrey Meyers claims Hemingway was devastated by Agnes' rejection, and that he followed a pattern of abandoning a wife before she abandoned him in future relationships.
يقول احد كتاب السيرة بأن همنجوي قد تأثر كثيرا برفض تلك المرأة الزواج منه واثر ذلك فيه كثيرا وعلى علاقاته النسائية
Idaho and suicide
Hotchner found Hemingway to be "unusually hesitant, disorganized, and confused".
احد مساعديه قال ان همنجوي كان في آخر حياتة متردد وغير منظم ومرتبك
Two days later, in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961, Hemingway "quite deliberately" shot himself with his favorite shotgun.
في صباح 2 /7/1962 انتحر همنحوي
During his final years, Hemingway's behavior was similar to his father's before he himself committed suicide; his father may have had the genetic disease hemochromatosis, in which the inability to metabolize iron culminates in mental and physical deterioration.
كانت تصرفات همنجوي قبل موته تشه كثيرا تصرفات والده قبل انتحاره
Medical records made available in 1991 confirm that Hemingway's hemochromatosis had been diagnosed in early 1961. His sister Ursula and his brother Leicester also committed suicide.
اظهرت التقارير الطبية التي نشرت عام 1991 بأن كان يعاني من مرض نفسي واتضح بأن اخته واخاه قد انتحرا ايضا
Added to Hemingway's physical ailments was the additional problem that he had been a heavy drinker for most of his life.
ما زاد من مشاكله الصحية ادمانه على الكحول
Writing in "Ernest Hemingway: A Psychological Autopsy of a Suicide", Christopher Martin evaluates the causes of the suicide: "Careful reading of Hemingway's major biographies and his personal and public writings reveals evidence suggesting the presence of the following conditions during his lifetime: bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, traumatic brain injury, and probable borderline and narcissistic personality traits". Martin claims suicide was inevitable because Hemingway "suffered from an enormous burden of psychiatric comorbidities and risk factors for suicide", although without a clinical evaluation of the patient, Martin concedes a diagnosis is difficult.
كتب احد اطباء النفس بأن همنجوي وكما يظهر من ملفاته وكتاباته كان يعاني من مجموعة امراض مثل:
bipolar disorder,
انفصام في الشخصية
alcohol dependence,
ادمان على الكحول
traumatic brain injury,
اصابة في الدماغ
borderline
غير مستقر
narcissistic

-اسلوبه اثر في ادب القرن العشرين كما اثرت حياته التي اتصفت بالمغامرة
-عمل لفترة كصحفي قبل ان يغادر الى ايطاليا ليعمل سائق سيارة اسعاف بعد انهاؤه المدرسة الثانوية
-في العام 1918 اصيب اصباة خطيرة واعيد الى الولايات المتحدة
-عام 1922 تزوج اولى زوجاته حيث تزوج اربع نساء وانتقل الى فرنسا يعمل مراسل صحفي اجني
-صدرت اول رواية له والشمس تشرق ايضا عام 1926
-عام 1927 تزوج للمرة الثانية
-تزوج زوجته الثالثه عام 1940 وافترقا عندما قابل ماري ولش في لندن خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية
-بعد نشره لروايته الشيخ والبحر عام 1952 ذهب همنجوي الى افريقا حيث تعرض لحادث سقوط طائرة وظل بعدها يعاني من المرض
-والدته جريس كانت موسيقية لم يسامحها همنجوي ابدا لانها كانت تجربة على ارتداء الملابس النسائية وهو شاب اما والده فقد علمه حب الطبيعة
-والد همنجوي انتحر عام 1928 بسبب اصابته بالسكري وبسبب فقدانه لماله في الانهيار الاقتصادي الذي حدث في ذلك العام في فلوريدا
-وقع في غرام ممرضة امريكية خلال علاجه وقد استوحى من تلك العلاقة روياته وداعا للسلاح كما تحولت قصة الحب المأساوية تلك الى افلام سينمائية
-عندما لم يكن همنجوي يعمل مراسلا او يكتب روايات كان يسافر الى بلدان كثيرة
-بعد نشرة لرواية رجال من دون نساء عام 1927 عاد همنجوي الى امريكا
-عندما تطوع للعمل كسائق سيارة اسعاف في اوروبا خلال الحرب ارسل الى الجبهة الايطالية وارسل في اول يوم عمل له الى موقع انفجار في مصنه متفجرات حيث ساهم في لملمت احشاء واجساد الضحايا التي تقطعت اربا وقد كتب عن تلك التجربة في روايته الموت في المساء
- بعد ذلك بأيام اصيب هو ورغم اصابتة نقل جندي ايطالي مصاب الى المشفى وحصل من اجل ذلك على ميديلية ايطالية
- كان عمر همنجوي عندما شارك في الحرب 18 سنة وقك كتب عن تلك التجربة اذ قال عندما تشارك في الحرب تظن انك لن تقتل انت بل الاخرون ولكن عندما تصاب في الحرب اول شيء يقتل هو ذلك الظن
-لقد عولج في مشفىة ميداني ولكنه قضى 6 اشهر في مستشفى لمعلاجة جروح رجليه
-خلال وجوده في المستشفى وقع في غرام امرأة تكبره بسبع سنوات
- يقول احد كتاب السيرة بأن همنجوي قد تأثر كثيرا برفض تلك المرأة الزواج منه واثر ذلك فيه كثيرا وعلى علاقاته النسائية
- احد مساعديه قال ان همنجوي كان في آخر حياتة متردد وغير منظم ومرتبك
-في صباح 2 /7/1962 انتحر همنحوي
- كانت تصرفات همنجوي قبل موته تشه كثيرا تصرفات والده قبل انتحاره
- اظهرت التقارير الطبية التي نشرت عام 1991 بأن كان يعاني من مرض نفسي واتضح بأن اخته واخاه قد انتحرا ايضا
- ما زاد من مشاكله الصحية ادمانه على الكحول
- كتب احد اطباء النفس بأن همنجوي وكما يظهر من ملفاته وكتاباته كان يعاني من مجموعة امراض مثل: bipolar disorder,
o انفصام في الشخصية
o ادمان على الكحول alcohol dependence,
oاصابة في الدماغ traumatic brain injury,-
oغير مستقر borderline

41 ـ البحث عن الزمن الضائع،للمؤلفمارسيل بروست............ مأزوم.
42 ـ قوس قزح، للمؤلف دي. اتش. لورنس.......................... يتيم افتراضي.
43 ـ الجندي الطيب،للمؤلف فورد مادوكس.......................... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 16
44 ـ الخطوات التسعوالثلاثون، للمؤلف جون بوشان.............. مأزوما.
45 ـ يوليسيس، للمؤلف جيمسجويس............................... مأزوم.
46 ـ السيدةدالاوي، للمؤلفة فيرجينياوولف....................... يتمية الام في سن الـ 13.
47 ـ الطريق إلى الهند، للمؤلف إي. إم. فورستر................... يتيم الاب في عامه الاول.
48 ـ العظيم جاتسباي، للمؤلف إف. سكوت فيتزجيرالد............ غير يتيم وليس مأزوم.
49 ـ المحكمة لفرانز كافكا........................................... يتيم افتراضي.
50 ـرجال من دون نساء للمؤلف إرنست همنغواي.............. مأزوم
- عدد الايتام ..............3
- عدد الايتام الافتراضي....2
- عدد المأزومين...........4
- عدد غير الايتام......... 1
- وبذلك نجد ان نسبة الايتام من بين افراد هذه المجموعة هو 30%.
- نسبة الايتام افتراضيا هي 20%
- ولو اننا اضفنا اليهم الايتام يتم افتراضي لاصبحت النتيجة 50%.
- بينما نجد ان الروائيين الذين عاشوا طفولة مأزومة للاسباب المشروحة ومنها الفقر والمرض الخ لوجدنا ان نسبتهم بين افراد هذه المجموعة هو 40%.
- واحد فقط ( 10% ) من بين افراد المجموعة ليس يتيم ولم يعش يتم افتراضي وليس مأزوم على ما يبدو...مع الاحتمال ان يكون قد تم اخفاء ظروف طفولته.

والان مع الرواية :
51 ـ رحلة إلى نهاية الليلة، للمؤلف لويسفردينان سيلين.

Journey to the End of Night (Voyage au bout de la nuit, 1932) is the first novel of Louis-Ferdinand Céline. This semi-autobiographical work describes antihero Ferdinand Bardamu.
His surname, Bardamu, is derived from the French words barda—the "pack" carried by World War I soldiers—and mu, the past participle of the verb mouvoir, meaning "to move".
Bardamu is involved with World War I, colonial Africa, and post-World War I America (where he works for the Ford Motor Company), returning in the second half of the work to France, where he becomes a medical doctor and establishes a practice in a poor Paris suburb, the fictional La Garenne-Rancy. The novel also satirizes the medical profession and the vocation of scientific research. The disparate elements of the work are linked together by recurrent encounters with Léon Robinson, a hapless character whose experiences parallel, to some extent, those of Bardamu.
Voyage au bout de la nuit is a nihilistic novel of savage, exultant misanthropy, combined, however, with cynical humour. Céline expresses an almost unrelieved pessimism with regard to human nature, human institutions, society, and life in general. Towards the end of the book, the narrator Bardamu, who is working at an insane asylum, remarks:
…I cannot refrain from doubting that there exist any genuine realizations of our deepest character except war and illness, those two infinities of nightmare,"
("…je ne peux m'empêcher de mettre en doute qu'il existe d'autres véritables réalisations de nos profonds tempéraments que la guerre et la maladie, ces deux infinis du cauchemar,")
In 2006 Will Self described the book as being "a furious attempt to place one man's consciousness at the epicenter of a world that is exploding under the centripetal influences of capitalism, imperialism, consumerism and licentiousness."[1]

لويس فردينان أُغوست ديتوش

(Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches) كاتب روائي وطبيب فرنسي، ولد سنة 1894م في ضاحية باريس (كوربفوا)، توفي سنة 1961م في مودن (الضاحية الجنوبية لباريس)، عرف لاحقاُ باسمه الأدبي لوییس فردینان سيلین (Louis-Ferdinand Céline) أو إختصاراً سيلین (من اسم جدته). يعتبر سلين من أشهر وأكثر كتاب فرنسا ترجمتاً في القرن العشرين. فكره العدمي يتميز بنبرنة من السخرية وأخرى من الملحمية في آن واحد.
دخل سيلين الشهرة الأدبية من بابها الواسع بعد نشره رواته الأولى سفر إلى آخر الليل سنة 1932م، حيث ينتقد الكاتب بنمطه الأدبي الفريد رعب الحرب، قسوة الرأس المالية وإلى حدٍ ما الاستعمار، من خلال الشخصية الرئيسية للرواية فرديناند باردامو (المستوحاة من التجارب الشخصية لسيلين).
نشره لمقالاتٍ معاديةٍ للسامية في الثلاثينيات وتعاونه الفكري مع المحتل الألماني وحكومة فيشي أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية ضد "الخطر اليهودي على فرنسا" جلب له متاعب جمة (قضائية، مالية وإدارية) بعد الحرب. في الخمسينيات عاش سيلين وحيداً مع زوجته في ضاحية باريس، في عزلة عن الدوائر الأدبية الباريسية حتى مات في العام 1961م. ذالك لم يمنعه من نشر ثلاث قصصٍ (من قصرٍ لآخر 1957م، شمال 1960م وريغودون التي نشرت بعد وفاته سنة 1969م) حيث يروي من خلالها حيثيات فراره مع فلول حكومة فيشي في نهاية الحرب عبر ألمانيا ثم إلى الدنمارك.
يعتبر سيلين في الأدب الفرنسي من أكبر الروائي القرن العشرين، إلى جانب كتاب "سخافة الإنسانية" كألبير كامو، جان بول سارتر أو صمويل بيكيت. ابتدع سلين أسلوباً لغوياً خاصاً، متقنٌ للغاية، رغم اعتماده على لغة الشارع الباريسي

Louis-Ferdinand Céline was the pen name of French writer and physician Louis-Ferdinand Destouches (27 May 1894 – 1 July 1961).
كاتب فرنسي ولد عام 1894
Céline was chosen after his grandmother's first name. He is considered one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century, developing a new style of writing that modernized both French and world literature.
واحد من اشهر كتاب القرن العشرين طور الادب الفرنسي والعالمي
He remains, however, a controversial figure because of his anti-Semitic pamphlets.
ظل مثير للجدل بسبب مواقفه التي وصفت بأنها ضد السامية
French writer and physician, nihilist and anti-Semitist, a controversial figure, who became famous with his first novel VOYAGE AU BOUT DE LA NUIT (1932, Journey to the End of the Night).
Céline was wounded severely in World War I and respected as a national hero. After World War II he was accused of collaborating with the Nazis and only his literary fame saved him from imprisonment.
جرح سيلين جرحا خطيرا في الحرب العالمية الاولى واثناء مشاركته فيها كجندي

Louis-Ferdinand Destouches (Louis-Ferdinand Céline) was born in Courbevoie in the Seine Department. His father was employed by an insurance company and mother dealt in quality lace. Céline grew in Paris, where his mother set up a shop in the Passage Choiseul. Céline's parents planned him a career in business and sent him abroad to learn languages.
ارسلة والديه الى الخاريج ليتعلم لغات لتساعدة على الوظيفة
He studied at a school at Diepholz in Lower Saxony , then at an English boarding school, and worked in various commercial companies.

درس في مدارس داخلية
In 1912, at the age of 18, he enlisted in a cavalry unit, the Twelfth Regiment of the Cuirassiers.
تطوع عام 1912 وعمره 18 عاما للجيش
He was seriously wounded during World War I in Ypres, which left him with a damaged arm, a buzzing and ringing in his head, and headaches that lasted all his life.
جرح بكشل خطير في الحرب العالمية الاولى ذلك الجرح الذي تركه بذراع معطلة وطنين في الاذن ووجع في الراس استمر طوال حياته
In the autobiographical novel North (1960) he wrote about his ear noises: "I listen to them become trombones, full orchestras, marshaling yards..." He was awarded the Médaille militaire and a seventy-five percent disability pension.
اعتبر معاق بنسة 75%كتب في روايته الشمال عن الطنين في اذنيه
Céline was then assigned to the French passport office in London. In 1915 he married Suzanne Nebout, a Frenchwoman working as a barmaid, but this union was not registered with the French consulate.
تزوج عام 1915في لندن من امرأة فرنسية اسمها سوزان لكن لم يتم تسجيل الزواج في القنصلية الفرنسية
They divorced a years later, when he wen to the Cameroons, where he worked for a lumber company.
تم الطلاق بعد سنة واحدة
Upon contracting malaria and dysentery, Céline was sent back to France.
اصيب بمرض الملاريا والديزنتاريا وعليه اعيد الى فرنسا
In 1919 he married Edith Follet, whose father was a director of a medical school.
عام 1919 تزوج من اديث وهي ابنة مدير مدرسة طبية
After studying medicine at the University of Rennes, Céline received his degree from the University of Paris in 1924. His doctoral thesis was entitled LA VIE ET L'OEUVRE DE PHILIPPE-IGNACE SEMMELWEIS. This biographical study was about Hungarian physician who discovered how to prevent childbed fever. In 1925 he left his practice, his wife, and his daughter to work as a doctor for the League of Nations.
عام 1925 تخلى عن زوجته وعمله وابنته ليعمل كطبيب مع الامم المتحدة
Céline traveled for three years in Switzerland, the Cameroons, the United States, Cuba, and Canada.
سافر الى سويسرا والكاميرون والولايات المتحدة وكوبا وكندا

Céline's second novel, Death on the Installment Plan (1936) also gained critical success. It continued the story of Ferdinand, but returned to his childhood memoirs, his violent father and his mother, who suffered from polio and earned living for the family as a saleswoman.
في روايته الثانية " الموت بالتقسيط" ضمن سيلين بعض ذكريات الطفولة وتحدث فيها عن والده العنيف وامع التي عانت من شلل الاطفال وكانت تعمل كبائعة من اجل اعالة العائلة
"At the clinic where I work, the Linuty Foundation, I've had a lot of complaints about the stories I tell..." Céline wrote. Ferdinand leaves homes, and helps the inventor and hot air ballooner, Courtial des Pereires, in his swindling plans.
Much of his life, Céline spent traveling; as a prophet of apocalypse, it was a political act for him, an escape from the modern world. At the same time, Céline's travels provided him with new perspectives. "The further away I go, the better," Bardamy says in Journey to the End of the Night.
After becoming a communist, Céline visited the Soviet Union. He hoped in vain to have some of his ballets performed in Leningrad at the Theater Marinski. In the first of his notorious pamphlets, MEA CULPA, Céline declared his disenchantment with the Communist system.
اصبح شيوعيا وسافر الى الاتحاد السوفيتي
He began to work on a third novel, but interrupted it because he thought it was more urgent to try to prevent his country from entering a new war – this conflict would be disastrous, Céline believed.
بدأ العمل على رواية ثالثة لكنه توقف لانه اعتبر ان منع بلاده الدخول في حرب اهم من الكتابة

His writings are examples of black comedy, where unfortunate and often terrible things are described humorously.
اتقن الكتابة باسلوب الكوميديا السوداء حيث يتم وصف سوء الطالع والاشياء السيئة باسلوب كوميدي
Early life
The only child of Ferdinand-Auguste Destouches and Marguerite-Louise-Céline Guilloux, he was born Louis-Ferdinand-Auguste Destouches in 1894 at Courbevoie, just outside Paris in the Seinedépartement (now Hauts-de-Seine).
كان الولد الوحيد لابويه
Between 1908 and 1910 his parents sent him to Germany and England for a year in each country in order to acquire foreign languages for future employment.
عندما كان عمره 16 سنة ارسلته عائلته الى كل من انجلترا والمانيا ولمدة عام في كل منهما لتعلم اللغات
From the time he left school, until the age of eighteen, Céline worked various jobs, leaving or losing them after only short periods of time. He often found himself working for jewellers, first, at eleven, as an errand boy, and later as a salesperson for a local goldsmith. Although he was no longer being formally educated, he bought schoolbooks with the money he earned, and studied by himself. It was around this time that Céline started to want to become a doctor.[3]
World War I and Africa
In 1912, in what Céline described as an act of rebellion against his parents, he joined the French army, two years before the start of the first World War and its mandatory French conscription.
في العام 1912 وبينما كان في الثامنة عشره التحق بالجيش
Becoming a writer
In 1925 Céline suddenly left his family, never to return.
في عام 1925( عندما كان في سن 31 ) غادر سيسلين عائلته ولم يعد اليها ابدا

- كاتب فرنسي ولد عام 1894
- واحد من اشهر كتاب القرن العشرين طور الادب الفرنسي والعالمي
- ظل مثير للجدل بسبب مواقفه التي وصفت بأنها ضد السامية
- جرح سيلين جرحا خطيرا في الحرب العالمية الاولى واثناء مشاركته فيها كجندي
- ارسلة والديه الى الخاريج ليتعلم لغات لتساعدة على الوظيفة
- درس في مدارس داخلية
- تطوع عام 1912 وعمره 18 عاما للجيش
- جرح بكشل خطير في الحرب العالمية الاولى ذلك الجرح الذي تركه بذراع معطلة وطنين في الاذن ووجع في الراس استمر طوال حياته
- اعتبر معاق بنسة 75%كتب في روايته الشمال عن الطنين في اذنيه
- تزوج عام 1915في لندن من امرأة فرنسية اسمها سوزان لكن لم يتم تسجيل الزواج في القنصلية الفرنسية
- تم الطلاق بعد سنة واحدة –
- اصيب بمرض الملاريا والديزنتاريا وعليه اعيد الى فرنسا
- عام 1919 تزوج من اديث وهي ابنة مدير مدرسة طبية
- عام 1925 تخلى عن زوجته وعمله وابنته ليعمل كطبيب مع الامم المتحدة
- سافر الى سويسرا والكاميرون والولايات المتحدة وكوبا وكندا
- في روايته الثانية " الموت بالتقسيط" ضمن سيلين بعض ذكريات الطفولة وتحدث فيها عن والده العنيف وامع التي عانت من شلل الاطفال وكانت تعمل كبائعة من اجل اعالة العائلة
- اصبح شيوعيا وسافر الى الاتحاد السوفيتي
- بدأ العمل على رواية ثالثة لكنه توقف لانه اعتبر ان منع بلاده الدخول في حرب اهم من الكتابة
- اتقن الكتابة باسلوب الكوميديا السوداء حيث يتم وصف سوء الطالع والاشياء السيئة باسلوب كوميدي
- كان الولد الوحيد لابويه
- عندما كان عمره 16 سنة ارسلته عائلته الى كل من انجلترا والمانيا ولمدة عام في كل منهما لتعلم اللغات
- في العام 1912 وبينما كان في الثامنة عشره التحق بالجيش
-في عام 1925( عندما كان في سن 31 ) غادر سيسلين عائلته ولم يعد اليها ابدا
اب عنيف وام بصابة بشلل الاطفال Polioومدارس داخليه ثم سفر الى دول اجنبية في سن 16 ثم مشاركة في الحرب في سن 18 ثم اصابة في الذراع والرأس كل ذلك يجعله انسان مأزوم بأمتياز.

مأزوم.

As I Lay Dying is a novel by the American author William Faulkner. He claimed to have written the novel in six weeks and that he did not change a word of it. Faulkner wrote it while working at a power plant, published in 1930, and described it as a "tour-de-force." It is Faulkner's fifth novel and consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th century literature.[1][2][3][4] The title derives from Book XI of Homer's The Odyssey, wherein Agamemnon speaks to Odysseus: "As I lay dying, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes as I descended into Hades."
The novel is known for its stream of consciousness writing technique, multiple narrators, and varying chapter lengths; in fact, the shortest chapter in the book consists of just five words, "My mother is a fish."

The book is narrated by 15 different characters over 59 chapters. It is the story of the death of Addie Bundren and her family's quest and motivations—noble or selfish—to honor her wish to be buried in the town of Jefferson.
As is the case in much of Faulkner's work, the story is set in Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, which Faulkner referred to as "my apocryphal county," a fictional rendition of the writer's home of Lafayette County in that same state.
Addie Bundren, the wife of Anse Bundren and the matriarch of a poor southern family, is very ill, and is expected to die soon. Her oldest son, Cash, puts all of his carpentry skills into preparing her coffin, which he builds right in front of Addie’s bedroom window. Although Addie’s health is failing rapidly, two of her other sons, Darl and Jewel, leave town to make a delivery for the Bundrens’ neighbor, Vernon Tull, whose wife and two daughters have been tending to Addie. Shortly after Darl and Jewel leave, Addie dies. The youngest Bundren child, Vardaman, associates his mother’s death with that of a fish he caught and cleaned earlier that day. With some help, Cash completes the coffin just before dawn. Vardaman is troubled by the fact that his mother is nailed shut inside a box, and while the others sleep, he bores holes in the lid, two of which go through his mother’s face. Addie and Anse’s daughter, Dewey Dell, whose recent sexual liaisons with a local farmhand named Lafe have left her pregnant, is so overwhelmed by anxiety over her condition that she barely mourns her mother’s death. A funeral service is held on the following day, where the women sing songs inside the Bundren house while the men stand outside on the porch talking to each other.

Darl, who narrates much of this first section, returns with Jewel a few days later, and the presence of buzzards over their house lets them know their mother is dead. On seeing this sign, Darl sardonically reassures Jewel, who is widely perceived as ungrateful and uncaring, that he can be sure his beloved horse is not dead. Addie has made Anse promise that she will be buried in the town of Jefferson, and though this request is a far more complicated proposition than burying her at home, Anse’s sense of obligation, combined with his desire to buy a set of false teeth, compels him to fulfill Addie’s dying wish. Cash, who has broken his leg on a job site, helps the family lift the unbalanced coffin, but it is Jewel who ends up manhandling it, almost single-handedly, into the wagon. Jewel refuses, however, to actually come in the wagon, and follows the rest of the family riding on his horse, which he bought when he was young by secretly working nights on a neighbor’s land.
On the first night of their journey, the Bundrens stay at the home of a generous local family, who regards the Bundrens’ mission with skepticism. Due to severe flooding, the main bridges leading over the local river have been flooded or washed away, and the Bundrens are forced to turn around and attempt a river-crossing over a makeshift ford. When a stray log upsets the wagon, the coffin is knocked out, Cash’s broken leg is reinjured, and the team of mules drowns. Vernon Tull sees the wreck, and helps Jewel rescue the coffin and the wagon from the river. Together, the family members and Tull search the riverbed for Cash’s tools.
Cora, Tull’s wife, remembers Addie’s unchristian inclination to respect her son Jewel more than God. Addie herself, speaking either from her coffin or in a leap back in time to her deathbed, recalls events from her life: her loveless marriage to Anse; her affair with the local minister, Whitfield, which led to Jewel’s conception; and the birth of her various children. Whitfield recalls traveling to the Bundrens’ house to confess the affair to Anse, and his eventual decision not to say anything after all.
A horse doctor sets Cash’s broken leg, while Cash faints from the pain without ever complaining. Anse is able to purchase a new team of mules by mortgaging his farm equipment, using money that he was saving for his false teeth and money that Cash was saving for a new gramophone, and trading in Jewel’s horse. The family continues on its way. In the town of Mottson, residents react with horror to the stench coming from the Bundren wagon. While the family is in town, Dewey Dell tries to buy a drug that will abort her unwanted pregnancy, but the pharmacist refuses to sell it to her, and advises marriage instead. With cement the family has purchased in town, Darl creates a makeshift cast for Cash’s broken leg, which fits poorly and only increases Cash’s pain. The Bundrens then spend the night at a local farm owned by a man named Gillespie. Darl, who has been skeptical of their mission for some time, burns down the Gillespie barn with the intention of incinerating the coffin and Addie’s rotting corpse. Jewel rescues the animals in the barn, then risks his life to drag out Addie’s coffin. Darl lies on his mother’s coffin and cries.
The next day, the Bundrens arrive in Jefferson and bury Addie. Rather than face a lawsuit for Darl’s criminal barn burning, the Bundrens claim that Darl is insane, and give him to a pair of men who commit him to a Jackson mental institution. Dewey Dell tries again to buy an abortion drug at the local pharmacy, where a boy working behind the counter claims to be a doctor and tricks her into exchanging sexual services for what she soon realizes is not an actual abortion drug. The following morning, the children are greeted by their father, who sports a new set of false teeth and, with a mixture of shame and pride, introduces them to his new bride, a local woman he meets while borrowing shovels with which to bury Addie.

وليم فولكنير


بقلم : مها محفوضمحمد


الروائي الأشهرفي ما وراء الاطلنطي ويليام فولكنر يعاد اليوم تسليط الضوء عليه من خلال نشر لقاء لهمع مجلة الاداب عام 1956 يتحدث الكاتب الكبير في لقائه هذا عن أمور عدة

منها الظروفالتي بدأ الكتابة فيها والمناخ الذي دفعه للكتابة وعن تجربته مع هوليوود ثم أنواعالعمل التي كان يكسب المال من خلالها‏


فولكنر الذي ولدعام 1897 وتوفي عام 1962 وبين هذين التاريخين تكمن مسيرته الأدبية ,تبوأ المرتبةالاولى بين الروائيين المعاصرين كما تفرد بالمكانة الاولى على صعيد الاعتراف بهكأشهر روائي ناطق باللغة الانكليزية في القرن العشرين أمام ميلفيل و جويس الذييشترك معه بعدة خصائص لا بل اعتبر المنافس الأكبر ل همنغواي‏


تكمن عظمةفولكنر في أنه تناول الادب الرعوي «أدب الأرياف» كما قدمه في أشهر رواياته «الدساكر» وقد شكلت مسيرة حياته صدى لمسيرة همنغواي لأن كل منهما خاض غمار بحارالشهرة واليأس فقد عرف الشهرة منذ طفولته لأنه ينتمي الى أسرة من الروائيين فجدهكان ضابطا روائياً وقد بدأ حياته طيارا في العام 1918 على غرار جده الاكبر الذيعايش الحرب الاهلية في الولايات المتحدة، لكنه في سن العشرين ومع نهاية الحرب عادالى الحياة المدنية ليجد نفسه عاطلا عن العمل وقد هجرته خطيبته‏


لم يجد أمامهسوى الكتابة فنشر أول قصيدة له «بعد الظهر» قبل أن يصدر مجموعته «الجنود الثلاثة» وقد نشر في تلك المرحلة عشرات المقالات النقدية ضمّنها قصائد مرحلة الشباب وخلالسبع سنوات ومع تلك الشهرة المبكرة سعى فولكنر لان يصبح شاعرا تنقل خلالها بينمانفيس عاصمة الجنوب الأميركي (الروك) وبين نيو اورليانز في كاليفورنيا و باريس حيثقضى عدة أشهر عام 1925، تعرف هناك على الجيل الضائع من الادباء الأميركيين الذينكانوا يبحثون عن الوحي والمجد والشهرة في باريس حيث كان همنغواي يراسل من هناك عدةصحف أميركية ليعود بعدها فولكنر إلى بلاده ويتزوج استيل ولدهام المطلقة ثم يجد نفسهغارقا بالديون لتبدأ مشاعر المنفى الداخلي تنهش فكره وتعتصر موهبته بعد ذلك رحل الىهوليوود حيث كتب «مناجم الملح» ثم «نقود القردة» عام 1927 تبعتها «ذبابات» ثم «أعلام في الوحل» التي حملت له المجد الكبير لكن الرواية التي توجته على عرشالرواية الأميركية كانت «الصدى والغضب» عام 1929‏


بعد ذلك دخلمرحلة اليأس وكتب روايته «بينما أنازع» غير أن هوليوود سارعت الى الاهتمام به فتحولعدد من رواياته الى أفلام سينمائية وفي الوقت ذاته باشر في العمل الصحفي فكتب فيالمجلة الاميركية الشهيرة «ساتردي افينينغ بوست» التي كانت تدفع له أجورا عالية (1000 دولار) ومابين عامي 1930-1932 كتب أربعين قصة وستة عشر مقالا ,ثم جاءت روايته «أضواء اب» التي جمعت بين أسلون جيمس وكونراد وبلزاك‏


استوحي من أحداثشباط التي هزت أورليانز روايته «بيلون» تلتها رائعته «أبسالون» عام 1936 ,في العامالذي ظهرت فيه رواية «ذهب مع الريح»‏


كتب فولكنر فيقصصه القصيرة عن التمييز العنصري خاصة أيام الحرب الاهلية وتعتبر روايته « النخيلالمتوحش» اجمل رواية حب في الادب الأميركي وفيها يرد على «وداعا للسلاح» ل همنعواي‏


كانت مرحلةالحرب العالمية أسوأ مرحلة في حياته وبعدها كتب «الدخيل» عام 1948 ليتوج في العامذاته كأهم علم في الأدب الأمريكي وينال جائزة نوبل في ذلك العام‏


آخر رواية لهكانت «اللصوص» والتي اعتبرت نظيرة «العاصفة» ل شكسبير‏


==


سونة المصباحي

William Cuthbert Faulkner (born Falkner, September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American writer from Oxford, Mississippi.
وليم فلكنير كاتب امريكي ولد عام 1897
Faulkner worked in a variety of media; he wrote novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays and screenplays during his career. He is primarily known and acclaimed for his novels and short stories, many of which are set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, a setting Faulkner created based on Lafayette County, where he spent most of his childhood.
Faulkner is considered one of the most important writers of the Southern literature of the United States, along with Mark Twain, Robert Penn Warren, Flannery O'Connor, Truman Capote, Eudora Welty, Thomas Wolfe, Harper Lee and Tennessee Williams. Though his work was published as early as 1919, and largely during the 1920s and 1930s, Faulkner was relatively unknown until receiving the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature.
فاز بجائزة نوبل للادب
Two of his works, A Fable (1954) and his last novel The Reivers (1962), both won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
In 1998, the Modern Library ranked his 1929 novel The Sound and the Fury sixth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century; also on the list were 1930's As I Lay Dying and Light in August (1932).
William Cuthbert Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, the first of four sons to Murry Cuthbert Faulkner (August 17, 1870 – August 7, 1932)
مات والده عام 1932 وعمر وليم كان ( 35 عام )
and Maud Butler (November 27, 1871 – October 19, 1960).
ماتت امه عام 1960
He had three younger brothers: Murry Charles "Jack" Faulkner (June 26, 1899 – December 24, 1975), author John Faulkner (September 24, 1901 – March 28, 1963) and Dean Swift Faulkner (August 15, 1907 – November 10, 1935).
كان الاول من بين اربعة صبيان حيث كان له 3 اخوة اصغر منه
Faulkner was born and raised in, and heavily influenced by, his home state of Mississippi, as well as by the history and culture of the American South altogether. Only four days prior to his fifth birthday, the Faulkner family settled in Oxford, Mississippi on September 21, 1902, where he resided on and off for the remainder of his life.
Family, particularly his mother Maud, his maternal grandmother Lelia Butler, and Caroline Barr (the black woman who raised him from infancy) crucially influenced the development of his artistic imagination: both his mother and grandmother were great readers and also painters and photographers, educating him in visual language.
اعتنت في مربية من النساء من اصل افريقي وكان لها اثر كبير على شخصيته
His life-long education by Callie Barr is central to his novels' preoccupations with the politics of sexuality and race. In adolescence, Faulkner began writing poetry almost exclusively. He did not write his first novel until 1925. His literary influences are deep and wide. He once stated that he modeled his early writing on the Romantic era in late 18th century and early 19th century England.[3] He attended the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) in Oxford, and was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon social fraternity. He enrolled at Ole Miss in 1919, and attended three semesters before dropping out in November 1920.[6]
The younger Faulkner was greatly influenced by the history of his family and the region in which he lived. Mississippi marked his sense of humor, his sense of the tragic position of Black and White Americans, his characterization of Southern characters, and his timeless themes, including fiercely intelligent people dwelling behind the façades of good old boys and simpletons. Unable to join the United States Army due to his height (he was 5' 5½"), Faulkner enlisted in the British Royal Flying Corps, later training at RFC bases in Canada and Britain, yet never experienced wartime action during the First World War.
كان قصير الحجم ورفضه الجيش لذلك السبب فانضم الى الجيش الانجليزي

He suffered serious injuries in a horse-riding accident in 1959, and died from a myocardial infarction, aged 64, on July 6, 1962,
مات عام 1962 وكان قد سقط عن حصان في عام 1959

==
- وليم فلكنير كاتب امريكي ولد عام 1897
- فاز بجائزة نوبل للادب
- مات والده عام 1932 وعمر وليم كان ( 35 عام )
- ماتت امه عام 1960
- كان الاول من بين اربعة صبيان حيث كان له 3 اخوة اصغر منه
- اعتنت في مربية من النساء من اصل افريقي وكان لها اثر كبير على شخصيته
- كان قصير الحجم ورفضه الجيش لذلك السبب فانضم الى الجيش الكندي
- مات عام 1962 وكان قد سقط عن حصان في عام 1959
ربما ان اهم عنصر من عناصر التأثير في شخصية فلكنير هو المربية السوداء من اصول افريقة والتي يبدو انه كان لها تأثير كبير على شخصيته. ثم هناك قصي قامته حيث رفضه الجيش الامريكي ليعمل في الجيش الكندي وق شارك في الحرب حيث عمل طيار وقد ادعى ان طائرة قد اسقطت فوق فرنسا.

هو ليس يتيم لكنه مأزوم وسبب ازمته المربية مع احتمال ان يكون في حياته اسرار لم يعرفها احد، ويمكن استنباط ذلك من روايته التي اعتبرت من روائع الادب.
مأزوم.

53 ـ عالم جديد شجاع،للمؤلف ألدوس هاكسلي .

رواية عالم جديد شجاع (تترجم أيضا: عالم جديد شجاع Brave New World) بقلم الدوس هكسلي.كتبها في عام 1931 ونشرت في عام 1932 قام بتعريب هذه الرواية إلى العربية محمود محمود مدير تحرير مجلة الكاتب المصري تحت عنوان العالم الطريف وكان في اربعينيات 1946 م

Brave New World is Aldous Huxley's fifth novel, written in 1931 and published in 1932. Set in London of AD 2540 (632 A.F. in the book), the novel anticipates developments in reproductive technology and sleep-learning that combine to change society. The future society is an embodiment of the ideals that form the basis of futurology. Huxley answered this book with a reassessment in an essay, Brave New World Revisited (1958), summarised below, and with his final work, a novel titled Island (1962).
In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Brave New World fifth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[1]

Title
Brave New World's ironic title derives from Miranda's speech in Shakespeare's The Tempest, Act V, Scene I:[2]
O wonder!
How many goodly creatures are there here! How beauteous mankind is! O brave new world! That has such people in it!
This line itself is ironic; Miranda was raised for most of her life on an isolated island, and the only people she ever knew were her father and his servants, an enslaved savage and a spirit. When she sees other people for the first time, she is understandably overcome with excitement, and utters, among other praise, the famous line above. However, what she is actually observing is not men acting in a refined or civilized manner, but rather drunken sailors staggering off the wreckage of their ship. Huxley employs the same irony when the "savage" John refers to what he sees as a "brave new world." Another possible source for or reference in the title is from Rudyard Kipling's 1919 poem The Gods of the Copybook Headings:
And that after this is accomplished, and the brave new world begins
When all men are paid for existing and no man must pay for his sins...
Translations of the title often allude to similar expressions used in domestic works of literature in an attempt to capture the same irony: the French edition of the work is entitled Le Meilleur des mondes ("The Best of All Worlds"), an allusion to an expression used by the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz[3] and satirized in Candide, Ou l'Optimisme by Voltaire (1759). The German title of the book is Schöne Neue Welt ("Beautiful New World"), though originally the word "brave" was translated literally as tapfer, "valiant", with the Dutch title as Heerlijke Nieuwe Wereld ("Glorious New World"). In Serbian the title is Vrli novi svet ("Virtuous New World"), in Italian Il mondo nuovo, simply "The New World", while in Spanish it is Un mundo feliz ("A Happy World") and in Portuguese its Admirável Mundo Novo ("Admirable New World").
The quotation is also used by Edwin A. Abbott on the first page of Part II of Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions. This begins the section in which A. Square, an inhabitant of a two-dimensional universe, receives visions of Lineland and Pointland, and eventually is visited by a Sphere from Spaceland. Whereas the irony is maintained in the first two examples, obviously it is lost in the third.

The novel opens in London in 632 (AD 2540 in the Gregorian Calendar). The vast majority of the population is unified under The World State, an eternally peaceful, stable global society in which goods and resources are plentiful (because the population is permanently limited to no more than two billion people) and everyone is happy. Natural reproduction has been done away with and children are created, 'decanted' and raised in Hatcheries and Conditioning Centres, where they are divided into five castes (which are further split into 'Plus' and 'Minus' members) and designed to fulfill predetermined positions within the social and economic strata of the World State. Fetuses chosen to become members of the highest caste, 'Alpha', are allowed to develop naturally while maturing to term in "decanting bottles", while fetuses chosen to become members of the lower castes ('Beta', 'Gamma', 'Delta', 'Epsilon') are subjected to in situ chemical interference to cause arrested development in intelligence or physical growth. Each 'Alpha' or 'Beta' is the product of one unique fertilized egg developing into one unique fetus. Members of lower castes are not unique but are instead created using the Bokanovsky process which enables a single egg to spawn (at the point of the story being told) up to 96 children and one ovary to produce thousands of children. To further increase the birthrate of Gammas, Deltas and Epsilons, Podsnap's Technique causes all the eggs in the ovary to mature simultaneously, allowing the hatchery to get full use of the ovary in two years' time. People of these castes make up the majority of human society, and the production of such specialized children bolsters the efficiency and harmony of society, since these people are deliberately limited in their cognitive and physical abilities, as well as the scope of their ambitions and the complexity of their desires, thus rendering them easier to control. All children are educated via the hypnopaedic process, which provides each child with caste-appropriate subconscious messages to mold the child's life-long self-image and social outlook to that chosen by the leaders and their predetermined plans for producing future adult generations.
To maintain the World State's Command Economy for the indefinite future, all citizens are conditioned from birth to value consumption with such platitudes as "spending is better than mending," i.e., buy a new one instead of fixing the old one, because constant consumption, and near-universal employment to meet society's material demands, is the bedrock of economic and social stability for the World State. Beyond providing social engagement and distraction in the material realm of work or play, the need for transcendence, solitude and spiritual communion is addressed with the ubiquitous availability and universally endorsed consumption of the drug soma. Soma is an allusion to a mythical drink of the same name consumed by ancient Indo-Aryans. In the book, soma is a hallucinogen that takes users on enjoyable, hangover-free "holidays". It was developed by the World State to provide these inner-directed personal experiences within a socially managed context of State-run 'religious' organizations; social clubs. The hypnopaedically inculcated affinity for the State-produced drug, as a self-medicating comfort mechanism in the face of stress or discomfort, thereby eliminates the need for religion or other personal allegiances outside or beyond the World State.
Recreational sex is an integral part of society. According to The World State, sex is a social activity, rather than a means of reproduction (sex is encouraged from early childhood). The few women who can reproduce are conditioned to use birth control (a "Malthusian belt", resembling a cartridge belt holding "the regulation supply of contraceptives", is a popular fashion accessory). The maxim "everyone belongs to everyone else" is repeated often, and the idea of a "family" is considered pornographic; sexual competition and emotional, romantic relationships are rendered obsolete because they are no longer needed. Marriage, natural birth, parenthood, and pregnancy are considered too obscene to be mentioned in casual conversation. Thus, society has developed a new idea of reproductive comprehension.
Spending time alone is considered an outrageous waste of time and money. Wanting to be an individual is horrifying. This is why John, a character in the book, is later afforded celebrity-like status. Conditioning trains people to consume and never to enjoy being alone, so by spending an afternoon not playing "Obstacle Golf," or not in bed with a friend, one is forfeiting acceptance.
In The World State, people typically die at age 60[10] having maintained good health and youthfulness their whole life. Death isn't feared; anyone reflecting upon it is reassured by the knowledge that everyone is happy, and that society goes on. Since no one has family, they have no ties to mourn.
The conditioning system eliminates the need for professional competitiveness; people are literally bred to do their jobs and cannot desire another. There is no competition within castes; each caste member receives the same food, housing, and soma rationing as every other member of that caste. There is no desire to change one's caste, largely because a person's sleep-conditioning teaches that his or her caste is superior to the other four. To grow closer with members of the same class, citizens participate in mock religious services called Solidarity Services, in which twelve people consume large quantities of soma and sing hymns. The ritual progresses through group hypnosis and climaxes in an orgy.
In geographic areas nonconducive to easy living and consumption, securely contained groups of "savages" are left to their own devices.
In its first chapters, the novel describes life in The World State as wonderful and introduces Lenina and Bernard. Lenina is a socially accepted woman, normal for her society, while Bernard, a psychologist, is an outcast. Although an Alpha Plus, Bernard is shorter in stature than the average of his caste—a quality shared by the lower castes, which gives him an inferiority complex. His work with sleep-teaching has led him to realize that what others believe to be their own deeply held beliefs are merely phrases repeated to children while they are asleep. Still, he recognizes the necessity of such programming as the reason why his society meets the emotional needs of its citizens. Courting disaster, he is vocal about being different, once stating he dislikes soma because he'd "rather be himself." Bernard's differences fuel rumors that he was accidentally administered alcohol while incubated, a method used to keep Epsilons short.
Lenina, a woman who seldom questions her own motivations, is reprimanded by her friends because she is not promiscuous enough. However, she is still highly content in her role as a woman. Both fascinated and disturbed by Bernard, she responds to Bernard's advances to dispel her reputation for being too selective.
Bernard's only friend is Helmholtz Watson, an Alpha Plus lecturer at the College of Emotional Engineering (Department of Writing). The friendship is based on their similar experiences as misfits, but unlike Bernard, Watson's sense of loneliness stems from being too gifted, too handsome, and too physically strong. Helmholtz is drawn to Bernard as a confidant: he can talk to Bernard about his desire to write poetry

(بالإنكليزية: Aldous Huxley) (ولد 26 يوليو 1894- توفى 22 نوفمبر 1963) هو كاتب إنجليزي اشتهر بكتابة الروايات والقصص القصيرة وسيناريوهات الأفلام. قضى حياته منذ 1937 في مدينة لوس أنجلوس. رواية العالم الطريف (تترجم أيضا: عالم جديد شجاع Brave New World) تعد من أفضل أعماله وأشهرها.
له اهتمامات بالباراسيكولوجيا والتصوف الفلسفي، معاد للحروب ومهتم بالقضايا الإنسانية. في آخر آيام حياته اعتبر في بعض الدوائر الأكاديمية، قائدا للفكر الإنساني الحديث ومثقف بارع. له تأثير واضح على جورج أوريل.

ولد أولدس ليونارد هكسلي في إنجلترا عام 1863، وظل حتى نهاية حياته لايني عن الكتابة والتأليف ولا يفتر. وقد بدأ حياته الأدبية, شاعرا محتذيا في ذلك حذو أكثر الكتاب المعاصرين. ونشر شعره أول الأمر في مجلة ((ويلز))wheels ثم جمعه في ديوان عنوانه ((العجلة المحترقة)) The burning wheel نشره عام 1916. وفي هذه السنة عينها اشترك مع غيره من الأدباء في جمع ديوان ((شعر أكسفورد)) oxford poetry وقد بقي شاعرا طوال حياته، مخالفا بذلك الكثيرين من أدباء عصره, الذين انحرفوا من الشعر إلى النثر. وهو الآن شاعر ثائر على ازدياد نفوذ العلم في الحياة. وهو حفيد توماس هكسلي العالم الشهير الذي تلقى عليه العلم هربرت جورج ويلز ,وبين الحفيد وجده شبه كبير في الصورة والقسمات.
و ينحدر هكسلي من ناحية أمه من أسرة توماس ارنولد ناظر مدرسة رجبي الشهيرة. ومن أقربائه من كان استاذا, ومن كان عالما, أو شاعرا أو روائيا. فلو تصورنا هذه المجموعة من الرجال الممتازين حول فراش مولده عام 1894 ادركنا ما في دمائه من مواهب. وقد استطاع بقلمه وذكائه أن يرتفع إلى سماء الشهرة.
وهو رجل طويل القامة، نحيل القوام، حتى ان الاطفال هامستد hampstead كانوا يتجمعون حوله في شبابه الباكر ويهزؤون به. غير أن طول قامته يخيل للناظر إليه انه يعيش في عالم غير عالمنا، ولأنه شامخ بعظمته. وما أبعد هذا عن الصواب. فإن هكسلي يتحدث إلى كل من يلقاه في سهولة وتواضع. وهو رجل شديد المرح. لا يصف بالتزمت. وهو يستعمل في احاديثه كثيرا من غريب اللفظ، لا لأنه يتكلف غريب الحديث, ولكن لأن الرجل غريب التفكير، وهو بحاجة إلى هذه الألفاظ يعبر بها عما يختلج في نفسه.وهو مولع بلقاء الشواذ من الناس, ومشاهدة الشاذ من المناظر, لأن به ميلا نحو الشذوذ.

الروايات
الكروم الأصفر
العالم الطريف (تترجم أيضا: عالم جديد شجاع Brave New World)
الجزيرة
أبواب الإدراك
القصص القصيرة
السجن
المقالات

Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and one of the most prominent members of the famous Huxley family.
ولد عام 1894 في لندن وهو كاتب انجليزي
Best known for his novels including Brave New World and a wide-ranging output of essays, Huxley also edited the magazine Oxford Poetry, and published short stories, poetry, travel writing, and film stories and scripts. Huxley spent the later part of his life in the United States, living in Los Angeles from 1937 until his death.
Aldous Huxley was a humanist and pacifist, and he was latterly interested in spiritual subjects such as parapsychology and philosophical mysticism.[1] He is also well known for advocating and taking psychedelics.
By the end of his life Huxley was considered, in some academic circles, a leader of modern thought and an intellectual of the highest rank, and highly regarded as one of the most prominent explorers of visual communication and sight-related theories as well.[2]
English novelist and critic, grandson of the prominent biologist T.H. Huxley (see further below) and brother of Julian Huxley, also a biologist. Aldous Huxley's production was wide. Besides novels he published travel books, histories, poems, plays, and essays on philosophy, arts, sociology, religion and morals. Among Huxley's best known novels is BRAVE NEW WORLD (1932), which is one of the classical works of science fiction along with George Orwell's Nineteen-Eighty-Four.
Aldous Leonard Huxley was born in Godalming, Surrey, into a well-to-do upper-middle-class family. Leonard Huxley, his father, was a biographer, editor, and poet. Huxley's mother, Julia Arnold, was the daughter of Thomas Arnold, a brother of Matthew Arnold, the great British humanist. Julia's sister was the novelist Mary Augusta Ward, who published under the name Mrs. Humphry Ward.
Julia Arnold died of cancer when Huxley was fourteen. Later Huxley said that it gave him a sense of the transience of human happiness.
ماتت والدتة عندما كان في سن الرابعة عشره
Huxley first studied at Eton College, Berkshire (1908-13). At the age of 16 Huxley suffered an attack of keratitis punctata and became for a period of about 18 months totally blind.
في سن السادسة عشرة اصبح اعمي بشكل كامل لمدة 18 شهر بسبب مرض اصابه
By using special glasses and one eye recovered sufficiently he was able to read and he also learned braille.
تعلم لغة المكفوفين واصبح يستخدم نظارات خاصة
Aldous had another brother, Noel Trevelyan (1891–1914), who committed suicide after a period of clinical depression.
كان له اخ انتحر عام 1914 عندما كان الدوس في سن العشرين
His brother Julian wrote, "I believe his blindness was a blessing in disguise. For one thing, it put paid to his idea of taking up medicine as a career... His uniqueness lay in his universalism. He was able to take all knowledge for his province.

==

ثلاثة امور جعلته مبدعا. اولا موت امه ثم عماه وثم انتحار اخوه.

يتم الام في سن الرابعة عشره.

Scoop is a 1938 novel by English writer Evelyn Waugh, a satire of sensationalist journalism and foreign correspondence.
Plot
William Boot, a young man who lives in genteel poverty far from the iniquities of London, is contributor of nature notes to Lord Copper's Beast, a national newspaper. He is dragooned into becoming a foreign correspondent when the editors of the aptly named Daily Beast mistake him for a novelist who shares his surname. He is sent to the fictional African state of Ishmaelia where a civil war threatens to break out. There, despite his total ineptitude, he accidentally manages to get the "scoop" of the title. When he returns, however, credit is diverted to the other Boot, and he is left to return to his bucolic pursuits, much to his relief.
Background
The novel is partly based on Waugh's own experience working for the Daily Mail, when he was sent to cover Benito Mussolini's expected invasion of Abyssinia - what was later known as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. When he got his own scoop on the invasion he telegraphed the story back in Latin for secrecy, but they discarded it. Waugh wrote up his travels more factually in Waugh in Abyssinia (1936), which complements Scoop.
Lord Copper, the newspaper magnate, has been said to be based on an amalgam of Lord Northcliffe and Lord Beaverbrook: a character so fearsome that his obsequious foreign editor, Mr Salter, can never openly disagree with any statement he makes, answering "Definitely, Lord Copper" and 'Up to a point, Lord Copper" in place of "yes" or "no". Lord Copper's idea of the lowliest of his employees is a book reviewer. The historian A.J.P. Taylor, however, writes: "I have Evelyn Waugh's authority for stating that Lord Beaverbrook was not the original of Lord Copper."[1] Bill Deedes thought the portrait of Copper exhibited the folie de grandeur of both Rothermere and Beaverbrook and included " the ghost of Rothermere's elder brother, Lord Northcliffe. Before he died tragically, mentally deranged and attended by nurses, Northcliffe was already exhibiting some of Copper's eccentricities - his megalomania, his habit of giving ridiculous orders to underlings." [2]
It is widely believed that Waugh based his hapless protagonist, William Boot, on Bill Deedes, a junior reporter who arrived in Addis Ababa aged 22 with "quarter of a ton of baggage".[3] In his memoir At War with Waugh, Deedes wrote that; "Waugh like most good novelists drew on more than one person for each of his characters. He drew on me for my excessive baggage - and perhaps for my naivety.." He further observed that Waugh was reluctant to acknowledge real life models, so that with Black Mischiefs portrait of a young ruler, "Waugh insisted, as he usually did, that his portrait of Seth, Emperor of Azania, was not drawn from any real person such as Haile Selassie." [4] According to Peter Stothard, a more direct model for Boot may have been William Beach Thomas, "a quietly successful countryside columnist and literary gent who became a calamitous Daily Mail war correspondent".[5]
The novel is full of all but identical opposites: Lord Copper of the Daily Beast, Lord Zinc of the Daily Brute (the Daily Mail and Daily Express);[6] the CumReds and the White Shirts, parodies of Communists (comrades) and Black Shirts (fascists) etc.
Other real life models for characters (again, according to Deedes): "Jakes is drawn from John Gunther of the Chicago Daily News - In [one] excerpt, Jakes is found writing, 'The Archbishop of Canterbury who, it is well known, is behind Imperial Chemicals..' Authentic Gunther." [7] The most recognizable figure from Fleet Street is Sir Jocelyn Hitchcock, Waugh's portrait of Sir Percival Phillips, working then for the Daily Telegraph.[8]
"Feather-footed through the plashy fen passes the questing vole", a line from one of Boot's countryside columns, has become a famous comic example of overblown prose style. It inspired the name of the environmentalist magazine Vole, which was originally titled The Questing Vole.
One of the points of the novel is that even if there is little news happening, the world's media descending upon a place requires that something happen to please their editors and owners back home, and so they will create news.

Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh (28 October 1903 – 10 April 1966), known as Evelyn Waugh, was an English writer of novels, travel books and biographies. He was also a prolific journalist and reviewer. His best-known works include his early satires Decline and Fall (1928) and A Handful of Dust (1934), his novel Brideshead Revisited (1945) and his trilogy of Second World War novels collectively known as Sword of Honour (1952–61). Waugh is widely recognised as one of the great prose stylists of the 20th century.
- افيلن ووغ كاتب و روائي انجليزي ولد عام 1903
English writer, regarded by many as the leading satirical novelist of his day. Among Waugh's most popular books is BRIDESHEAD REVISITED (1945), depicting the Oxford world of the late 1920s. It was made into a highly successful television series in 1981, starring Jeremy Irons and Anthony Andrews. Waugh wrote sixteen novels. He also published travel books and biographies.

Evelyn Waugh was born in London into a comfortable middle-class family. Catherine (Raban) Waugh, his mother, was born in India, but grew up in England. Evelyn had a better relationship with her than with his his father, Arthur Waugh (1866-1943), a publisher and literary critic, who preferred Evelyn's older brother Alec.
كانت علاقته مع امه افضل منها مع والده والذي توفي عام 1943
Waugh was educated at Lancing College, Sussex, and at Hertford College, Oxford, where he read modern history. For his disappointment, the behavior of the upper-class student was not especially sophisticated - it was savage and amoral, and at Lancing College Waugh was bullied by his classmates. Later he returned to his experiences in his novels. His college years Waugh spent in drinking.
درس في مدرسة داخلية وتعرض للترهيب من زملاؤه في المدرسة والكلية
Alec, his brother, had an homosexual relationship at the Sherborn College. After being dismissed, Alec Waugh wrote an autobiographical book of the event, which in practice had prevented Evelyn from entering the same college.
كان اخاه اليك شاذ جنسيا وقد كتب مذكراته في كلية شيرورن وعليه منعت المدرسة افلين من الالتحاق بها
After studying in London at Heatherley's Art School and working for a short time as a schoolmaster at Arnold House in North Wales, Waugh devoted himself to writing. Three years before starting his career as a writer, Waugh attempted suicide. He walked out into the water and began swimming but decided to return.
قبل ان يبدا مسيرة حيات ككاتب حاول الانتحار اتجه الى الماء لكنه قرر العودة
The "happy ending" of Vile Bodies was not in tune with Waugh's own life, which was falling apart. He had fallen in love with Diana Guinness (later Diana Mosley), and his wife had left him for a BBC news editor. In 1930 Waugh converted to Roman Catholicism. After the collapse of his marriage with Evelyn Gardner, Waugh travelled in Africa and South America.
فشل في الزواج وسافر الى امركيا الجنوبية وافريقيا
Waugh published several travel books, and worked as a foreign correspondent, notably in Abessinia to cover the Italian invasion in 1936. In 1937 he married Laura Herbert; they had six children, though he was believed to be a homosexual.
تزوج من لاورا هربرت رغم ان الاعتقاد السائد انه شاذ جنسيا
Waugh served in the Middle East. PUT OUT MORE FLAGS (1942) satirized W.H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood, who did not serve in the army, but emigrated to the United States. Waugh called them "Parsnip and Pimpernell".
خدم في الجيش في الشرق الاوسط
With his friend, Randolph Churchill, he joined in 1944 a British military mission into Yugoslavia and was injured in a plane accident.
عام 1944 انضم الى مهمة عسكرية بريطانية في يوغسلافيا واصيب بعد ان تحطمت الطائرة التي كان يستقلها
Most of his company died in the flames - Churchill and Philip Jordan were among the other fortunates.
معظم اصدقاؤه ماتوا في الحريق الذي نتج عن سقوط الطائره
The Scottish writer Eric Linklater, who met Waugh in Rome, was shocked to see his colleague's frail and shrunken look, "so different from his ordinary compact and hardy appeareance."
The biography of Ronald A. Knox (1959) was about Waugh's friend, Father Knox, who was a priest and scholar and prolific essayist, satirist, and novelist. Knox's translation of the Bible, for which he devoted his later life, appeared in 1955. He also published detective novels. THE ORDEAL OF GILBERT PINFOLD (1957) was based on the Waugh's bout of hallucinations caused by his use of both alcohol and sleeping potions.

The first volume of Waugh's unfinished autobiography, A LITTLE LEARNING, appeared in 1964. His letters were published in 1980. Waugh died on April 10, 1966, in Combe Florey, Somerset - he collapsed and died in the toilet.
مات عام 1966
Waugh had converted to Roman Catholicism in 1930, after the failure of his first marriage.
تحول الى الكاثوليكية بعد فشل زواجه الاول
Arthur Evelyn St. John Waugh was born on 28 October 1903 to Arthur Waugh (1866-1943) and Catherine Charlotte Raban (1870-1954), into a family with English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish and Huguenot origins.
ماتت امه عام 1954

- كانت علاقته مع امه افضل منها مع والده والذي توفي عام 1943
- ماتت امه عام 1954
- درس في مدرسة داخلية وتعرض للترهيب من زملاؤه في المدرسة والكلية
- كان اخاه اليك شاذ جنسيا وقد كتب مذكراته في كلية شيرورن وعليه منعت المدرسة افلين من الالتحاق بها
- قبل ان يبدا مسيرة حيات ككاتب حاول الانتحار اتجه الى الماء لكنه قرر العودة
- فشل في الزواج وسافر الى امركيا الجنوبية وافريقيا
- تزوج من لاورا هربرت رغم ان الاعتقاد السائد انه شاذ جنسيا
- خدم في الجيش في الشرق الاوسط
- عام 1944 انضم الى مهمة عسكرية بريطانية في يوغسلافيا واصيب بعد ان تحطمت الطائرة التي كان يستقلها
- معظم اصدقاؤه ماتوا في الحريق الذي نتج عن سقوط الطائره
- كتب رواية THE ORDEAL OF GILBERT PINFOLD (1957 من واقع هلوساته التي تسبب فيها شربه للخمر وحبوب النوم.
- مات عام 1966
- تحول الى الكاثوليكية بعد فشل زواجه الاول

John Roderigo Dos Passos; January 14, 1896 – September 28, 1970) was an American novelist and artist.
كاتب امريكي ولد عام 1896

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Dos Passos was the illegitimate son of John Randolph Dos Passos (1844–1917),
ولد في شيكاغو وكان الابن غير الشرعي لجون راندولف دوس والذي مات عام 1917 ( عندما كان جون في سن الـ 21 )
a distinguished lawyer of MadeiranPortuguese descent, and Lucy Addison Sprigg Madison of Petersburg, Virginia. The elder Dos Passos was married with a son several years older than John. John's father married his mother after his wife died in 1910, although he refused to acknowledge his second son for another two years, until John was 16.
تزوج اباه امه بعد موت زوجته الاولى عام 1910 ولكنه لم يعترف بأبوة جون الصغير الا بعد عامين من ذلك التاريخ أي عندما اصبح جون الصغير في سن السادسة عشره
John Randolph Dos Passos was an authority on trusts, a staunch supporter of the powerful industrial conglomerates that his son would come to oppose in his fictional works of the 1920s and 30s.
The younger Dos Passos received a first-class education, enrolling at The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut in 1907 under the name John Roderigo Madison, then traveling with a private tutor on a six-month tour of France, England, Italy, Greece, and the Middle East to study the masters of classical art, architecture, and literature.
تلقى جون الصغير تعليما من الدرجة الاولى باسم جون رودريجو مادسون ثم سافر مع مدرس خصوصي لمدة ستة اشهر في فرنسا وانجلترا وايطاليا واليونان والشرق الاوسط لدراسة الاداب والفن والهمدسة المعمارية
In 1912 he attended Harvard University. Following his graduation in 1916 he traveled to Spain to study art and architecture.
درس في جامعة هارفدر ثم سافر بعد تخرجه عام 1916 الى اسبانيا لدراسة الفن والهندسة المعمارية
With World War I raging in Europe and America not yet participating, Dos Passos volunteered in July 1917 for the S.S.U. 60 of the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps, along with friends E. E. Cummings and Robert Hillyer. He worked as a driver in Paris, France and in north-central Italy.
عندما اندلعت الحر العالمية الاولى تطوع للعمل كسائق سياءة اسعاف في فرنسا
By the late summer of 1918, he had completed a draft of his first novel.
عندما بلغ الثامنة عشر انهى النسخة الاولية من روايته الاولى
At the same time, he had to report for duty with the U.S. ArmyMedical Corps at Camp Crane in Pennsylvania. At war's end, he was stationed in Paris, where the U.S. Army Overseas Education Commission allowed him to study anthropology at the Sorbonne.
درس علم الاثار في السوروبن بينما كان في الجيش الامريكي الذي التحق به بعد انتهاء الحرب العاملية الاولى
A character in U.S.A. trilogy goes through virtually the same military career and stays in Paris after the war.
احد الشخصيات في روايته الولايات المتحدة يمر في نفس ما مر به جون الصغير من خدمة عسكرية ثم يتسقر في فرنسا بعد الحرب
Literary career

Considered one of the Lost Generation writers, Dos Passos published his first novel in 1920, One Man's Initiation: 1917. It was followed by an antiwar story, Three Soldiers, which brought him considerable recognition. His 1925 novel about life in New York City, titled Manhattan Transfer, was a commercial success and introduced experimental stream-of-consciousness techniques into Dos Passos's method. These ideas also coalesced into the U.S.A. Trilogy (see below), of which the first book appeared in 1930.
At this point a social revolutionary, Dos Passos came to see the United States as two nations, one rich and one poor.
كان يرى الولايات المتحدة على انها بلدان واحده غنية وواحدة فقيرة
He wrote admiringly about the Wobblies, and the perceived injustice in the criminal convictions of Sacco and Vanzetti, and joined with other notable personalities in the United States and Europe in a failed campaign to overturn their death sentences.
In 1928, Dos Passos spent several months in Russia studying their socialist system. He was a leading participator in the April 1935 First Americans Writers Congress sponsored by the Communist-leaning League of American Writers, but he eventually balked at the idea of the control that Stalin would have on creative writers in the United States.
في العام 1928 قضى بعض السنوات في روسيا بدراسة النظام الاشتراكي
The writer who is celebrated for his historical triple novel, U.S.A., was born in a
Chicago hotel.
ولد في فندق في شيكاغو

The boy and his mother lived mainly in hotels in metropolitan European cities until he attended an English boarding school, then Choate School in Connecticut, and Harvard College where his social awkwardness was eased by friendships with poets E. E. Cummings and Robert Hillyer.
عاش الطفل وامه بشك رئيسي في الفنادق في مدن اروبية متعددة الاجناس

His life had been eased by the marriage of his parents in 1910, after both of their spouses died, but he was devastated by the death of his mother in 1915.
استقرت حياتة بعض الشيء بعد ان تزوج والديه عام 1910 عندما كان في سن 14 لكنه تعرض لصدمة هائلة عندما ماتت امه سنه 1915 عندما كان في سن 19

His father insisted that he continue at Harvard where he was a contributing staff member of the Harvard Advocate as well as coauthor of Harvard Poets (1917).
http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/poets/passos.php

- كاتب امريكي ولد عام 1896
- ولد في شيكاغو وكان الابن غير الشرعي لجون راندولف دوس والذي مات عام 1917 ( عندما كان جون في سن الـ 21 )
- تزوج اباه امه بعد موت زوجته الاولى عام 1910 ولكنه لم يعترف بأبوة جون الصغير الا بعد عامين من ذلك التاريخ أي عندما اصبح جون الصغير في سن السادسة عشره
- تلقى جون الصغير تعليما من الدرجة الاولى باسم جون رودريجو مادسون ثم سافر مع مدرس خصوصي لمدة ستة اشهر في فرنسا وانجلترا وايطاليا واليونان والشرق الاوسط لدراسة الاداب والفن والهمدسة المعمارية
- درس في جامعة هارفدر ثم سافر بعد تخرجه عام 1916 الى اسبانيا لدراسة الفن والهندسة المعمارية
- عندما اندلعت الحر العالمية الاولى تطوع للعمل كسائق سياءة اسعاف في فرنسا
- عندما بلغ الثامنة عشر انهى النسخة الاولية من روايته الاولى
- درس علم الاثار في السوروبن بينما كان في الجيش الامريكي الذي التحق به بعد انتهاء الحرب العاملية الاولى
- احد الشخصيات في روايته الولايات المتحدة يمر في نفس ما مر به جون الصغير من خدمة عسكرية ثم يتسقر في فرنسا بعد الحرب
- كان يرى الولايات المتحدة على انها بلدان واحده غنية وواحدة فقيرة
- في العام 1928 قضى بعض السنوات في روسيا بدراسة النظام الاشتراكي

The Big Sleep (1939) is a hardboiled crime novel by Raymond Chandler, the first in his acclaimed series about detective Philip Marlowe. The work has been adapted twice into film, once in 1946 and again in 1978. The story is set in Los Angeles, California.
The story is noted for its complexity, with many characters double-crossing each other and many secrets being exposed throughout the narrative. The title is a euphemism for death; it refers to a rumination in the book about "sleeping the big sleep".
In 1999, the book was voted ninety-sixth of Le Monde's "100 Books of the Century." In 2005, it was included in "TIME's List of the 100 Best Novels."[1]
Plot summary
Private investigator Philip Marlowe is called to the mansion of the elderly General Sternwood, who asks Marlowe to deal with a blackmailer Arthur Gwynn Geiger, apparently a purveyor of rare books. Geiger has presented Sternwood with several promissory notes, signed by Carmen Sternwood, the younger daughter, which purport to be gambling debts. Before Marlowe leaves, Vivian, the General's other daughter, queries Marlowe about the nature of his visit. She is under the impression that he is being hired to look for her third, (and current) husband, Rusty Regan, who disappeared about a month before.
Marlowe visits Geiger's bookshop, where he discovers that the assistant, Agnes, knows nothing about rare books. While he is waiting for Geiger's return, a customer visits the back room of the store and leaves with a book. After following him and taking the book, Marlowe deduces that Geiger loans pornography. Marlowe tails Geiger from Geiger's 'store' to his home and stakes out the home. After some time, he hears gunshots and a woman's scream. He breaks into the house and finds Geiger dead on the floor in front of a camera. Carmen is posing naked and drugged. He takes Carmen home without calling the police. When he returns to the scene, the body has been removed.
The next morning Bernie Ohls, an investigator for the DA, calls to tell Marlowe that the Sternwoods's chauffeur, Owen Taylor, has been found dead in the harbor. He apparently drove off the pier and drowned, but the doctor suspects the cause of death could be a blow to the head.[2] Marlowe visits the bookstore again, and finds that the books are being relocated to the premises of Joe Brody, one of Carmen's lovers whom Sternwood has paid off to leave Carmen. Marlowe returns to his office, where Vivian awaits him. She informs him that an anonymous woman is trying to extort money from her for Carmen's nude photos. Visiting the crime scene a third time, Marlowe finds Carmen looking for the pictures. They are interrupted by Eddie Mars, a gangster who runs a local casino, claiming to be Geiger's landlord.
Marlowe visits Joe Brody, who he believes has the compromising photos of Carmen as Brody is trying to take over all of Geiger's "business concerns", including the blackmail. Carmen arrives with a gun, extremely agitated. She shoots at Brody but misses him. Marlowe confiscates the gun and tells her to go home. Marlowe questions Brody who reveals he found Owen Taylor at the scene of Geiger's murder, and pursued him, knocking him out and retrieving the photographs. Brody is shot by a mysterious caller before he can open the door. Marlowe catches the caller, and recognizes him as the other assistant from Geiger's store. The young man is Carol Lundgren, and Marlowe deduces that he's Geiger's lover who shot Brody, believing him to be Geiger's murderer, and laid Geiger's body out. Marlowe hands Lundgren over to Bernie Ohls at the DA's office.
Marlowe visits the missing persons bureau and discovers that Regan apparently ran away with Mona Mars, Eddie Mars's wife. Eddie Mars calls Marlowe to his club, where Mars tries to bribe him to stop following the case. Marlowe sees Vivian winning a large amount of money in roulette. He deduces that Mars knows something that could be very damaging to the Sternwoods, and is blackmailing her. Marlowe asks Mars about the car following him, and Mars denies knowing about it. When Vivian leaves the casino, Marlowe saves her from an apparent mugging and drives her to the beach, where she tries to seduce him. He refuses her advances and takes her home. When he finally returns home himself, Carmen is in his bed, nude. He throws her out in a rage.
Marlowe's tail turns out to be one Harry Jones, working with Agnes. Jones sells him information that Mars' wife is being held at a secret location by Eddie Mars's hitman, Canino; she is in hiding so that people will not think Eddie Mars killed Regan. Jones agrees to meet Marlowe at his office later that evening to sell Agnes' location for $200. When Marlowe arrives to meet Jones, he overhears Canino attempt to coerce Jones into revealing where Agnes is staying. Jones lies to him and Canino suggests they have a drink to celebrate Jones's common sense. Canino poisons the drink with cyanide which kills Harry. As Marlowe examines Harry's body for a clue as to Agnes's true location, the phone rings and Agnes agrees to meet with him. She gives him Mona's location in exchange for the $200.
On the way to the location, Marlowe runs over tacks and gets two flat tires. Marlowe describes this as "fateful" as it gives him an excuse to get into the repair shop where Mona is hiding. He recognizes Canino, who is in the shop with the mechanic and who does not initially recognize Marlowe. The mechanic knocks Marlowe unconscious. He comes to in the house where Mona is staying, handcuffed and tied up. He confronts her about her husband murdering Regan, and she frees him, although they cannot remove his handcuffs.
Canino comes back and a gunfight ensues. Canino is killed and Marlowe goes to the police, who do not press charges. Marlowe visits General Sternwood the next day, who is initially upset that Marlowe tried to find Rusty Regan, which he had not been asked to do. On the way out, Marlowe returns the gun to Carmen and she asks Marlowe to teach her how to shoot. Carmen leads Marlowe to an abandoned oil field owned by the Sternwoods. He sets up a can on a tire for target practice. As he walks back to her, Carmen shoots at him in a rage; Marlowe is unharmed as he loaded the gun with blanks. Carmen then has an epileptic fit. Marlowe returns Carmen to the house and tells Vivian his theory that Carmen killed Regan. Marlowe figures that Regan had refused Carmen's advances, just as he did, and Carmen killed him. She asked him to teach her how to shoot, and she killed him. Vivian admits that Carmen shot Regan and Vivian asked Eddie Mars to cover it up, but then he blackmailed her. Marlowe promises not to go the police if Carmen is institutionalized. The book ends with Marlowe ruminating on his adventures and the grim, sordid human comedy he has been thrust into.

Raymond Thornton Chandler (July 23, 1888 – March 26, 1959) was an American novelist and screenwriter.
روائي امريكي ولد عام 1888
In 1932 after losing his job as an oil company executive, Chandler at age forty-five and during the Depression decided to become a writer.
عام 1933 بعد فقده لوظيفته قرر ان يصبح كاتبا
In 1933 his first story was published in a pulp magazine called Black Mask.
عام 1933 اصدر اول قصة له
His first novel, The Big Sleep was published in 1939.
صدرت اول رواية له وهي النوم الكبير عام 1939
In addition to his short stories, Chandler published only seven novels during his life. In the year before he died, he was elected president of the Mystery Writers of America. He died on March 26, 1959 in La Jolla California.
فبل عام من وفاته انتخب رئيس كتاب الغموض الامريكيين
مات عان 1959
Chandler had an immense stylistic influence upon the modern private detective story, especially in the style of the writing and the attitudes now characteristic of the genre. His protagonist, Philip Marlowe, along with Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade, is considered synonymous with "private detective", both having been played on screen by Humphrey Bogart.
Some of Chandler's novels are considered to be important literary works. Of the seven complete novels written by Chandler, three are considered by some to be masterpieces: Farewell, My Lovely (1940), The Little Sister (1949), and The Long Goodbye (1953).
البعض يعتبر ان 3 من روياته تعتبر من روائع الروايات
The Long Goodbye is praised within an anthology of American crime stories as "arguably the first book since Hammett's The Glass Key, published more than twenty years earlier, to qualify as a serious and significant mainstream novel that just happened to possess elements of mystery".
Early life
Chandler was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1888, and moved to London, England in 1900 with his Irish-born mother after they were abandoned by his father, an alcoholic civil engineer who worked for a North American railway company.
ولد عام 1888 في سيكاغو وسافر عام 1900 مع والدته الايرلندية الى انجلترا بعد ان تخلى عنهم والده السكير والذي كان يعمل مهندس مدني
His uncle, a successful Quaker lawyer in Waterford, supported them. After attending a local school in Upper Norwood, Chandler was classically educated at Dulwich College, London (a public school whose alumni also include the authors P.G. Wodehouse[4] and C. S. Forester). He spent all his childhood summers in Waterford with his maternal family. He did not attend university, instead spending time in Paris and Munich.
لم يلتحق بالجامعة وبدلا من ذلك قضى اكثير من الوقت في باريس وميونخ
In 1907, he was naturalised as a British subject in order to take the civil service examination, which he passed with the third-highest score. He then took an Admiralty job, lasting just over a year. His first poem was published during that time.
Chandler disliked the servility of the civil service and resigned, to the consternation of his family, becoming a reporter for the Daily Express and the Bristol Western Gazette newspapers.
لم ينسجم مع العمل المدني لما فيه من خنوع واذلال وقرر الاستقالة بعد اقل من عام في الوظيف العامة
He was an unsuccessful journalist, published reviews and continued writing romantic poetry.
Accounting for that time he said, "Of course in those days as now there were… clever young men who made a decent living as freelances for the numerous literary weeklies…" but "…I was distinctly not a clever young man. Nor was I at all a happy young man."
لم يكن صحفي ناجح وقال عن ذلك لم اكن شاب نشيط ولم اكن شاب سعيد ايضا
In 1912, he borrowed money from his uncle (who expected it to be repaid with interest), and returned to North America, eventually settling in Los Angeles with his mother in 1913.
في العام 1912 اقترض اموال من عمه بعد اتفاقه ان يعيدها بفائدة وسافر الى الولايات المتحدة
He strung tennis rackets, picked fruit and endured a lonely time of scrimping and saving. Finally, he took a correspondence bookkeeping course, finished ahead of schedule, and found steady employment.
In 1917, when the US entered World War I, he enlisted in the Canadian Expeditionary Force, saw combat in the trenches in France with the Gordon Highlanders, and was undergoing flight training in the fledgling Royal Air Force (RAF) in the United Kingdom at war’s end.
بعد دخول الولايات المتحدة الحرب العالمية الاولى انضم الى الجيش الكندي وشارك في المعارك في فرنسا ثم انتقل بعد انتهاء الحرب ليتدرب
After the armistice, he returned to Los Angeles. He soon began a love affair with Cissy Pascal, a married woman eighteen years his senior.
بعد مشاركته في الحرب عاد الى لوس انجلوس ووقع في غرام امرأة اسمها سيسي باسكال وهي امرأة متزوجة وتكبره ب 18 سنه
Cissy divorced her husband, Julian, in 1920 in an amicable separation, but Chandler's mother disapproved of the relationship and refused to sanction marriage. For four years Chandler had to support both his mother and Cissy. But when Florence Chandler died on September 26, 1923, Raymond was free to marry Cissy, and did so on February 6, 1924.
امه رفضت ان يتزوجها على الرغم انها طلقت زوجها وديا لكي تتزوج من تشاندلير ولكن بعد وفاة امه سنة 1923 ( عندما كان في سن الـ 35 ) اصبح ريموند حرا للزواج منها وفعلا تزوجها عام 1924
By 1932, during his bookkeeping career, he became a highly paid vice-president of the Dabney Oil Syndicate, but a year later, his alcoholism, absenteeism, promiscuity with female employees and threatened suicide contributed to his being fired.
عام 1932 حصل على وظيف بمراتب عالي في شركة نفط لكن اسرافه في شر الاكحول وتغيبه عن العمل وتصرفاته مع الموظفيات النساء وتهديده بالانتحار ادت الى طرده من العمل

Later life and death
In 1954, Cissy Chandler died after a long illness, during which time Raymond Chandler wrote The Long Goodbye.
عام 1954 ماتت زوجته بعد مرض طويل وكتب في ذلك العام روائته الوداع الطويل
Heartbroken and drunk, he neglected to inter Cissy's cremated remains, and they sat for 57 years in a storage locker.
وبسبب صدمته في موت زوجته وشربه للخمر غفل عن دفن رماد جثتها حيث تركها في خزانه وظلت هناك لمدة 57 عام وتم دفنها اخر عام 2011
In a September 2010 San Diego Superior Court hearing an order was issued correcting this oversight, and on February 14, 2011, Cissy's cremated remains were interred under a new grave marker with Chandler, as they wished, in Mt. Hope.
After her death his subsequent loneliness worsened his natural propensity for clinical depression; he returned to drink, never quitting it for long, and the quality and quantity of his writing suffered.
بعد موتها اصيب بالكآبه وزدادت معاقرته للخمر وبدأ يعاني من حيث قدرته على الكتابة المثره
In 1955, he attempted suicide; literary scholars documented that suicide attempt.
في العام 1955 حاول الانتحار
In The Long Embrace: Raymond Chandler and the Woman He Loved, Judith Freeman says it was "a cry for help", given that he called the police beforehand, saying he planned to kill himself.
في تقرير عن الحادثه تقول جودث فريمان ان محاولته للانتحار كانت صرخه لطلب المساعدة حيث كان قد اتصل بالشرطة قبل تنفيذها
Chandler's personal and professional life were both helped and complicated by the women to whom he was attracted — notably Helga Greene (his literary agent); Jean Fracasse (his secretary); Sonia Orwell (George Orwell's widow); and Natasha Spender (Stephen Spender's wife), the latter two of whom assumed Chandler to be a repressed homosexual.
بعض النساء كانت تعتقد بانه كان يخفي شذوذه الجنسي
After a respite in England (Chandler regained US citizenship in 1956), he returned to La Jolla, where in 1959 he died (according to the death certificate) in the Scripps Memorial Hospital of pneumonial peripheral vascular shock and prerenal uremia. Greene inherited the Chandler estate, after prevailing in a lawsuit against Fracasse.
Raymond Chandler is buried at Mount Hope Cemetery, San Diego, California, as per Frank MacShane's, The Life of Raymond Chandler. Chandler wished to be cremated and placed next to Cissy in Cypress View Mausoleum, but was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery by the County of San Diego Public Administrator's Office because he left an estate of $60,000 with no will (intestate) apparently found. The lawsuit over his estate complicated life for Helga Greene, but didn't take place until 1960.
On Valentine's Day (February 14) 2011 the ashes of Chandler's wife Cissy were conveyed from Cypress View and placed in Chandler's grave during a ceremony attended by about one hundred people. This was the result of a legal pleading prepared by Chandler scholar Loren Latker with the assistance of attorney Aissa Wayne. The shared gravestone reads "Dead men are heavier than broken hearts," a quote from his novel The Big Sleep.