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جيوفاني تيبولو يتمه : ماتت ابوه في عامه الثاني. مجاله: رسام وفنان ايطالي. عاش ما بين 1696 – 1770 ): فنان ايطالي ابتعد عن الطرق التقليدية في الرسم مفضلاً أسلوباً جديداً يعتمد على الجرأة التي تكشف عن رغبة في تجميع المناظر والأشخاص في تكوينات فريدة باستخدام المنظور المتماثل محدثاً تغيراً واضحاً بين الظلال والضوء , كما اشتهر بقدرته الفائقة على إحداث النسق اللوني في الصور بحيث توحي بالشفافية والبهجة للعين , تميزت لوحات تيبولو بالتصوير الذي يعطي إنبهاراً باللوحة ككل , وبالألوان الحية المتألقة والفضاء الشفاف الرائع . ولد تيبولو عام 1696, في مدينة البندقية الإيطالية , وتدرب منذ صباه في الإستديو الفني للرسام لازاريني وتعلم هناك فن الزخرفة الكلاسيكية .وسرعان ماتفوق على أستاذه وابتعد عن الطرق التقليدية في الرسم , مفضلاً أسلوباً جديداً يعتمد علىالجرأة التي تكشف عن رغبة في تجميع المناظر والأشخاص في تكوينات فريدة باستخدام المنظور المائل بحيث يكون هناك تغاير واضح بين الظلال والضوء ..وكانت لوحات تيبولو الأولى تعكس أسلوباً فنياً يعتمد على الخطوط المتمازجة . في عام 1731 ذهب تيبولو إلى مدينة ميلانو , حيث عمل في تجميل جدران وسقوف قصور الأمراء هناك , بشخصيات وأماكن أسطورية وتاريخية مما أضفى عليها بريقاً أخاذاً . وكان يحفر على الخشب مناظر من الحياة اليومية للعصر الذي كان يعيش فيه قال عنه النقاد : إن تيبولو رسم الشمس كما لم ترسم من قبل . وكانوا يقصدون أنه يستخدم الضوء والفضاء بشكل لم يسبق له مثيل . كانت لوحات تيبولو تتميز بالتصوير الذي يعطي انبهاراً باللوحة ككل , مستخدماً خطوطا ً رقيقة بالفرشاة , وكانت الألوان حية ومتألقة والفضاء شفافاً رائعاً , خاصة عندما رسم القصص التاريخية مثل أنطونيو وكليوباترا . كما اشتهر بقدرته الفائقة على إحداث النسق اللوني في الصور أي التوافق بين الألوان المختلفة بحيث توحي بالشفافية وتبهج العين في نفس الوقت . وقد أوضحت لوحات تيبولو ما يتمتع به الفنان من معرفة بالتشريح والخبرة النفسية بالحياة . وكان العديد من النقاد بالمجال التشكيلي يصفون ألوان تيابولو جيوفاني في الرسم بأنها ألوان مضحكة ولكن في الفترة الأخيرة من عمر تيابولو وبعد أن ساءت صحته قام بمساعدته ولده دومينيكو وكذلك لورتزو. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (March 5, 1696 – March 27, 1770), also known as Gianbattista or Giambattista Tiepolo, was an Italianpainter and printmaker from the Republic of Venice. He was prolific, and worked not only in Italy, but also in Germany and Spain. Born in Venice, Tiepolo was the youngest of six children born to Orsetta, Tiepolo's mother and his father, Domenico Tiepolo, a sea captain. While the Tiepolo surname belongs to a patrician family, Giambattista's father did not claim patrician status. The future artist was baptised in his parish church (San Pietro di Castello) as Giovanni Battista, in honour of his godfather, a Venetian nobleman called Giovanni Battista Dorià. His father Domenico died a year after his birth, leaving Orsetta in difficult financial circumstances. Giambattista was initially a pupil of Gregorio Lazzarini, but the influences from elder contemporaries such as Sebastiano Ricci and Giovanni Battista Piazzetta are stronger in his work. At 19 years of age, Tiepolo completed his first major commission, the Sacrifice of Isaac (now in the Accademia). He left Lazzarini studio in 1717, and was received into the Fraglia or guild of painters. In 1719, Tiepolo was married to Maria Cecilia Guardi, sister of two contemporary Venetian painters Francesco and Giovanni Antonio Guardi. Together, Tiepolo and his wife had nine children. Four daughters and three sons survived childhood. Two sons, Domenico and Lorenzo, painted with him as his assistants and achieved some independent recognition. His third son became a priest. |
إيڤان سيرجييفيتس تورغينيف رواياتهيتمه: مات ابوه وعمره 16 سنه. مجاله: روائي روسي. هو روائي روسي ولد في 9 نوفمبر1818 وتوفي في 22 أغسطس1883 كان أيفان تورغينيف في كتابة الرواية والمسرحيات والقصص القصيرة أشهر من نار على علم. ومن أعظم أعماله القصصية هي قصة قصيرة بعنوان مذكرات صياد وهي تمثل ركن الرواية الروسية الواقعية, وكما تعد رواية الاباء والبنون من أعظم روايات القرن التاسع عشر.
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (Russian: Иван Сергеевич Тургенев, IPA: [ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈɡʲeɪvʲɪtɕ turˈɡʲenʲɪf]) (November 9, 1818 – September 3, 1883[1]) was a Russian novelist, short story writer, and playwright. His first major publication, a short story collection entitled A Sportsman's Sketches, is a milestone of Russian Realism, and his novel Fathers and Sons is regarded as one of the major works of 19th-century fiction Turgenev was born into a wealthy landed family of the Russian aristocracy in Oryol, Russia, on 28 October 1818. His father, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev, a colonel in the Imperial Russian cavalry, was a chronic philanderer. Ivan's mother, Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova, was a wealthy heiress, who had had an unhappy childhood and suffered in her marriage. Ivan's father died when Ivan was sixteen, leaving him and his brother Nicholas to be brought up by their abusive mother. After the standard schooling for a son of a gentleman, Turgenev studied for one year at the University of Moscow and then moved to the University of Saint Petersburg, focusing on Classics, Russian literature, and philology. He was sent in 1838 to the University of Berlin to study philosophy, particularly Hegel, and history. Turgenev was impressed with German society and returned home believing that Russia could best improve itself by incorporating ideas from the Age of Enlightenment. Like many of his educated contemporaries, he was particularly opposed to serfdom. When Turgenev was a child, a family serf had read to him verses from the Rossiad of Mikhail Kheraskov, a celebrated poet of the 18th century. Turgenev's early attempts in literature, poems, and sketches gave indications of genius and were favorably spoken of by Vissarion Belinsky, then the leading Russian literary critic. During the latter part of his life, Turgenev did not reside much in Russia: he lived either at Baden-Baden or Paris, often in proximity to the family of the celebrated singer Pauline Viardot, with whom he had a lifelong affair. |
مارك توين مجاله: روائي امريكي.يتمه: مات ابوه وعمره 11 سنة وفقد ثلاثة من اخوته في طفولته وفي زمن متقارب. (بالإنجليزية: Mark Twain) واسمه الحقيقي "صمويل لانغهورن كليمنس" (بالإنجليزية: Samuel Langhorne Clemens) هو كاتب أمريكي ساخر (30 نوفمبر 1835 ـ 21 أبريل 1910)[1] عرف برواياته مغامرات هكلبيري فين (1884) التي وصفت بأنها "الرواية الأمريكية العظيمة"[مغامرات توم سوير (1876). وقد نقلت عنه الكثير من الأقوال المأثورة والساخرة[3][4]، وكان صديقاً للعديد من الرؤساء والفنانين ورجال الصناعة وأفراد الأسر المالكة الأوروبية، ووصف بعد وفاته بأنه "أعظم الساخرين الأمريكيين في عصره"[5]، كما لقبه وليم فوكنر بأبي الأدب الأمريكي[6]. وليد صمويل لانغهورن كليمنس في قرية تسمى "فلوريدا" بولاية ميسوري في 30 نوفمبر1835 لأب تاجر من ولاية تينيسي يسمى جون مارشال كليمنس (1798 ـ 1847) وأم تسمى جين لامبتون كليمنس (1803 ـ 1890)[7]، وكان السادس في الترتيب بين سبعة إخوة لم يتجاوز منهم مرحلة الطفولة ـ بخلاف صمويل ـ إلا ثلاثة، هم أوريون (1825 ـ 1897) وهنري (1838 ـ 1858) (لقي حتفه في انفجار قارب نهري) وباميلا (1827 ـ 1904). بينما ماتت شقيقته مارغريت (1830 ـ 1839) عندما كان في الثالثة من عمره، ومات شقيقه بنجامين (1832 ـ 1842) بعدها بثلاث سنوات، كما مات شقيق ثالث هو "بليزانت" وعمره ستة أشهر[8]. وعندما بلغ توين الرابعة من عمره، انتقلت أسرته إلى هانيبال[9]، وهي مدينة وميناء بولاية ميسوري تقع على نهر مسيسيبي، وقد استلهم مارك توين مدينة سانت بطرسبورغ الخيالية التي ظهرت في روايتيه مغامرات توم سويرومغامرات هكلبيري فين من هذه المدينة[10]. وقد كانت ميسوري آنذاك من الولايات التي ما زالت تتبع نظام العبودية، مما ظهر فيما بعد في كتابات مارك توين. وفي مارس 1847 توفي والد توين بالالتهاب الرئوي وفي العام التالي التحق توين بالعمل كصبي بمطبعة، ثم بدأ في سنة 1851 في العمل في صف الحروف (بالإنجليزية: typesetting) وبدأ يكتب المقالات و"الاستكتشات" الساخرة لجريدة هانيبال، التي كان يملكها شقيقه أوريون. وفي الثامنة عشرة من عمره، غادر هانيبال وعمل في الطباعة في مدينة نيويورك وفي فيلادلفيا وسانت لويس وسينسيناتي، وانضم إلى الاتحاد وبدأ في تعليم نفسه بنفسه في المكتبات العامة في الفترة المسائية، مكتشفاً منهلاً للمعرفة أوسع من ذلك الذي كان سيجده إذا كان قد التحق بمدرسة تقليدية. وفي الثانية والعشرين من عمره عاد توين إلى ولاية ميسوري. وفي إحدى رحلات توين في المسيسيبي إلى نيو أورليانز أوحى له هوراس بيكسبي، قائد السفينة البخارية بالعمل كقائد سفينة بخارية، وهو هو عمل كان يدر على صاحبه دخلاً مجزياً وصل إلى 250 دولاراً شهرياً[13] (ما يعادل تقريباً 72400 دولار اليوم)، ونظراً لأن هذه المهنة كانت تتطلب معرفة وافية بكل تفاصيل النهر التي تتغير باستمرار، فقد استغرق توين عامين في دراسة ألفي ميل (3200 كيلومترا) من نهر المسيسيبي بتعمق قبل أن يحصل على ترخيص بالعمل كقائد سفينة بخارية سنة 1859. وأثناء تدريبه، استطاع توين إقناع شقيقه الأصغر هنري بالعمل معه، وقد لقي هنري مصرعه في 21 يونيو1858 إثر انفجار السفينة البخارية "بنسلفانيا" التي كان يعمل عليها، ويقول توين في سيرته الذاتية إنه رأى في أثناء نومه تفاصيل مصرع أخيه قبل شهر من وقوعه[ وهو ما دفعه إلى دراسة الباراسيكولوجيا، وقد كان من أوائل أعضاء جمعية الدراسات الروحانية. وقد حمل توين إحساسه بالذنب والمسئولية عن مصرع أخيه طوال حياته. وظل يعمل في النهر كملاح نهري حتى اندلعت الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية سنة 1861 وتوقفت الملاحة في نهر المسيسيبي Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri, on November 30, 1835, to a Tennessee country merchant, John Marshall Clemens (August 11, 1798 – March 24, 1847), and Jane Lampton Clemens (June 18, 1803 – October 27, 1890).[Twain was the sixth of seven children. Only three of his siblings survived childhood: his brother Orion (July 17, 1825 – December 11, 1897); Henry, who died in a riverboat explosion (July 13, 1838 – June 21, 1858); and Pamela (September 19, 1827 – August 31, 1904). His sister Margaret (May 31, 1830 – August 17, 1839) died when Twain was three, and his brother Benjamin (June 8, 1832 – May 12, 1842) died three years later. Another brother, Pleasant (1828–1829), died at six months. Twain was born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halley's Comet. On December 4, 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for "Mark Twain and Halley's Comet." When Twain was four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, a port town on the Mississippi River that inspired the fictional town of St. Petersburg in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.[8] Missouri was a slave state and young Twain became familiar with the institution of slavery, a theme he would later explore in his writing. Twain’s father was an attorney and a local judge. The Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was organized in his office in 1846. The railroad connected the second and third largest cities in the state and was the westernmost United States railroad until the Transcontinental Railroad. It delivered mail to and from the Pony Express.[10] In March 1847, when Twain was 11, his father died of pneumonia |
باسكال، بليز
يتمه: ماتت امه وعمره 3 سنوات. مجاله: فيزيائي ورياضي وفيلسوف فرنسي. "Blaise Pascal"؛ (19 يونيو1623 - 19 أغسطس1662)، فيزيائيورياضيوفيلسوففرنسي اشتهر بتجاربه على السوائل في مجال الفيزياء، وبأعماله الخاصة بنظرية الاحتمالات في الرياضيات هو من اخترع الآلة الحاسبة. استطاع باسكال أن يسهم في إيجاد أسلوب جديد في النثر الفرنسي بمجموعته الرسائل الريفيّة. أدَّت أعمال باسكال المهمة في مجال ضغط السوائل إلى إيجاد المبدأ المسمى قانون باسكال، الذي ظهر خلال الخمسينيات من القرن السابع عشر الميلادي. وينص هذا المبدأ على أن السوائل الموجودة في الأوعية تنقل ضغوطًا متساوية في كافة الجهات، كما يوضح العمليات التي تقوم بها ضاغطات الهواء، والمضخات الفراغية، والرافعات الهيدروليكية، ورافعات السيارات، والمضاغط. ساعدت تجارب باسكال على إثبات أن للهواء وزناً، وأن ضغط الهواء يمكن أن ينتج فراغًا، وبذلك أزال شكوك العلماء في ذلك الوقت في إمكان وجود الفراغ. وخلال الخمسينيات من القرن السابع عشر الميلادي قدم باسكال، وعالم الرياضيات الفرنسي بيير دي فيرمات نظرية الاحتمالات، وناقشا بعض تطبيقاتها. وصمم باسكال عام 1654م تنظيمًا ثلاثيًا من الأرقام يكون فيه كل رقم مساويًا لمجموع الرقمين المجاورين له من جهة اليمين، وعلى جانبه الأيسر في الصف الذي يكون أعلاه مباشرة. ويمكن استخدام هذا التنظيم الذي سمِّي مثلث باسكال في حساب الاحتمالات. انظر: التباديل والتوافيق. واخترع باسكال أيضًا آلة حاسبة تؤدي عمليات الجمع والضرب. وُلد باسكال في مدينة كلير مونت ـ فيراند بفرنسا. وقد أظهر نبوغا في الرياضيات منذ أن كان طفلاً. واشتغل في حركة دينية تسمى الجانسينية، وفي أواخر عام 1654م دخل ديرًا من أديرة هذه الجماعة في مدينة بورت ـ رويال. وقد اتهمت المنظمة اليسوعية الجانسينيين بالبدعة، وأدانت قائدهم أنطوني آرنولد. وردًا على هذا الاتهام قام باسكال فورًا بنشر 18 كتيبًا ساخرًا سميت الرسائل الريفية، وقد لاقت شعبية عظيمة في عامي 1656 و 1657م. ظل باسكال يدافع منذ عام 1658م وحتى وفاته عن عقيدته. وقد وُجدت بعض أجزاء من عمله هذا الذي لم يكن قد اكتمل في ذلك الوقت بعد وفاته، وطبع باسم بنسيز. ويعبر هذا العمل عن إيمان باسكال بأن هناك حدودًا للحقائق التي يمكن أن يدركها العقل، وأن الإيمان من القلب بالرسالة المسيحية هو المرشد الرئيسي إلى الحقائق الهندسة الرياضية عند باسكال فيما عدا الهندسة المتناهية الصغر عالج باسكال الهندسة الإسقاطية كما تناول المخروطيات les coniques وبعدها القطاعات المخروطية. بدأ الاهتمام بالهندسة من عمر الثانية عشرة عندما قرأ كتاب العناصر لأقليدس. وأكمل اهتمامه بشكل رصين منذ السنة 1639 بالنسبة للدائرة، المخروط، الكرة، الأمكنة الهندسية لنقطة متغيرة. لكن الهندسة التحليلية التي عالجها ديكارت لم يهتم بها باسكال مطلقا. لكن عمل باسكال الهندسة لم ينل إعجابا في عصره، فقد بقي حتى القرن التاسع عشر حين جاء بننسيليه Poncelet فأظهر أهمية باسكال. إنجازاته التحليل المتناهي الصغر كانت له مكإنة عظيمة في هذا الميدان، وقد نشر باسكال أعماله في هذا المجال بين سنة 1650 و 1660 أي في آخر سني حياته، اعتمد قليلا على ستيفن، ودي كارت، وروبرفال، وتورتشللي وغيرهم. لكنه سبق نيوتن، وليبنتز، الذين أخذوا عنه أشياء كثيرة، كما تناول مفهوم الحدود، ومرائل التكامل ومفهوم المثلث المميز المعروف باسمه Triangle de Pascal>/O:P> قام باسكال بتطبيق كل هذه الأساليب في مسائل عديدة في الرياضيات حينا وفي الفيزياء والميكانيك حينا آخر. في الحساب http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...leAnimated.gif مثلث باسكال . اهتم بخصائص السلاسل العددية الصحيحة وبالترتيب العددي والأعداد الطبيعية والأعداد المثلثية، ومثلث باسكال وتطبيقاته العديدة. في الاحتمالات يمكننا عن حق القول بأن باسكال هو الذي أسس حساب الاحتمالات. كان هناك احتمالات الألعاب وبعض أنواع التجارة وما شابه إنما لم يكن هناك علم بالمعنى الصحيح يرتكز إلى أصول الرياضيات. الآلة الحاسبة http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...e_dsc03869.jpg إحدى أوائل آلات باسكال الحاسبة تعتبر هذه الآلة إحدى أوجه تقدم العلوم التطبيقية. إنها فعلا اكتشاف جدير بالاهتمام، فهو الذي أوصل الإنسانية إلى الحاسبات الحديثة وما يمكن أن تصل إليه في المستقبل. فقد اكتشفها في روان Rouen سنة 1640 وهي آلة تقوم بإجراء للعمليات الحسابية الأربع دون جهد في التفكير وذلك لتأدية حسابات والده بسرعة.إن عملية مكننة الحساب تعتبر خطوة جبارة على طريق الحضارة الإنسانية. Early life and education Pascal was born in Clermont-Ferrand; he lost his mother, Antoinette Begon, at the age of three.[7] His father, Étienne Pascal (1588–1651), who also had an interest in science and mathematics, was a local judge and member of the "Noblesse de Robe". Pascal had two sisters, the younger Jacqueline and the elder Gilberte. In 1631, five years after the death of his wife,[8] Étienne Pascal moved with his children to Paris. The newly arrived family soon hired Louise Delfault, a maid who eventually became an instrumental member of the family. Étienne, who never remarried, decided that he alone would educate his children, for they all showed extraordinary intellectual ability, particularly his son Blaise. The young Pascal showed an amazing aptitude for mathematics and science. At the age of eleven, he composed a short treatise on the sounds of vibrating bodies, and Étienne responded by forbidding his son to further pursue mathematics until the age of fifteen so as not to harm his study of Latin and Greek. One day, however, Étienne found Blaise (now twelve) writing an independent proof that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles with a piece of coal on a wall. From then on, the boy was allowed to study Euclid and to sit in as a silent on-looker at the gatherings of some of the greatest mathematicians and scientists in Europe—such as Roberval, Desargues, Mydorge, Gassendi, and Descartes—in the monastic cell of Père Mersenne |
ليبنتز جوتفريد ولهلم يتمه: مات ابوه وعمره 6 سنوات. مجاله: عالم ومكتشف ألماني (1646_1716) ولد في ليبزنغ سنة 1646 تلقى تربية الرجل الشريف في فرنسا حتى علم 1672 ثم درس كل من فرنسيس بيكون وكليبر وجاليله وديكارت حصل على شهادة اللسانس في الفنون سنة 1663 في ليبزنغ دخل كلية الحقوق ورفض لقب دكتور بسبب صغر سنة لكنه حصل على هذا اللقب في السنة نفسها من جمعية التدروف إنضم إلى مؤسسه وهي مؤسسة سرية عالمية ثم دخل السياسة فأصبح مستشار في البلاط توفي لي ليبيغ سنة 1716 في عزلة تامه لكن باريس وحدها أبدت دهشتها لوفاة الفيلسوف العظيم فقام فونتيل برثائه وإظهار أثره سنة 1717 . من أهم أعماله :: * وضع أسس التحليل الحديث . * وضع كتاب مقال في الرياضيات سنة 1846 كما له العديد من الكتب الفليفية Gottfried Leibniz was born on July 1, 1646 in Leipzig, Saxony (at the end of the Thirty Years' War), to Friedrich Leibniz and Catherina Schmuck. Leibniz's father, who was of Sorbian ancestry,[6][7] died when he was six years old, and from that point on, he was raised by his mother. Her teachings influenced Leibniz's philosophical thoughts in his later life. Leibniz's father, Friedrich Leibniz, had been a Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Leipzig, so Leibniz inherited his father's personal library. He was given free access to this from the age of seven and thereafter. While Leibniz's schoolwork focused on a small canon of authorities, his father's library enabled him to study a wide variety of advanced philosophical and theological works – ones that he would not have otherwise been able to read until his college years.[citation needed] Access to his father's library, largely written in Latin, also led to his proficiency in the Latin language. Leibniz was proficient in Latin by the age of 12, and he composed three hundred hexameters of Latin verse in a single morning for a special event at school at the age of 13.[citation needed] He enrolled in his father's former university at age 14, and he completed his bachelor's degree in philosophy in December of 1662. He defended his Disputatio Metaphysica de Principio Individui, which addressed the Principle of individuation, on June 9, 1663. Leibniz earned his master's degree in philosophy on February 7, 1664. He published and defended a dissertation Specimen Quaestionum Philosophicarum ex Jure collectarum, arguing for both a theoretical and a pedagogical relationship between philosophy and law, in December 1664. After one year of legal studies, he was awarded his bachelor's degree in Law on September 28, 1665.[citation needed] In 1666, (at age 20), Leibniz published his first book, On the Art of Combinations, the first part of which was also his habilitation thesis in philosophy. His next goal was to earn his license and doctorate in Law, which normally required three years of study then. Older students in the law school blocked his early graduation plans, prompting Leibniz to leave Leipzig in disgust in September of 1666.[citation needed] Leibniz then enrolled in the University of Altdorf, and almost immediately he submitted a thesis, which he had probably been working on earlier in Leipzig. The title of his thesis was Disputatio de Casibus perplexis in Jure. Leibniz earned his license to practice law and his Doctorate in Law in November of 1666. He next declined the offer of an academic appointment at Altdorf, and he spent the rest of his life in the paid service of two main German noble families.[citation needed] As an adult, Leibniz often introduced himself as "Gottfried von Leibniz". Also many posthumously-published editions of his writings presented his name on the title page as "Freiherr G. W. von Leibniz." However, no document has ever been found from any contemporary government that stated his appointment to any form of nobility.[8] |
كريستوفر ميكايل لانجن يتمه: مات ابوه او فقد قبل ولادته. مجاله : اذكى انسان في العالم Christopher Michael Langan (born c. 1952) is an Americanautodidact whose IQ was reported by 20/20 and other media sources to have been measured at between 195 and 210.[1] Billed by some media sources as "the smartest man in America",[2] he rose to prominence in 1999 while working as a bouncer on Long Island. Langan has developed his own "theory of the relationship between mind and reality" which he calls the "Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe (CTMU)". Langan was born in San Francisco and spent most of his early life in Montana. His mother was the daughter of a wealthy shipping executive but was cut off from her family; his father died or disappeared before he was born.[5] He began talking at six months, taught himself to read before he was four, and was repeatedly skipped ahead in school. But he grew up in poverty and says he was beaten by his stepfather from when he was almost six to when he was about fourteen.[6] By then Langan had begun weight training, and forcibly ended the abuse, throwing his stepfather out of the house and telling him never to return.[7] Langan says he spent the last years of high school mostly in independent study, teaching himself "advanced math, physics, philosophy, Latin and Greek, all that".[8] After earning a perfect score on the SAT[6] Langan attended Reed College and later Montana State University, but faced with financial and transportation problems, and believing that he "could literally teach his professors more than they could teach him", dropped out.[8] He took a string of labor-intensive jobs, and by his mid-40s had been a construction worker, cowboy, forest service firefighter, farmhand, and for over twenty years, a bouncer on Long Island. He says he developed a "double-life strategy": on one side a regular guy, doing his job and exchanging pleasantries, and on the other side coming home to perform equations in his head, working in isolation on his Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe.[8] Wider attention came in 1999, when Esquire magazine published a profile of Langan and other members of the high-IQ community.[8] Billing Langan as "the smartest man in America", Mike Sager's account of the weight-lifting bouncer and his CTMU "Theory of Everything" sparked a flurry of media interest. Board-certified neuropsychologist Dr. Robert Novelly tested Langan's IQ for 20/20, which reported that Langan broke the ceiling of the test. Novelly was said to be astounded, saying: "Chris is the highest individual that I have ever measured in 25 years of doing this."[6] Articles and interviews highlighting Langan appeared in Popular Science,[9] The Times,[7] Newsday,[10] Muscle & Fitness (which reported that he could bench press 500 pounds),[11] and elsewhere. Langan was featured on 20/20,[6] interviewed on BBC Radio[12] and on Errol Morris's First Person,[13] and participated in an online chat at ABCNEWS.com.[14] He has written question-and-answer columns for New York Newsday,[15] The Improper Hamptonian,[16] and Men's Fitness.[17] In 2004, Langan moved with his wife Gina (née LoSasso), a clinical neuropsychologist, to northern Missouri, where he owns and operates a horse ranch.[18] On January 25, 2008, Langan was a contestant on NBC's 1 vs. 100, where he won $250,000 In 1999 Langan and his wife, Gina LoSasso, formed a non-profit corporation called the "Mega Foundation" to "create and implement programs that aid in the development of extremely gifted individuals and their ideas."[19] In addition to his writings at the Foundation, Langan's media exposure at the end of the 1990s invariably included some discussion of his "Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the Universe" (often referred to by Langan as "CTMU"), and he was reported by Popular Science in 2001 to be writing a book about his work called Design for a Universe.[9] He has been quoted as saying that "you cannot describe the universe completely with any accuracy unless you're willing to admit that it's both physical and mental in nature"[11] and that his CTMU "explains the connection between mind and reality, therefore the presence of cognition and universe in the same phrase".[14] He calls his proposal "a true 'Theory of Everything', a cross between John Archibald Wheeler's 'Participatory Universe' and Stephen Hawking's 'Imaginary Time' theory of cosmology."[8] In conjunction with his ideas, Langan has claimed that "you can prove the existence of God, the soul and an afterlife, using mathematics."[6] Langan is a fellow of the International Society for Complexity, Information, and Design (ISCID),[20] a professional society which promotes intelligent design,[21] and has published a paper on his CTMU in the society's online journal Progress in Complexity, Information, and Design in 2002.[22] Later that year, he presented a lecture on his CTMU at ISCID's Research and Progress in Intelligent Design (RAPID) conference.[23] In 2004, Langan contributed a chapter to Uncommon Dissent, a collection of essays that question unguided evolution and promote intelligent design, edited by ISCID cofounder and leading intelligent design proponent William Dembski.[24] Asked about creationism, Langan has said:
Langan explains on his website that he believes "since Biblical accounts of the genesis of our world and species are true but metaphorical, our task is to correctly decipher the metaphor in light of scientific evidence also given to us by God". He explains
Langan has argued elsewhere that he does not belong to any religious denomination, explaining that he "can't afford to let [his] logical approach to theology be prejudiced by religious dogma."[14] He calls himself "a respecter of all faiths, among peoples everywhere."[14] He has recently been profiled in Malcolm Gladwell's book Outliers: The Story of Success,[26] where Gladwell looks at the reasons behind why Langan was unable to flourish in a university environment. Gladwell writes that although Langan "read deeply in philosophy, mathematics, and physics" as he worked on the CTMU, "without academic credentials, he despairs of ever getting published in a scholarly journal".[27] Gladwell's profile on Langan mainly portrayed him as an example of an individual who failed to realize his potential in part because of poor social skills resulting from, in Gladwell's speculation, being raised in poverty.[ |
جاري كسباروف
يتمه: مات ابوه معمره 7 سنوات. مجاله: افضل لاعب شطرنج بل عبقري الشطرج في العالم. ولد جاري كيموفيتش كاسباروف في مدينة باكو بأذربيجان احدى جمهوريات الاتحاد السوفيتى السابق عام 1963 اسمه الحقيقي جاري وينستون ، لكنه غيره إلى كاسباروف ليصبج الاسم أكثر روسية ويكون سريع الانتشار، واشتق كاسباروف هذا الاسم من اسم عائلة أمه الأرمينية " كاسباريان". تعلم كاسباروف الشطرنج في سن الخامسة ، وفي الحادية عشرة من عمره استطاع أن يفوز ببطولة أذربيجان للشطرنج ، ثم بطولة العالم للناشئين 1980، وحصل بعدها على لقب أستاذ دولي كبير في نفس العام.وفي عام 1984 ظهر كاسباروف على الساحة العالمية وسطر اسمه بأحرف من ذهب في سجل أبطال العالم، عندما فاز في تصفيات بطولة العالم على لاعبين كبار مثل بطل العالم السابق سيمسلوف ، الذي أصبح بعد الفوز عليه المتحدي الرسمي لبطل العالم في وقتها أناتولي كاربوف. لعب كساباروف مباراة التحدي معه واستمرت 48 دورا حتى قرر رئيس الاتحاد الدولي إيقافها بسبب سوء حالة كاربوف الصحية على أن تلعب بطولة عالم جديدة في العام التالي ، ويفوز فيها كاسباروف ، ويتوج بطلاً للعالم ، تم يأتي عام 1986 ليؤكد كاسباروف جدارته باللقب العالمي ويفوز للمرة الثانية ليحتفظ باللقب العالمي. جاء عام 1987 ليلتقي كاسباروف مرة ثانية مع كاربوف لكن في هذه الجولة يتعادل البطلان ليحتفظ كاسباروف بلقبه حسب قانون الاتحاد الدولي، ثم للمرة الخامسة والأخيرة يلتقيان عام 1990 ليفوز كاسباروف، ويحتفظ باللقب مرة أخرى. Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров, Russian pronunciation: [ˈɡarʲɪ ˈkʲiməvʲɪtɕ kɐˈsparəf]; born Garry Kimovich Weinstein, 13 April 1963, Baku, Azerbaijan) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) chessgrandmaster, a former World Chess Champion, writer, political activist, and one of the greatest chess players of all time.[1] Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at the age of 22.[2] He held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. He is also widely known for being the first world chess champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls, when he lost to Deep Blue in 1997. Kasparov's ratings achievements include being rated world No.1 according to Elo rating almost continuously from 1986 until his retirement in 2005 and holding the all-time highest rating of 2851.[3] He was the world number-one ranked player for 255 months, by far the most of all-time and nearly three times as long as his closest rival, Anatoly Karpov. He also holds records for consecutive tournament victories and Chess Oscars. Kasparov announced his retirement from professional chess on 10 March 2005, to devote his time to politics and writing. He formed the United Civil Front movement, and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration of Vladimir Putin. He was a candidate for the 2008 Russian presidential race, but later withdrew. Widely regarded in the West as a symbol of opposition to Putin, Kasparov's support in Russia is low.[4][5] In 2007, he was ranked 25th in The Daily Telegraph's list of 100 greatest living geniuses Garry Kasparov was born Garry Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарри Вайнштейн) in Baku,[7] Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union; now Azerbaijan, to an Armenian mother and Jewish father.[8] He first began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution.] His father died of leukemia when he was seven years old. At the age of twelve, he adopted his mother's Armenian surname, Gasparyan, modifying it to a more Russified version, Kasparov. From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under noted coach Vladimir Makogonov. Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined.[12] Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisi in 1976, scoring 7 points of 9, at age 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8½ of 9. He was being trained by Alexander Shakarov during this time. In 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk. He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chess master. Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life, and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career. "I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live," he wrote. He has also said that after the victory, he thought he had a very good shot at the World Championship.[13] He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss system tournament at Daugavpils over tiebreak from Igor V. Ivanov, to capture the sole qualifying place. Kasparov rose quickly through the FIDE (World Chess Federation) rankings. Starting with an oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a Grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina (then part of Yugoslavia), in 1979 while still unrated (He was a replacement for Viktor Korchnoi whom was originally invited but withdrew due to threat of boycott from the Soviet). He won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the World[14]). The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at La Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster. |
جيمز هاورد ودس
يتمه: مات ابوه وعمره 13 عام مجاله: ممثل وهو واحد ممن يمتلكون نسبة ذكاء عالية . James Howard Woods (born April 18, 1947) is an American film, stage and television actor. Woods is known for starring in critically acclaimed films such as Once Upon a Time in America, Salvador, Nixon, Ghosts of Mississippi, Casino, and in the television legal drama Shark. He has won two Emmy Awards, and has gained two Academy Award nominations. He is also well known for appearing several times in the comedy animation Family Guy. Woods was born in Vernal, Utah. His father, Gail Peyton Woods, was an army intelligence officer who died in 1960[1] following routine surgery. His mother, Martha A. (née Smith), operated a pre-school after her husband's death[2] and re-married to Thomas E. Dixon. Woods grew up in Warwick, Rhode Island, where he attended Pilgrim High School. Woods chose to pursue his undergraduate studies at MIT, where he majored in political science (though he originally planned on a career as a surgeon). While at MIT, Woods pledged to Theta Delta Chi Fraternity. He was also an active member of the student theatre group "Dramashop" where he both acted in and directed a number of plays. He dropped out of MIT in 1969 just before his graduation in order to pursue a career in acting.[3] Woods has said that he became an actor because of the father of Ben Affleck, Tim Affleck, who was a stage manager at the Theatre Company of Boston while Woods was at MIT.[ |
جوزف بريستلي جوسف پريستلي {{}} (و. 13 مارس 1733 - 8 فبراير 1804) فيلسوف طبيعي بريطاني, ورجل دين معارض, ومنظر سياسي ومعلم. أهم ما يُذكر به اكتشافه في نفس الوقت مع أنطوان لاڤوازييه لغاز الأكسجين. يتمه: ماتت الام وعمره 6 سنوات وعاش مع جده وعمره سنة واحدة مجاله : عالم من اذاكى اذكياء العالم - عبقري. ظل الفضل في اكتشاف الأكسجين ينسب طويلا إلى جوزف بريستلي لا إلى شيليه، لأنه اكتشفه مستقلا عن شيليه، وأذاع اكتشافه هذا في 1775 قبل عامين من نشر شيليه المتأخر لكشفه. ومع ذلك فنحن نكرمه لأن أبحاثه أتاحت للافوازييه أن يضفي على الكيمياء شكلها الحديث، ولأنه كان من الرواد في الدراسة العلمية للكهرباء، ولأنه أسهم بشجاعة في الفكر البريطاني عن الدين والحكومة حتى أن جماعة متعصبة من الغوغاء أحرقت بيته في برمنجهام وحملته على الالتجاء إلى أمريكا. وقد لمس تاريخ الحضارة في نقط كثيرة، وهو واحد من أعظم شخصياته إلهاماً. ولد في يوركشير في 1733، لمشاط من المنشقين على الكنيسة الرسمية. وأكب بنهم على دراسة العلم، والفلسفة، واللاهوت، واللغات؛ فتعلم اللاتينية، واليونانية، والفرنسية، والألمانية، والإيطالية، والعربية، وحتى طرفاً من السريانية والكلدية. واشتغل أول الأمر واعظاً منقشاً في سافوك، ولكن عقده في لسانه انتقصت من تأثير بلاغته في السامعين. فلما بلغ الخامسة والعشرين نظم مدرسة خاصة بعث الحياة في منهاجها بتجارب في الفيزياء والكيمياء. وفي الثامنة والعشرين أصبح معلماً في أكاديمية للمنشقين في وارنجتن، وهناك علم خمس لغات، ووجد رغم ذلك الوقت ليجري أبحاثاً أكسبته زمالة في الجمعية الملكية (1776). في تلك السنة التقى بفرانكلن في لندن فشجعته على تأليف كتابه "تاريخ الكهرباء ووضعها الراهن" (1776) وهو مسح جدير بإعجاب للموضوع بأسره حتى جيله. وفي 1767 عين راعياً لكنيسة مل هل بليدز. وقد تذكر في تاريخ لاحق من حياته، إنه "نتيجة لسكناي حيناً بقرب مصنع عمومي للجعة أغريت بإجراء تجارب على الهواء الثابت(31). لأن عجين مصنع الجعة انبعث منه غاز ثاني أكسيد الكربون. وقد أذابه في الماء، وأعجبته نكهته الفوارة؛ وكان هذا أول "ماء صودا". وفي 1772 أعفى من هموم الرزق بتعيينه أمين مكتبة للورد شلبيرن. وفي البيت الذي جهز له بكولن أجرى التجارب التي أكسبته شهرة دولية. Joseph Priestley (13 March 1733 (Old Style) – 6 February 1804) was an 18th-century English theologian, Dissentingclergyman, natural philosopher, educator, and political theorist who published over 150 works. He is usually credited with the discovery of oxygen, having isolated it in its gaseous state, although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Antoine Lavoisier also have a claim to the discovery.[2] During his lifetime, Priestley's considerable scientific reputation rested on his invention of soda water, his writings on electricity, and his discovery of several "airs" (gases), the most famous being what Priestley dubbed "dephlogisticated air" (oxygen). However, Priestley's determination to defend phlogiston theory and to reject what would become the chemical revolution eventually left him isolated within the scientific community. Priestley's science was integral to his theology, and he consistently tried to fuse Enlightenment rationalism with Christian theism.[3] In his metaphysical texts, Priestley attempted to combine theism, materialism, and determinism, a project that has been called "audacious and original".[4] He believed that a proper understanding of the natural world would promote human progress and eventually bring about the Christian Millennium.[4] Priestley, who strongly believed in the free and open exchange of ideas, advocated toleration and equal rights for religious Dissenters, which also led him to help found Unitarianismin England. The controversial nature of Priestley's publications combined with his outspoken support of the French Revolution aroused public and governmental suspicion; he was eventually forced to flee, in 1791, first to London, and then to the United States, after a mob burned down his home and church. He spent the last ten years of his life living in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. A scholar and teacher throughout his life, Priestley also made significant contributions to pedagogy, including the publication of a seminal work on English grammar, books on history, and he prepared some of the most influential early timelines. These educational writings were some of Priestley's most popular works. It was his metaphysical works, however, that had the most lasting influence: leading philosophers including Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Herbert Spencer credit them among the primary sources for utilitarianism Priestley was born to an established English Dissenting family (i.e., they did not conform to the Church of England) in Birstall, near Batley in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He was the oldest of six children born to Mary Swift and Jonas Priestley, a finisher of cloth. To ease his mother's burdens, Priestley was sent to live with his grandfather around the age of one; after his mother died five years later, he returned home. When his father remarried in 1741, Priestley went to live with his aunt and uncle, the wealthy and childless Sarah and John Keighley, 3 miles (5 km) from Fieldhead.[6] Because Priestley was precocious—at the age of four he could flawlessly recite all 107 questions and answers of the Westminster Shorter Catechism—his aunt sought the best education for the boy, intending him for the ministry. During his youth, Priestley attended local schools where he learned Greek, Latin, and Hebrew.[7] Around 1749, Priestley became seriously ill and believed he was dying. Raised as a devout Calvinist, he believed a conversion experience was necessary for salvation, but doubted he had had one. This emotional distress eventually led him to question his theological upbringing, causing him to reject election and to accept universal salvation. As a result, the elders of his home church, the Independent Upper Chapel of Heckmondwike, refused him admission as a full member.[6][8] Priestley's illness left him with a permanent stutter and he gave up any thoughts of entering the ministry at that time. In preparation for joining a relative in trade in Lisbon, he studied French, Italian, and German in addition to Chaldean, Syrian, and Arabic. He was tutored by the Reverend George Haggerstone, who first introduced him to higher mathematics, natural philosophy, logic, and metaphysics through the works of Isaac Watts, Willem 's Gravesande, and John Locke. |
جون تايلر الإبن يتمه: ماتت أمه وعمره 7 سنوات. مجاله: قائد – الرئيس العاشر للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. (29 مارس1790 - 18 يناير1862)، الرئيس العاشر للولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، فترة الحكم كانت من 1841 إلى 1845. John Tyler, Jr. (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862) was the tenthPresident of the United States (1841–1845) and the first to succeed to the office following the death of a predecessor. Once he became president he stood against his party's platform and vetoed several of their proposals. As a result, most of his cabinet resigned, and the Whigs expelled him from the party. Arguably the most famous and significant achievement of Tyler's administration, aside from setting the precedent for presidential succession, was the annexing the Republic of Texas in 1845. Tyler was the first president born after the adoption of the Constitution, the only president to have held the office of President pro tempore of the Senate, and the only former president elected to office in the Confederate government during the Civil War. John Tyler, Jr., was born on March 29, 1790 in Charles City County, Virginia (the same county where William Henry Harrison was born).[1] Tyler's father was John Tyler, Sr., and his mother was Mary Armistead Tyler. Tyler was raised, along with seven siblings, to be a part of the region's elite gentry, receiving an exceptional education. He was brought up believing that the Constitution of the United States was to be strictly interpreted, and reportedly never lost this conviction. While Tyler was growing up, his father, a friend of Thomas Jefferson, owned a tobacco plantation of over 1,000 acres (4 km2) served by dozens of slaves, and worked as a judge at the U.S. Circuit Court at Richmond, Virginia; the elder Tyler's advocacy of states' rights maintained his power. When Tyler was seven years old, his mother died from a stroke. At the age of twelve, he entered the preparatory branch of the College of William and Mary, enrolling into the collegiate program there three years later. Tyler graduated from the college in 1807, at age seventeen. |
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