King Camp Gillette (January 5, 1855 – July 9, 1932) was an American businessman popularly known as the inventor of the safety razor, although several models were in existence before Gillette's design. Gillette's innovation was the thin, inexpensive, disposable blade of stamped steel.[1]
Gillette is widely credited with inventing the so-called razor and blades business model, where razors are sold cheaply to increase the market for blades,[2] but in fact he only adopted this model after his competitors did.[3]

Biography[edit]

Born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin and raised in Chicago, Illinois. King Camp Gillette's family was devastated by the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. His ancestors came from England to Massachusetts in 1630.[4]
Razors and blades[edit]
While working as a salesman for the Crown Cork and Seal Company in the 1890s, Gillette saw bottle caps, with the cork seal he sold, thrown away after the bottle was opened. This made him recognize the value in basing a business on a product that was used a few times, then discarded. As existing, relatively expensive, razor blades dulled quickly and needed continuous sharpening, a razor whose blade could be thrown away when it dulled would meet a real need and likely be profitable.
Safety razors had been developed in the mid-19th century, but still used a forged blade. In the 1870s, the Kampfe Brothers introduced a type of razor[5] along these lines. Gillette improved these earlier safety-razor designs, and introduced the high-profit-margin stamped razor blade steel blade. Gillette's razor retailed for a substantial $5 (about $134 in 2006 dollars) — half the average working man's weekly pay — yet sold by the millions.
The most difficult part of development was engineering the blades, as thin, cheap steel was difficult to work and sharpen. This accounts for the delay between the initial idea and the product's introduction.
To sell the product, Gillette founded the American Safety Razor Company on September 28, 1901 (changing the company's name to Gillette Safety Razor Company in July 1902). Gillette obtained a trademark registration (0056921) for his portrait and signature on the packaging. Production began in 1903, when he sold a total of 51 razors and 168 blades.[6] The following year, he sold 90,884 razors and 123,648 blades,[6] thanks in part to Gillette's low prices, automated manufacturing techniques and good advertising. By 1908, the corporation had established manufacturing facilities in the United States, Canada, England, France and Germany. Razor sales reached 450,000 units and blade sales exceeded 70*million units in 1915. In 1918, when the U.S. entered World War I, the company provided all American soldiers with a field razor set, paid for by the government. The company continues in the present day as the Gillette brand of Procter & Gamble.
Personal life[edit]

Gillette was also a Utopian Socialist.[7] He published a book titled The Human Drift (1894)[8] which advocated that all industry should be taken over by a single corporation owned by the public, and that everyone in the US should live in a giant city called Metropolis powered by Niagara Falls. A later book, World Corporation (1910)[9] was a prospectus for a company set up to create this vision. He offered Theodore Roosevelt the presidency of the company, with a fee of one million dollars.[10] (Roosevelt declined the offer.) Gillette's last book, The People's Corporation (1924),[11] was written with Upton Sinclair and later inspired Glen H. Taylor.
In his later life he traveled extensively, and was universally recognized from his picture on the packets of razor blades. People were surprised that he was a real person rather than just a marketing image. A Gillette company history stated that in non-English speaking countries people would often ask for "the kind with the Man's Face" blades.
Around 1922 or 1923, he built a residence at 324 Overlook Road, in "The Mesa" district of Palm Springs. A 4,800-square-foot (450*m2) main home and 720-square-foot (67*m2) guest house. The homes sit on 1-acre (4,000*m2) of land are what remain of the original estate.
Sometime in the late 1920s, Gillette was known as a frequent guest of Nellie Coffman, proprietor of the Desert Inn in Palm Springs, California. He was often seen wandering about the grounds and lobby in a tattered old bathrobe. When Coffman was asked why she allowed such a low life to hang out at her establishment, she responded, "Why that is King C. Gillette. He has practically kept this place in the black the last few years."
Death[edit]

Gillette died in Los Angeles, California, and was interred in the lower levels of the Begonia Corridor in the Great Mausoleum located at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.[12] He was almost bankrupt at the time of his death, due both to his having spent large amounts of money on property, and to his having lost much of the value of his corporate shares as a result of the Great Depression
Father: George Wolcott Gillette (patent agent, b. circa 1824, )
Mother: Fanny Lemira Camp Gillette (author, b. 1828, m. 1848, d. 25-Dec-1926)
Wife: Alanta Ella Gaines Gillette (m. 1890, one son)
Son: King Gaines Gillette (real estate agent, b. 18-Nov-1890, d. 18-Jun-1955)

.[4] In 1862 he exhibited his ice-making machine at the Universal London Exhibition, producing an output of 200 kilograms (440*lb) per hour. His design was based on the gas–vapour system.
In 1876 he equipped the ship Paraguay with an absorption refrigeration system, allowing the ship to carry frozen meat on an intercontinental trip.[5] Carré's method remained popular through the early 1900s. It was replaced by systems using the liquid vapor compression cycle.
Carré also conducted research in the field of electricity. In 1877, he invented an electric light regulator. He also invented the Carré machine, an electrostatic generator used to produced high voltages.[6][7][8

Louis Francois Cartier the son of a powder horn maker, founded Cartier in 1847; the year his workshop master Adolphe Picard died
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LOUIS CARTIER BIO

Louis Cartier (1875–1942) was a famous French watchmaker and businessman known worldwide for elegant and extravagant watch designs. He was passionate about mechanical pocket watches and had the goal of creating his own line of timepieces. Although Patek Phillipe created the first wristwatch in 1868, Louis Cartier is responsible for helping to popularize it over the traditional pocket watch. In 1904, his Brazilian friend Alberto Santos-Dumont, an early pioneer of aviation, asked Louis Cartier to design a watch that could be used during his flights, since pocket watches were not suitable. Louis Cartier created for him the Santos wristwatch, which was also the first wristwatch made for men. Santos first went on sale in 1911, the date of Cartier's first production of wristwatches. In Rue de la Paix he designed timepieces with the help of Edmond Jaeger who agreed to supply Cartier's watch line with movements

About Cyrus Hall McCormick
Often credited for inventing the Reaper, which was created by a black slave named Jo Anderson. Cyrus McCormick got the patent because slaves were considered property and not citizens, thus could not legally patent inventions.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick

http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/101.html

Cyrus Hall McCormick, Sr. (1809–1884) was an American inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of International Harvester Company in 1902. He and many members of the McCormick family became prominent Chicagoans. Although McCormick is often called the "inventor" of the mechanical reaper, it was based on work by others, including his family members.

Early life

Cyrus Hall McCormick was born February 15, 1809 on the McCormick family farm known as Walnut Grove in Rockbridge County, Virginia, in the Shenandoah Valley on the western side of the Blue Ridge Mountains. His parents were Robert McCormick (1780–1846) and Mary Ann Hall McCormick (1780–1853), both of whom were of Scots-Irish descent. He was the oldest of eight children, and had little or no formal education.

Although the plantation kept some slaves, every family member was expected to help during harvest. From a young age, McCormick preferred using machines to save work in the fields. In his teens he devised a scythe cradle, and then patented plows that could be used on hillsides and sharpened themselves. His father kept a workshop to repair and build machines, such as those for mills on the property. McCormick tried to sell a hemp brake machine to farmers in Kentucky but made no sales.

Vladimir Kosmich Zworykin (Russian: Влади́мир Козьми́ч Зворы́кин - Vladimir Koz'mich Zvorykin) (July 29 [O.S. July 17] 1888 – July 29, 1982) was a Russian-American inventor, engineer, and pioneer of television technology. Zworykin invented a television transmitting and receiving system employing cathode ray tubes. He played a role in the practical development of television from the early thirties, including charge storage-type tubes, infrared image tubes and the electron microscope.[3]

Vladimir Kosmich Zworykin was born in Murom, Russia, in 1888, on July 29 (old style July 17), to the family of a prosperous merchant.

He had a relatively calm upbringing, and he rarely saw his father except on religious holidays.

He studied at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, under Boris Rosing. He helped Boris Rosing with experimental work on television in the basement of Rosing's private lab at the School of Artillery of Saint Petersburg. Rosing had filed his first patent on a television system in 1907, featuring a very early cathode ray tube as a receiver, and a mechanical device as a transmitter. Its demonstration in 1911, based on an improved design, was among the first demonstrations of TV of any kind.[4]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...%281923%29.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...gnify-clip.png
Drawing from V. Zworykin's 1923 patent application Television System.[5][6]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...iconoscope.png http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...gnify-clip.png
Vladimir Zworykin's patent diagram of an iconoscope, 1931,[7] with an apparatus similar to the camera part.[5][6]

V. Zworykin graduated in 1912 and, thereafter, studied X-rays under professor Paul Langevin in Paris.[4] During World War I, Zworykin was enlisted and served in the Russian Signal Corps, then succeeded in getting a job working for Russian Marconi, testing radio equipment that was being produced for the Russian Army.

Zworykin decided to leave Russia for the United States in 1918, during the Russian Civil War. He left through Siberia, travelling north on the River Ob to the Arctic Ocean as part of an expedition led by Russian scientist Innokenty P. Tolmachev, eventually arriving in the US at the end of 1918. He returned to Omsk, then capital of Admiral Kolchak's government in 1919, via Vladivostok, then to the United States again on official duties from the Omsk government. These duties ended with the collapse of the White movement in Siberia at the death of Kolchak. V. Zworykin decided, this time, to remain permanently in the US.
Once in the U.S., V. Zworykin found work at the Westinghouse laboratories in Pittsburgh, where he eventually had an opportunity to engage in television experiments. He summarized the resulting invention in two patent applications. The first, entitled "Television Systems", was filed on December 29, 1923, and was followed by a second application in 1925 of essentially the same content, but with minor changes and the addition of a Paget-type screen for color transmission and reception.[8] He was awarded a patent for the 1925 application in 1928,[8] and two patents for the 1923 application that was divided in 1931,[5][6] although the equipment described was never successfully demonstrated.[9][10][11]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...scope_1929.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...gnify-clip.png
Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929).

Vladimir Zworykin described cathode ray tubes as both transmitter and receiver. The operation, whose basic thrust was to prevent the emission of electrons between scansion cycles, was reminiscent of A. A. Campbell Swinton's proposal published in Nature in June 1908.[12][13] This would result in the television signal being derived from the modest number of electrons released at the instant the cathode ray swept over an image point.[citation needed]
The demonstration given by V. Zworykin sometime in late 1925 or early 1926, was far from a success with the Westinghouse management, even though it showed the possibilities inherent in a system based on the Braun tube. Although he was told by management to "devote his time to more practical endeavours", Zworykin continued his efforts to perfect his system. As attested to by his own writing, including his doctoral dissertation of 1926, earning him a PhD from the University of Pittsburgh, his experiments were directed at improving the output of photoelectric cells.
There were, however, limits to how far one could go along these lines, and so, in 1929, V. Zworykin returned to vibrating mirrors and facsimile transmission, filing patents describing these. At this time, however, he was also experimenting with an improved cathode ray receiving tube, filing a patent application for this in November 1929, and introducing the new receiver that he named "Kinescope", reading a paper two days later at a convention of the Institute of Radio Engineers.
Having developed the prototype of the receiver by December, Zworykin met David Sarnoff,[14] who eventually hired him and put him in charge of television development for RCA at their newly established laboratories in Camden, New Jersey.
The move to the laboratories occurred in the spring of 1930 and the difficult task of developing a transmitter could begin. There was an in-house evaluation in mid-1930, where the kinescope performed well (but with only 60 lines definition[15]), and the transmitter was still of a mechanical type. A "breakthrough" would come when the Zworykin team decided to develop a new type of cathode ray transmitter, one described in the French and British patents of 1928 priority by the Hungarian inventor Kalman Tihanyi whom the company had approached in July 1930, after the publication of his patents in England and France. This was a curious design, one where the scanning electron beam would strike the photoelectric cell from the same side where the optical image was cast. Even more importantly, it was a system characterized by an operation based on an entirely new principle, the principle of the accumulation and storage of charges during the entire time between two scansions by the cathode-ray beam.
According to Albert Abramson, Zworykin's experiments started in April 1931, and after the achievement of the first promising experimental transmitters, on October 23, 1931, it was decided that the new camera tube would be named Iconoscope. The system was ready to be launched at the end of 1934, a contract had of course been signed with the Hungarian inventor for the purchase of his patents. In early 1935, the new tube was introduced in Germany. It was soon developed there, with some improvements, and was successfully used at the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games as one of several cameras, including Philo Farnsworth's Image Dissector, for film transmission only, broadcasting the games to some two-hundred public theaters. Although the tube went through a number of adjustments and improvements, it continued to be called by the generic name of Iconoscope.
The developments in England, by the British firm Marconi/EMI, followed the original charge storage design under a patent exchange. This electronic system was officially adopted by the BBC whose experimental public broadcasts began in England in November 1936 and initially included the Baird-system. The British electronic system featured 405 scanning lines, while German television adopted 441 line scanning and so did RCA following the initial (1934) 375 line definition.

Vladimir Zworykin married for a second time in 1951. His wife was Katherine Polevitzky (1888-1985), a Russian-born professor of bacteriology at the University of Pennsylvania. It was the second marriage for both. The ceremony was in Burlington, New Jersey.[16] He retired in 1954.
But new frontiers in medical engineering and biological engineering appealed to him, and he became a founder and first President of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. The Federation continues to honor outstanding research engineering with a Zworykin Award, the prize being travelling funds to the Award's presentation at a World Congress.[17]

He died on July 29, 1982 in Princeton, New Jersey.[2] His wife Katherine died on February 18,1985.

==
Father: (merchant)
Wife: Tatiana Vasilieff (m. 1916)
Wife: Katherine Polevitsky (m. 1951)

VLADIMIR ZVORYKIN - A RUSSIAN AMERICAN WHO INVENTED TELEVISION
*
**** The year 1931 marked an event that from time to time occurs in the world of invention. Two engineers living in different parts of the world – Semyon Kataev in Russia and Vladimir Zvorykin in the USA - applied for a patent on a transmitting television tube – “iconoscope”. With only one month and a half’s difference in time* between their applications the two Russian inventors did not start a dispute over who should be considered the first but made friends instead and often saw one another when Zvorykin visited Russia.**
Born into a wealthy family of a merchant in the city of Murom on July 30th, 1889 Vladimir Zvorykin used to spent his summer holidays on board his father’s ship sailing along the Oka River. Out of pleasure he helped repair and maintain the ship’s electrical equipment and since then took an interest in electrical engineering. After becoming an engineer Zvorykin underwent training in France. In August 1917 he and a group of other engineers who were to buy arms for Russia went on a business trip to Europe. Soon afterwards the Bolshevik Revolution shook Russia and Zvorykin never came back.*
===
http://www.davidsarnoff.org/vkz.html

==
Samuel Fox (17 June 1815 – 25 February 1887) was a British industrialist and businessman noted for developing the Paragon umbrella frame, and the founder of a steelworks in Stocksbridge.

Biography]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...BirthHouse.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...gnify-clip.png
Birthplace of Samuel Fox in Bradwell

Fox was born in Bradwell, Derbyshire, on 17 June 1815, the son of a shuttle-weaver.
He started work as an apprentice wire drawer in the firm of Samuel Cocker in Hathersage.
He moved to Stocksbridge in 1842 to establish his own wire drawing business.[1] In 1842, Fox married Maria Radcliffe (born 20 January 1820) at Stannington, Sheffield. They had one son, William Henry Fox (1843–1920) who never married
In 1851 he and his company Fox Umbrella Frames Ltd developed the "Paragon" umbrella frame, a U section of string steel that was far superior to its competitors. Development of the product continued until at least 1935. A similar product was used to make Crinoline frames from 1855. Umbrellas with 'Fox Frames' were sold worldwide.[citation needed]
Fox bought the Bradwell Grove Estate, Holwell, Oxfordshire in 1871.
He died on 25 February 1887. Upon his death, and was buried at his estate North Cliffe, near Market Weighton, East Riding of Yorkshire.[

and education]
Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904, to Julius Oppenheimer, a wealthy Jewish textile importer who had immigrated to the United States from Germany in 1888, and Ella Friedman, a painter. In 1912 the family moved to an apartment on the eleventh floor of 155 Riverside Drive, near West 88th Street, Manhattan, an area known for luxurious mansions and town houses.[7] Their art collection included works by Pablo Picasso and Édouard Vuillard, and at least three original paintings by Vincent van Gogh.[8] Robert had a younger brother, Frank, who also became a physicist.[9]
Oppenheimer was initially schooled at Alcuin Preparatory School, and in 1911 entered the Ethical Culture Society School.[10] This had been founded by Felix Adler to promote a form of ethical training based on the Ethical Culture movement, whose motto was "Deed before Creed". His father had been a member of the Society for many years, serving on its board of trustees from 1907 to 1915.[11] Oppenheimer was a versatile scholar, interested in English and French literature, and particularly in mineralogy.[12] He completed the third and fourth grades in one year, and skipped half the eighth grade.[10] During his final year, he became interested in chemistry.[13] He entered Harvard College a year late, at age 18, because he suffered an attack of colitis while prospecting in Joachimstal during a family summer vacation in Europe. To help him recover from the illness, his father enlisted the help of his English teacher Herbert Smith who took him to New Mexico, where Oppenheimer fell in love with horseback riding and the southwestern United States.[14]
In addition to majoring in chemistry, he was also required by Harvard's rules to study history, literature, and philosophy or mathematics. He made up for his late start by taking six courses each term and was admitted to the undergraduate honor society Phi Beta Kappa. In his first year he was admitted to graduate standing in physics on the basis of independent study, which meant he was not required to take the basic classes and could enroll instead in advanced ones. A course on thermodynamics taught by Percy Bridgman attracted him to experimental physics. He graduated summa cum laude in three years
==
In the summer of 1921 Oppenheimer contracted dysentery on a prospecting trip to Europe. The illness prevented him from entering Harvard that fall. His father resolved to toughen the boy by sending him with a tutor to the West, where he rode horses and delighted in the outdoors. He grew especially fond of the broad mesas of New Mexico, an attachment that figured prominently later in his life.
In 1922 Oppenheimer enrolled at Harvard, where he took an intense program that ranged from math and sciences to philosophy and Eastern religions and French and English literature. Among the sciences, he preferred chemistry because it "starts right at the heart of things." He was nevertheless granted advanced standing to work with experimental physicist Percy Bridgeman. Oppenheimer graduated summa cum laude in 1925. Despite his evident success as a scholar, he was plagued with doubts. In a letter to a friend, Oppenheimer concluded a listing of his feverish academic pursuits with the abrupt phrase "and wish I were dead." As an adult he recalled that, during his adolescent and college years, nearly everything about him aroused "a very great sense of revulsion and wrong."
More anxieties were to follow. During his final semester at Harvard, Oppenheimer applied to study with Ernest Rutherford at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, England. Rutherford thought Oppenheimer's credentials inadequate and turned him down. Oppenheimer then applied to Joseph John Thomson at the Cavendish. Thomson accepted Oppenheimer as a research student and gave him the task of preparing thin films of beryllium. Oppenheimer regarded the work as "a terrible bore" and pronounced himself "so bad at it that it is impossible to feel that I am learning anything."
Oppenheimer's inadequacies as an experimental researcher hardened his resolve to turn to theoretical physics. In 1926 he studied with Max Born at the University of Cِttingen in Germany, from which he received his doctoral degree in March 1927. From 1927 through 1928 he was a National Research Council Fellow. The following year he received offers to teach at Caltech and the University of California at Berkeley. He accepted both and for many years divided his time between Pasadena and Berkeley. He attracted a host of brilliant young students and did much to establish the West Coast as one of the nation's most important centers of advanced physics.
Oppenheimer's theoretical work during the late 1920s and through the 1930s has been unfairly dismissed as second rate. In 1927, working closely with Born, he solved a knotty problem involving calculations pertaining to subatomic particles. Oppenheimer concluded that the vibration and spin of protons could be ignored in theoretical calculations because the mass of the proton was incomparably greater than and essentially unaffected by the electron. The concept became known as the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. The next year Oppenheimer demonstrated that, when electrons were excited by a weak electric field, they could "tunnel" their way through the electrostatic forces that bound them to a nucleus. During the early 1930s Oppenheimer and his students applied the conservation laws of energy to posit the existence of a high-energy particle that complemented the electron; the positron was discovered by others in 1932. Oppenheimer's 1939 paper "On Continued Gravitational Contraction" predicted black holes, dying stars whose gravitational pull exceeded their energy production.

==

==
Father: Julius Oppenheimer
Mother: Ella Friedman
Brother: Frank Oppenheimer (physicist, b. 14-Aug-1912, d. 3-Feb-1985)
Wife: Katherine Harrison Puening (m. Nov-1940)
Son: Peter
Daughter: Katherine

Sir Charles Algernon Parsons was an English engineer, most remembered for his invention of the steam turbine and contributions to marine engineering.

Parsons was born in 1854 in the area of Hyde Park, London, the sixth and youngest son of the astronomer and engineer William Parsons, Third Earl of Rosse and President of the Royal Society.

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/rosse-w...#ixzz2kQrPtNQS
He studied at Trinity College, Dublin, and then graduated from St John’s College, Cambridge in 1877 with a first-class mathematics degree.

Unusually for the son of an earl, he next became an apprentice at the engineering firm of W H Armstrong in Newcastle, where he was permitted to develop a steam engine at his own cost. He then joined Kitson’s in Yorkshire, working on torpedoes, followed by a position as head of the electrical equipment department with a ship engine manufacturer in Newcastle.

Fahrenheit - BiographyDaniel Gabriel Fahrenheit was born in 1686 in Germany into a family of German merchants, however, he lived most of his life in the Dutch Republic. Daniel Fahrenheit married Concordia Schumann, daughter of a well-known business family.

Daniel Gabriel met Olaus Roemer, a Danish astronomer, in Copenhagen. Roemer had invented an alcohol (wine) thermometer. Roemer's thermometer had two points, 60 degrees as the temperature of boiling water and 7 1/2 degrees as the temperature of melting ice. At that time, temperature scales were not standardized and everybody made up their own scale.
Fahrenheit modified Roemer's design and scale, and invented the new mercury themometer with a Fahrenheit scale.

Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Benjamin's mother was Abiah Folger, the second wife of Josiah. In all, Josiah would father 17 children.

Josiah intended for Benjamin to enter into the clergy. However, Josiah could only afford to send his son to school for one year and clergymen needed years of schooling. But, as young Benjamin loved to read he had him apprenticed to his brother James, who was a printer. After helping James compose pamphlets and set type which was grueling work, 12-year-old Benjamin would sell their products in the streets.

When Benjamin was 15 his brother started The New England Courant the first "newspaper" in Boston. Though there were two papers in the city before James's Courant, they only reprinted news from abroad. James's paper carried articles, opinion pieces written by James's friends, advertisements, and news of ship schedules.
http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/in...nasprinter.jpg
Benjamin wanted to write for the paper too, but he knew that James would never let him. After all, Benjamin was just a lowly apprentice. So Ben began writing letters at night and signing them with the name of a fictional widow, Silence Dogood. Dogood was filled with advice and very critical of the world around her, particularly concerning the issue of how women were treated. Ben would sneak the letters under the print shop door at night so no one knew who was writing the pieces. They were a smash hit, and everyone wanted to know who was the real "Silence Dogood."
After 16 letters, Ben confessed that he had been writing the letters all along. While James's friends thought Ben was quite precocious and funny, James scolded his brother and was very jealous of the attention paid to him.
Before long the Franklins found themselves at odds with Boston's powerful Puritan preachers, the Mathers. Smallpox was a deadly disease in those times, and the Mathers supported inoculation; the Franklins' believed inoculation only made people sicker. And while most Bostonians agreed with the Franklins, they did not like the way James made fun of the clergy, during the debate. Ultimately, James was thrown in jail for his views, and Benjamin was left to run the paper for several issues.
Upon release from jail, James was not grateful to Ben for keeping the paper going. Instead he kept harassing his younger brother and administering beatings from time to time. Ben could not take it and decided to run away in 1723.

Escape to Philadelphia

http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/in...iladelphia.jpgRunning away was illegal. In early America, people all had to have a place in society and runaways did not fit in anywhere. Regardless Ben took a boat to New York where he hoped to find work as a printer. He didn't, and walked across New Jersey, finally arriving in Philadelphia via a boat ride. After debarking, he used the last of his money to buy some rolls. He was wet, disheveled, and messy when his future wife, Deborah Read, saw him on that day, October, 6, 1723. She thought him odd-looking, never dreaming that seven years later they would be married.
Franklin found work as an apprentice printer. He did so well that the governor of Pennsylvania promised to set him up in business for himself if young Franklin would just go to London to buy fonts and printing equipment. Franklin did go to London, but the governor reneged on his promise and Benjamin was forced to spend several months in England doing print work.
Benjamin had been living with the Read family before he left for London. Deborah Read, the very same girl who had seen young Benjamin arrive in Philadelphia, started talking marriage, with the young printer. But Ben did not think he was ready. While he was gone, she married another man.
Upon returning to Philadelphia, Franklin tried his hand at helping to run a shop, but soon went back to being a printer's helper. Franklin was a better printer than the man he was working for, so he borrowed some money and set himself up in the printing business. Franklin seemed to work all the time, and the citizens of Philadelphia began to notice the diligent young businessman. Soon he began getting the contract to do government jobs and started thriving in business.
In 1728, Benjamin fathered a child named William. The mother of William is not known. However, in 1730 Benjamin married his childhood sweetheart, Deborah Read. Deborah's husband had run off, and now she was able to marry.
In addition to running a print shop, the Franklins also ran their own store at this time, with Deborah selling everything from soap to fabric. Ben also ran a book store. They were quite enterprising
==
Benjamin Franklin was born on January 17, 1706, in Boston in what was then known as the Massachusetts Bay Colony. His father, Josiah Franklin, a soap and candle maker, had 17 children, seven with first wife, Anne Child, and 10 with second wife Abiah Folger. Benjamin was his 15th child and the last son.

, Adolphe
Encyclopedia of World Biography | 2008 | COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

The Belgian inventor Adolphe Sax (1814-1894) was the originator of the saxophone as well as several other musical instruments.
Sax became something of a footnote in history after his creation was almost forgotten after his death, until it was revived by jazz musicians who barely remembered his name. In his own time, however, Sax made musical headlines. His life story is a rich source of information about music—and musical politics—in the nineteenth century, full of controversy, public scenes, and dramatic reversals of fortune. Sax's life, wrote a contemporary observer quoted on the Web site of the inventor's home city of Dinant, “rises to the heights of a social event.”

Sax was born on November 6, 1814, in Dinant, which was part of France at the time and was then annexed by the Netherlands. The town, known for a particular type of yellow copper, lies in the southern, French-speaking part of what in 1830 became the independent country of Belgium.

The oldest of 11 children, he was lucky to survive his childhood, during which he fell from a third-story window (and was given up for dead), swallowed a pin, was burned in a gunpowder accident and burned again by a frying pan, was poisoned three times by varnish fumes, hit on the head with a cobblestone, and nearly drowned in a river.

In between these incidents, Sax took naturally to the trade of his father, Charles-Joseph Sax, a cabinetmaker who was ordered to provide musical instruments for a Dutch army band and turned out to have strong skills in that area.
Sax became his father's apprentice and also pursued the musical side of his education, studying singing and the flute. After the younger Sax's workshop in Paris became successful, their roles were reversed. He hired his father, who had run into financial problems in Belgium, to be his production manager. By the time he was 16, Sax was not only making good examples of existing instruments but also designing new ones. At 20 he exhibited an original 24-key clarinet, and his new bass clarinet won the admiration of Franc¸ois Antoine Habeneck, the conductor of the Paris Opera Orchestra, who was passing through Brussels, Belgium.
Before long, Sax concluded that Belgium was too small for his ambitions. At the Belgian Exhibition (an industrial fair) in 1840 he presented nine inventions, among them an organ, a piano tuning process and a sound-reflecting screen. The judges felt that Sax was too young to receive the gold medal, and instead awarded him the vermeil (gilded silver). Sax was interested in an early version of the saxophone from French opera composer Fromental Halévy, and he made a quick decision to head for Paris, the capital of musical life in the French-speaking world. He had only 30 francs in his pocket.

Lived in Shed

When he arrived in Paris, he was forced to live in a shed and to borrow money in order to get himself established. But his fortunes turned around when Halévy introduced him to Hector Berlioz, who in addition to being France's most controversial composer was also an influential music critic. In 1842 Sax showed Berlioz an early version of the baritone saxophone, an instrument different from any other that had been made up to that time. It had the power of brass instruments, but it was sounded with a reed and had the expressive, voice-like qualities of reed woodwinds. Berlioz sent Sax away with the remark that on the following day Sax would know what he, Berlioz, thought of the instrument. Sax spent a nervous night before picking up the Journal des Débats, the most influential arts publication of the day in Paris, where he read Berlioz's words, as quoted in an article contained on the Saxgourmet Web site: “He [Sax] is a calculator, an acoustician, and when required, a smelter, a turner and, if need be, at the same time an embosser. He can think and act. He invents, and he accomplishes.”
Berlioz went on to praise the sound of Sax's instrument, which he soon began to produce in seven sizes from sopranino all the way down to double-bass, and it was not long before composers started to write parts for them in the growing opera orchestras of the time. But this was when Sax's troubles began. According to the article on Saxgourmet, he “had exceptional gifts for the gentle art of making enemies.” Instrumentalists devoted to rival builders tried to sabotage his innovations, refusing to play Sax's bass clarinets, although Berlioz continued to defend Sax and wrote a piece for the new instrument. And after Sax showed his saxophones at the Paris Industrial Exhibition in 1844, he had to contend with accusations from a German military bandleader named Wieprecht that a pair of German inventors had actually been the first builders to devise both the saxophone and Sax's bass clarinet. German musicians backed up the fraud by ordering Sax's instruments from Paris, buffing out the etching of Sax's name in the brass, and sending the instruments back to France.
Sax defended himself vigorously. The German's accusations were dealt with at a momentous showdown in the German city of Koblenz, attended by such celebrities as the composer Franz Liszt: Wieprecht claimed that he and other German musicians were already familiar with Sax's instruments, but when handed actual examples, he could play the bass clarinet only poorly, and the saxophone not at all. Wieprecht underwent an instant transformation and became one of Sax's new backers, and Sax magnanimously announced that he would wait another year before finalizing his patent application to see if anyone else could produce a genuine saxophone.

Sax received his patent in 1846 and won his gold medal at the Paris Industrial Exposition in 1849. This did not end his legal problems, however, as lawsuits continued to plague him for years. Sax's workshop sold some 20,000 instruments between 1843 and 1860, but he was not a talented money manager, and sales were not enough to keep him solvent. He filed for bankruptcy three times, in 1852, 1873, and 1877, and he was saved from a fourth debacle only by the intervention of another of his admirers, Emperor Napoleon III. Sax continued to devise improvements to his instruments, and he taught at the Paris Conservatory beginning in 1858.
In 1858 Sax was diagnosed with lip cancer, generally a death sentence at the time, but he was successfully treated by an Afro-French herbalist. He had five children by a Spanish-born mistress, Louise-Adèle Maor, whom he never married, reportedly because he did not want to acknowledge the liaison because he felt her family was too poor. Sax's son Adolphe-Edouard followed him into the business and maintained the Sax workshop into the twentieth century; it was absorbed by the Selmer company, which still exists today, in 1928. Sax wrote a method or learners' manual for the saxophone and continued to promote it vigorously in the field of classical music, but it never caught on strongly in the symphony orchestra.
In 1870 Sax's position at the Paris Conservatory was terminated in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, and he lived his final years in straitened circumstances, kept out of poverty only by a small pension arranged for him by an admirer. By the time of his death on February 7, 1894, at the age of 80, Sax may have feared that his life's work had been compromised; the saxophone was well entrenched in band music but had little presence in the classical sphere. He had no way of knowing that his creation, transplanted to the United States and dispersed around the city of New Orleans by military bandsmen returning from the Spanish-American War around 1900, would evolve into an icon of American music, played enthusiastically by musicians ranging from schoolchildren up to Bill Clinton, the forty-second president of the United States.

, Chester Floyd Carlson (February 8, 1906 – September 19, 1968) was an American physicist, inventor, and patent attorney born in Seattle, Washington.
He is best known for having invented the process of electrophotography, which produced a dry copy rather than a wet copy, as was produced by the mimeograph process. Carlson's process was subsequently renamed xerography, a term that literally means "dry writing."

Early life

جوليان هكسلي
يتيم الام في سن الحادي والعشرين والتي ماتت بالسرطان وهي في سن السادسة والاربعين فقط.

Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS[1] (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975)
was an English evolutionary biologist, eugenicist, and internationalist. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the mid-twentieth century evolutionary synthesis. He was Secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935–1942), the first Director of UNESCO, and a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund.
Huxley was well known for his presentation of science in books and articles, and on radio and television. He directed an Oscar-winning wildlife film. He was awarded UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for the popularisation of science in 1953, the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society in 1956,[1] and the Darwin–Wallace Medal of the Linnaean Society in 1958. He was also knighted in that same year, 1958, a hundred years after Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace announced the theory of evolution by natural selection. In 1959 he received a Special Award of the Lasker Foundation in the category Planned Parenthood – World Population. Huxley was a prominent member of the British Eugenics Society and its president from 1959–1962.

Contents
See also: Huxley family
Huxley came from the distinguished Huxley family. His brother was the writer Aldous Huxley, and his half-brother a fellow biologist and Nobel laureate, Andrew Huxley; his father was writer and editor Leonard Huxley; and his paternal grandfather was Thomas Henry Huxley, a friend and supporter of Charles Darwin and proponent of evolution. His maternal grandfather was the academic Tom Arnold, his great-uncle was poet Matthew Arnold and his great-grandfather was Thomas Arnold of Rugby School.
Early life]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...y_tree.svg.png http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...gnify-clip.png
Family tree

Huxley was born on 22 June 1887, at the London house of his aunt, the novelist Mary Augusta Ward, while his father was attending the jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria. Huxley grew up at the family home in Surrey, England, where he showed an early interest in nature, as he was given lessons by his grandfather, Thomas Henry Huxley. When he heard his grandfather talking at dinner about the lack of parental care in fish, Julian piped up with "What about the stickleback, Gran'pater?" Also, according to Julian himself, his grandfather took him to visit J. D. Hooker at Kew.[2]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...6julien-72.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...gnify-clip.png
T. H. Huxley with Julian in 1893

At the age of thirteen Huxley attended Eton College as a King's Scholar, and continued to develop scientific interests; his grandfather had influenced the school to build science laboratories much earlier. At Eton he developed an interest in ornithology, guided by science master W. D. "Piggy" Hill. "Piggy was a genius as a teacher… I have always been grateful to him."[3] In 1905 Huxley won a scholarship in Zoology to Balliol College, Oxford.

Student life]

In 1906, after a summer in Germany, Huxley took his place in Oxford, where he developed a particular interest in embryology and protozoa. In the autumn term of his final year, 1908, his mother died from cancer at only 46: a terrible blow for her husband, three sons, and eight-year old daughter Margaret. That same year he won the Newdigate Prize for his poem "Holyrood". In 1909 he graduated with first class honours, and spent that July at the international gathering for the centenary of Darwin's birth, held at the University of Cambridge. Also, it was the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the Origin of species.

Five reasons underdogs win in the workplace
By Anna Akbari, Special to CNN
November 25, 2013 -- Updated 1155 GMT (1955 HKT)

Editor's note: Anna Akbari, Ph.D., is a sociologist and serial entrepreneur. She has taught at New York University and the New School for Social Research, and her research areas include technology/human relationships and happiness. She is the founder of Closet Catharsis, an image consulting company, and Sociology of Style. Follow her on Twitter.

(CNN) -- I am an underdog in life. From the moment I entered the world, I was handed a collection of circumstances that most first world people would label as "disadvantages."
I grew up in a poor, single parent family. My dark features and Middle Eastern last name further complicated my Midwestern upbringing. I didn't look like anyone else (including my mother). Racism, economic hardship, and familial struggles were my everyday reality from the beginning.

Anna Akbari, NYU Professor
But I am not the only underdog out there. Maybe you or someone close to you also has underdog status. Our individual stories are likely different, but the biographical details matter far less than the significant and perhaps surprisingly positive traits those obstacles have the power to nurture.
Ask someone who they are and how they got there, and many will begin by describing the hurdles they've encountered -- the repeated rejection, the failed pursuits, the periods of scrimping.
So much of how we understand ourselves is shaped by our losses and hardships, even more so than our victories.
But as uncomfortable as they are, these personal roadblocks make us stronger and better than our more privileged selves.
In Malcolm Gladwell's new book, David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants, he argues that being the underdog and experiencing disadvantages breeds "desirable difficulties."
But how much of what's "desirable" is about perspective? Challenges don't improve us merely because they exist. We have to reflect on them and proactively adapt their lessons into our life and work habits.
If you've never had a safety net, then you never feel like you have much to lose.
Anna Akbari
The immense potential of these desirable difficulties is especially salient in the workplace.
Read more: How 5 of world's leading executives streamline their productivity
Here's why underdogs win in the workplace:
1. We're less likely to take things (and people) for granted.
Once you've felt the pangs of struggle, you don't easily forget it, particularly if it's experienced early in life. At work, this means underdogs are more likely to notice the little things and demonstrate appreciation.
Gratitude makes people happier, and since happiness is contagious, it also positively affects your coworkers. That doesn't mean we're all 24/7 bundles of cheer, but when you grow up without and have a desire for something better, you develop an inherent optimism and immunity to complacency.
2. We have rich imaginations.
Learning to do without demands creativity. Underdogs are well-versed in the art of improvisation; it's necessary for our survival.
We're scrappy. Last minute changes to a presentation? An accelerated deadline? If all other qualifications are relatively equal, I'll choose the underdog to work on my team every time.
Underdogs spend their lives imagining "more," which is invaluable in business. Everyday improvisation leads to large-scale innovation, which transforms how we work and what we collectively produce.
Read more: Deadly sins needn't always be fatal for your career
3. We are hyper-actively observant.
When you're an outsider, you vigilantly pay attention to what it takes to "fit in." Details and differences are not lost on underdogs. We quickly size up a situation and analyze how to optimize it.
Obliviousness is difficult to correct, and underdogs are aware by necessity -- a sort of "mindful compensation."
If there's one thing I know how to do, it's hustle
Anna Akbari
Being an underdog doesn't mean you're a fraud when you do manage to find your way into more fortunate circles, but it does mean you had to become intimately familiar with the nuances of the rules to get there. This makes underdogs competitive players to watch (and hire).
4. We are not risk averse.
If you've never had a safety net, then you feel like you don't have much to lose.
That doesn't mean underdogs are inherently reckless, but it does bode well for taking calculated risks.
Being an entrepreneur, for instance, means you are likely to "fail" at some point -- but it also means you could score big eventually. And it's not about luck (though many will flippantly dismiss it as such), but rather perseverance, resilience, tenacity, and general strength of character that leads us to succeed.
Underdogs don't take no for an answer and, perhaps counter-intuitively, tend to be very confident (while arguably less arrogant) -- because without that unbridled confidence, we would still be stuck in our previous reality.
It takes a pretty serious belief in yourself to rise above those circumstances.
Read more: What football managers can teach you about leadership
5. We are very hungry.
If there's one thing I know how to do, it's hustle. With underdogs, the default answer is "yes." Yes, I can learn how to do that. Yes, I can make that happen. Yes, that is possible.
Will this can-do attitude backfire? Possibly, sometimes. But more often than not, that inner drive and hunger to excel means we're willing to acquire new skills, push ourselves out of our comfort zone (what comfort zone?), and work toward goals with laser-sharp focus.
Being an underdog in life has shaped my character and my career, making me more successful and, ultimately, happier.
Being an underdog in life has shaped my character and my career, making me more successful
Anna Akbari
But while being an underdog can make you pretty bad-ass in the workplace, let us not glamorize hardship.
Because make no mistake: It's difficult. Most of us wouldn't want to repeat the past, and we diligently strive for a better future with fewer difficulties for our offspring.
And yet, I for one would not change the personal challenges I've been dealt.
Underdog status is what you make of it. It's not a label I'm looking to overcome. It's a permanent state of being for me.
It reminds me everyday what it took to get where I am, how much I have to be grateful for, and how much room I still have to grow.
Being an underdog isn't a plea for sympathy. It's an invitation to triumph.
Read more: Women value ethics more than men
Read more: Are we ready for GenY leaders?
Read more: Five ways to quit in style

ترجمة المقال :
خمسة اسباب لفوز الاقل حظا في مكان العمل .
مقال بقلم انا اكباري
منشور في موقع س ان ان
تاريخ 25/11/2013 .

ملاحظة المحرر: تحمل أنا اكباري شهادة الدكتوراه في علم الاجتماع وكاتبة صحفية مستقلة. عملت في التدريس في جامعة نيويورك وجامعة نيويورك للأبحاث الاجتماعية. وهي تبحث في مجالات تشمل علاقة الإنسان بالتكنولوجيا والسعادة. وأسست شركة أسمتها (Closet Catharsis ) تعمل على تقديم الاستشارات المتعلقة بالصورة الذهنية وعلم اجتماع الأسلوب.

آن هاتشينسون Anne Hutchinson يتيمة الاب في سن التاسعة عشرة.
ترجمة : ريم بدر الدين بزال

في تموز من العام 1591 رزقت بريدجت درايدن و فرانسيس ماربوري بمولودتهما آن في ألفورد لينكولنشاير في انجلترا
و كان والدها شماس كنيسة كامبريدج و طالما صرح بأن معظم المبشرين في الكنائس الانجليزية لم يتلقوا التدريب المناسب لكنهم عينوا في مناصبهم لأسباب سياسية. و استنكر بشكل علني هذه الخروقات في قلة الاختصاص ضمن رجال الدين مما أدى لاعتقاله و سجنه لمدة عام كامل بسبب آراءه المعارضة و المخربة.
و لكن هذا لم يمنع ماربوري من إعلان آراءه مرارا و تكرارا مما عرضه للسجن مرات عديدة أخرى. و لكنه في نهاية المطاف أصبح رئيس جامعة القديس مارتين و القديس بانكراس و أخيرا رئيس جامعة القديسة مارجريت.
لذا فليس من المستغرب بعد آن نهلت آن من علم والدها الأكاديمي و المتخصص أن تكون مهتمة بالدين و اللاهوت في سن صغيرة نسبيا.
و قد تلقت آن تعليمها في المنزل من خلال مكتبة والدها حيث بدأت تطرح أسئلة عديدة عن ماهية الإيمان و البحث عن إجابات لأسئلتها.
و كان إعجابها يزداد بمبادئ والدها و إصراره ولم تجد حرجا مطلقا من الاستفهام عن مبادئ الإيمان و سلطة الكنيسة كما هو حال كل من يحصلون على تعليم ممتاز.
و لدى بلوغها الحادية و العشرين تزوجت آن من ويل هاتشينسون و استقرت في نفس المدينة التي نشأت بها لتستلم مهامها كزوجة و أم دون أن تنسى اهتمامها الكبير باللاهوت و الكنيسة.
و تبعت مع عائلتها تعاليم جون كوتون و هو مبشر بروتستانتي تعكس دروسه مبادئ والدها التي أصبحت الآن أكثر قبولا مع الشعبية المتزايدة للبيورتانيين ( الطهوريين).
و بالقدر الذي انتُقدت به أفكار والد آن و أدينت رؤاه ، فإن الكثير من البيورتانيين رفعوا أصواتهم في انتقاد للفساد الذي يسري في مفاصل الكنيسة الكاثوليكية و إلى حد معين في الكنيسة البروتستانتية و لهذا نشأت حركة تجديدية دعيت بالبيورتانية و سميت كذلك لأن موضوعها الأساسي كان " تطهير" الكنيسة الانجليزية من كل التأثيرات الكاثوليكية.
و عندما عين جون كوتون كمبشر للمستعمرات البيورتانية في انجلترا الجديدة عام 1634 لم يرحل لوحده و إنما رافقه ويل و آن هاتشينسون مع أولادهما الخمسة عشر و مع جون لوثروب و عدد أخر من المستوطنين على متن السفينة جيفرين المغادرة باتجاه أميركا . كانوا جميعا يريدون أن يقيموا طقوس إيمانهم في بيئة تستطيع أن تتقبل الأفكار الجديدة البيورتانية . و كانت آن تتطلع إلى حياة مشوقة في المستعمرات اعتقادا منها أنها ستكون بمثابة فردوس لمن يريد أن يعبد الله كما يراه مناسبا.
و لكن آن اكتشفت شيئا فشيئا أن الحياة في المستعمرات قاسية جدا و أن العلاقة الوطيدة بين الكنيسة و السلطة كانت خانقة و لم يكن هناك في حقيقة الأمر أية حرية للتعبير عن الرأي في مستعمرة ماساشوستس خصوصا لامرأة انجليزية متعلمة مثلها.
و كانت آن قد صاغت منذ وقت طويل منهجها الشخصي معتمدة على شروحاتها لتعاليم جون كوتون .فكان إيمانها بالعلاقة الشخصية مع الله مما يساء فهمها من قبل الآخرين و اعتبرها البعض نوعا من الغرور فيما اعتبرها البعض الآخر فكرا محرما. و لكنها أحجمت عن الكلام في هذا علنا على الأقل ريثما تصل عائلتها إلى أميركا.
و كانت تؤمن أن طريق الإنسان إلى الجنة يكون عبر الإيمان لكن هذه النظرة البسيطة و النقية لطريق الخلاص لا تمنح الكنيسة الكثير من السلطات لتقود الناس كقطيع تحت مسمى خشية الله و لذلك رفضت أفكار آن من قبل الكنيسة بشكل حازم.

==
من وكيبيديا

آن هاتشينسون (1591-1643) سيدة بروتارية ومستشارة روحية ، شاركت في الجدل حول تناقض القوانين التي هزت وضع مستعمرة خليج ماساتشوستس 1636 حتي 1638. كانت قناعاتها الدينية القوية على خلاف دائم مع رجال الدين البروتستانت الراسخة في منطقة بوسطن. كاريزمتها وشعبيتها ساعدت في خلق شقاق اللاهوتية الذي هدد بتدمير تجربة المتشددون الدينية في نيو إنجلاند , وقد حاولت في نهاية المطاف إدانتهم، ثم نفيت من المستعمرة مع العديد من مؤيديها.

In 1605, when Anne was 14, the family moved from Alford to the heart of London, where her father was given the position of vicar of the Church of Saint Martin's in the Vintry. Here his expression of puritan views, though somewhat muffled, were tolerated, because of a shortage of pastors.Marbury took on additional work in 1608, preaching in the parish of Saint Pancras, several miles northwest of the city, travelling there by horseback twice a week. In 1610 he replaced that position with one much closer to home, and became rector of Saint Margaret's, on New Fish Street, only a short walk from Saint Martin in the Vintry.

Adulthood—following John Cotton]
The year after her father's death, Anne Marbury, aged 21, married William Hutchinson, a familiar acquaintance from Alford, who was a fabric merchant then working in London. The couple was married at St Mary Woolnoth Church in London on 9 August 1612, shortly after which they moved back to their hometown of Alford.[

وقد حصلت على عنوانه وارسلت له الرساله ادناه لعلني استطيع معه او من خلاله من اجراء الفحوص المخبرية اللازمة لاثبات نظريتي بأن صدمة اليتم تؤدي الى زيادة في نشاط الدماغ وهذا النشاط الزائد في سر العبقرية.
طبعا نجري فحوص لمحاولة فهم ماذا يجري تحديدا في الدماغ عند وقوع صدمة اليتم والتجارب الصادمة الاخرى وفي فترات زمنية لاحقة؟
- وهل الامر يعود لتغير كيميائي في الدماغ؟
- او ان السبب هرموني ؟
- ام ان السبب له علاقة بالطاقة وما طبيعة هذه الطاقة وهل هناك احتمال ان تكون هي الطاقة البوزيترونية ؟ وهو الافتراض الاساس الذي تقوم عليه نظريتي في تفسير الطاقة الابداعية.

Dec. 5 /2013
Hello Dr. Mohammad

Few days ago I met by chance one of your friends his name is Dr. Abdulftah Khodair. We were travelling to Amman – Jordan together and while chatting I told him about my theory of creativity and told him that I am in the process of finding a neuropsychology center where I can do some testing to prove my theory and he mentioned your name and advised me to contact you. He also told me about your father so I met your father and got your email from him.
Just to give you an idea of the issue at hand which I hope you will be able to help me with:
I am the owner of a theory that tries to explain what is behind the creative impulse. I have been working on the issue for almost 40 years by now.
My initial observation that there is some kind of a relation between death and creativity goes back to the beginning of the 1970 when I was around 16 years old. Before that date I didn't give much attention to the fact that I was an orphan. I lost my mother when I was 2 years old and I have never seen her picture because there was no photography where I was born in 1954 and at that age I was fond with literature and was already writing verse as well as poetry until one day I was reading about the life of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy and discovered that he lost his mother in similar circumstances and he never so her picture either. This triggered something in me, and led me to think of the possible connections between the love of literature and in particular creativity i.e. the urge to create and parental loss.
I then decided to focus my attention on finding that possible connection. I started searching the biographies of known writers and discovered that many of them did in fact go through an experience of loss of some sort and few of them did lose one or both their parents. At the university I majored in English Literature and took advantage of this to deepen my search; and the more I dogged in the more obvious the possible relation became.
For my M.A degree at San Diego State University which commenced at the beginning of the year 1980, I wrote a thesis entitled " Creativity and the search for fulfillment" in which I discussed the possible connection between creativity and parental loss. To prove my argument I used basic analysis of the life and works of 3 well known writers; and I was able to convince the supervising committee that my argument is sound and valid and that there is in fact a relation/ connection between the experience of loss and the urge to create at least in the case of the mentioned 3 writers. A copy of my thesis is available at the library at San Diego State University and it abstract can probably be viewed at the "Dissertations Abstract".
My interest in the issue continued and didn’t stop there; but rather intensified after my graduation with an M.A. Degree in literature by the year 1983 from San Diego State University.
Later on I carried out further research on the issue trying to find more evidence on the said relation/connection. In conclusion I now have statistical evidence that among any group of genius achievers in any field; more than 50% have lost one or both of their parents , and the rest of the group members have experienced some sort of traumatic experiences or their childhood is not known. With such an astonishing findingI became convinced more than ever that there is a connection and my interest turned into finding out how does the experience of loss affect the brain and avail the urge to create.
Initially and as reflected in my thesis I theorized that it is some kind of compensation or a search for fulfillment caused by the emptiness resulting from the object loss and this is mainly because the supervising committee ruled out other possibilities at the mentioned time and for lack of evidence.
I then thought that there is something more to it, and I now have a theory on what really happens in the brain that makes it creative. It is not what the major psychologists have said before i.e. (Freud, Adler, or Carl Young) , it is something else.
In brief I believe the object loss causes a heightened level of brain energy and this is what intensifies the creative impulse and the creative activity. And parental loss being the most critical traumatic experience with mega effect produces the highest level of energy therefore, if and when the proper conditions are made available to the subject orphan, it results in genius achievement.
Such finding on the issue ( statistical and historical evidences ) which I came about so far are published in a book I wrote a couple of years ago entitled " Orphans are genius in the making " the book is sin my mother language Arabic.
Now I am at the stage looking forward of finding a neuropsychology center through which we can do some testing to prove that parental loss does have an effect on the brain. And I really hope that you will be in a position to help me do the necessary testing whether here in Palestine or jointly here and there in the United states.
I will use the findings for a PhD.
I will be glad to further discuss the issue with you when you come for a visit.
BR

Regards,
Mohammad

Thank you very much for your prompt response. It is nice to hear that you are interested in an area that is very close to what I am searching, this will certainly make it easier for us to pursue the testing required.
As for the use of the terms, you already know that my background is literature and the only thing I know about the brain is the things I have read about it through the psychological studies related to the issue at hand. And to further explain my theory of creativity and what type of experiment I need to prove it please note the following:
- Psychologists and in particular clinical psychologists ( Freud School of psychology ) theories that traumatic experiences in early childhood have major effect on the personality and later life.
- Non have given specific explanation how does that effect takes place.
- Freud for example thinks it is sexual deprivation assimilated into creative energy. Adler talked about compensation.
- Through my contacts with a number of psychologist close to the field I am told by Dr. Stuart Shanker , D PHll – OXON , Director, the Milton & Ether Harris Research Initiative , Distinguished research Professor of pHlilophy and Psychology; Toronto ; Canada. I am told that Fogel has discuss the issue in his "the Psychophysiology of Self-Awareness" and mentioned that earlier traumatic experiences results in what is known as ( cortisolemia ). He add " you might be right in your hypothesis: some sort of neurohormonal inbalance (an increase in dopamine, a decrease in gaba?) which is what would be involved in your 'increased energy' idea.
- There are few other psychologists who did write about the relation between parental loss and genius. One of them is Dr. Marvin Eisenstadt PhD his telephone No. 001 516 4339568 and who seems to be close to where you are located wrote an article on the issue in 1978.
- This guy seems to be the only one who wrote about this issue before me, I did my thesis on 1983.
- Marth Farah from Penn. Sylvania Center of neuropsychology wrote an article entitled "How poverty might change the brain" In which she says she had proof through a field experiment that lasted for few years that there strong relation between social glass and creativity. I have been in contact with her but she apologized to work with me due to time constrains.
- Dr. Dean Keith Simonton is a authority on the issue and has published a number of books on creativity, genius and leadership but rules out parental loss as the most significant factor. I have been in contact with Dr. Dean who suggested after explaining to him my theory that I contact somebody like yourself to explore the effect of parental loss on the brain

Now what do I theorize on the issue?
- Statistical results shows abundance evidence that there is some sort of a relation between parental loss and genius. I have found that more than 50% of any sample of group of genius achievers in any field are orphans. ( statistical studies done on 10 samples so far from the different fields with very close results ).
- Analytical studies in the field of literature show strong evidence on the effect of the experience of loss on the writers as shown on their creative works.
- The abundant statistical evidence shows that earlier theories has fell short of offering explanation how the experience of loss affects and results in genius achievements.
- It is not compensation, not sexual deprivation!
- It must have something to do with brain chemicals.
- It could be hormonal.
- But physics offers a possible explanation and this is what I believe happens.
- It seems to me that the traumatic experiences and parental loss comes in top of the list does have some kind of chemical effect on the brain.

- The changes in the brain chmicals allow a positron reaction to take place.
" The positron is explained in Wikipedia as " The positron or antielectron is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron. The positron has an electric charge of +1e, a spin of ½, and has the same mass as an electron. When a low-energy positron collides with a low-energy electron, annihilation occurs, resulting in the production of two or more gamma rayphotons (see electron–positron annihilation). Positrons may be generated by positron emission radioactive decay (through weak interactions), or by pair production from a sufficiently energetic photon."

- This reaction results in a heightened level of energy.
- If channeled in proper ways it will results in creative activity and genius.
- You must already know that the positron technology is currently in use the field of the brain.

I am almost certain that we will find:
- Brain chemicals will be different.
- And/or Hormonal variations will be evident.
- The level of energy will be variant.
- Most probably the level of energy is heightened in orphans' brains due to some sort of positron chemical reaction that is possible only in the brain while physicist have failed to carry out in the real world so far. Wikipedia explains the technique as

" Positron emission tomography (PET)[1] is a nuclearmedical imaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body. The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide (tracer), which is introduced into the body on a biologically active molecule. Three-dimensional images of tracer concentration within the body are then constructed by computer analysis. In modern scanners, three dimensional imaging is often accomplished with the aid of a CT X-ray scan performed on the patient during the same session, in the same machine.

تابع....ترجمة الخطاب اعلاه والمرسل للدكتور محمد بتاريخ
7/12/2013 :

مقولة...
الأمور الممكنة يمكن أن تحدث لأسباب عديدة لكن المستحيل لا يصنعه إلا الموت.
والأيتام فقط هم الذين يمتلكون القدرة على تحقيق العبقري والمستحيل.
من هنا نجد أن كل عمل إبداعي فذ في كل المجالات ولد في ثنايا عقل يتيم...أو كان وراءه يتيم.

Katherine Anne Porter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Katherine Anne Porter

Porter in 1930
Born Callie Russell Porter
May 15, 1890
Indian Creek, Texas, U.S.
Died September 18, 1980 (aged*90)
Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.
Occupation Journalist, Essayist, Writer, Novelist
Years*active 1920–1977
Spouse(s) John Henry Koontz (1906-1915) (divorced)
Ernest Stock (1926-1927) (divorced)
Eugene Pressley (1930-1938) (divorced)
Albert Russel Erskine, Jr. (1938-1942) (divorced)
Katherine Anne Porter (May 15, 1890 – September 18, 1980) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American journalist, essayist, short story writer, novelist, and political activist.[1] Her 1962 novel Ship of Fools was the best-selling novel in America that year, but her short stories received much more critical acclaim. She is known for her penetrating insight; her work deals with dark themes such as betrayal, death and the origin of human evil. In 1990, Recorded Texas Historic Landmark number 2905 was placed in Brown County, Texas to honor the life and career of Porter.[2]
Contents *[hide]*
1 Biography
2 Awards and honors
3 Works
3.1 Short story collections
3.2 Novellas/Short novels
3.3 Novel
4 References
4.1 Notes
4.2 Citations
4.3 Bibliography
5 External links
Biography[edit]

Katherine Anne Porter, born as Callie Russell Porter in Indian Creek, Texas,[3] was the fourth of five children of Harrison Boone Porter and Alice (Jones) Porter. Her family tree can be traced back to American frontiersman Daniel Boone, and the writer O. Henry (whose real name was William Sydney Porter) was her father's second cousin.[4]


Porter's childhood home in Kyle was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
In 1892, when Porter was two years old, Porter's mother died two months after giving birth to her last child. Porter's father took his four surviving children (an older brother had died in infancy) to live with his mother, Catherine Ann Porter, in Kyle, Texas. The depth of her grandmother's influence can be inferred from Porter's later adoption of her name. Her grandmother died while taking eleven-year-old Callie to visit relatives in Marfa, Texas.
After her grandmother's death, the family lived in several towns in Texas and Louisiana, staying with relatives or living in rented rooms. She was enrolled in free schools wherever the family was living, and for a year in 1904 she attended the Thomas School, a private Methodist school in San Antonio, Texas. This was her only formal education beyond grammar school.
In 1906, at age sixteen, Porter left home and married John Henry Koontz, in Lufkin, Texas the son of a wealthy Texas ranching family, and subsequently converted to Koontz's religion, Roman Catholicism.[5] Koontz was physically abusive; once while drunk, he threw her down the stairs, breaking her ankle. They divorced officially in 1915.[4]
In 1914 she escaped to Chicago, where she worked briefly as an extra in movies. She then returned to Texas and worked the small town circuit as an actress and singer. In 1915, she asked that her name be changed to Katherine Anne Porter as part of her divorce decree.
Also in 1915, she was diagnosed with tuberculosis and spent the following two years in sanatoria, where she decided to become a writer. It was discovered during that time, however, that she had bronchitis, not TB. In 1917, she began writing for the Fort Worth Critic, critiquing dramas, and writing society gossip. In 1918, she wrote for the Rocky Mountain News in Denver, Colorado. In the same year, Katherine almost died in Denver during the 1918 flu pandemic. When she was discharged from the hospital months later, she was frail and completely bald. When her hair finally grew back, it was white, and remained that color for the rest of her life.[4] Her experiences during treatment provided the background for her long story Pale Horse, Pale Rider.
In 1919, Porter moved to Greenwich Village in New York City and made her living ghost writing, writing children's stories and doing publicity work for a motion picture company. The year in New York City had a politically radicalizing effect on her, and in 1920, she went to work for a magazine publisher in Mexico, where she became acquainted with members of the Mexican leftist movement, including Diego Rivera. Eventually, however, Porter became disillusioned with the revolutionary movement and its leaders. But in the 1920s she also became intensely critical of religion and remained so until the last decade of her life when she again embraced the Roman Catholic Church.[6]
Between 1920 and 1930, Porter traveled back and forth between Mexico and New York City and began publishing short stories and essays. Her first published story was "Maria Concepcion" in The Century Magazine. In his novel "Providence Island" Calder Willingham has the character Jim fantasize a perfect lover and he calls her Maria Concepcion Diaz.[4] In 1930, she published her first short story collection, Flowering Judas and Other Stories. An expanded edition of this collection was published in 1935 and received such critical acclaim that it alone virtually assured her place in American literature.
In 1926, Porter married Ernest Stock and lived briefly in Connecticut before divorcing him in 1927. Some biographers suggest that Porter suffered several miscarriages, at least one stillbirth between 1910 and 1926, and an abortion, and after contracting gonorrhea from Stock, that she had a hysterectomy in 1927, ending her hopes of ever having a child. Yet Porter's letters to her lovers suggest that she still intimated her menstruation after this supposed hysterectomy in 1927. As she once confided to a friend, "I have lost children in all the ways one can."[7]
During the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, Porter enjoyed a high critical reputation as one of America's most distinguished writers but her limited output and equally limited sales had her living on grants and advances for most of the era.
During the 1930s, Porter spent several years in Europe during which she continued to publish short stories. In 1930, she married Eugene Pressley, a writer 13 years her junior. In 1938, upon returning from Europe, she divorced Pressley and married Albert Russel Erskine, Jr., a graduate student who was 20 years younger. He reportedly divorced her in 1942 after discovering her real age. She told F. Armstrong Green (a brief amanuensis) that she married Hart Crane, who promptly committed suicide and that she had been married more times than anyone knew.[8] [N 1]
Between 1948 and 1958, Porter taught at Stanford University, the University of Michigan, Washington and Lee University, and the University of Texas, where her unconventional manner of teaching made her popular with students.
Three of Porter's stories were adapted into radio dramas on the program NBC University Theatre. "Noon Wine" was made into an hour drama in early 1948 and two years later "Flowering Judas" and "Pale Horse, Pale Rider" each were produced in half-hour dramas on an episode of the hour long program. Porter herself made two appearances on the series giving critical commentary on works by Rebecca West and Virginia Woolf. She also occasionally appeared on television in the 1950s and 1960s on programs discussing literature.
Porter published her only novel, Ship of Fools in 1962, based on her reminiscences of a 1931 ocean cruise she had taken from Vera Cruz to Germany. The novel's success finally gave her financial security (she reportedly sold the film rights for Ship of Fools for $500,000). Producer David O. Selznick was after the film rights but United Artists who owned the property, demanded $400,000. The novel was adapted for film by Abby Mann. Producer and director Stanley Kramer who helmed the film, featured Vivien Leigh in her final film performance.[N 2]
Despite Porter's claim that after the publication of Ship of Fools she would not win any more prizes in America, in 1966 she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize[10] and the U.S. National Book Award[11] for The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter, and that year was also appointed to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
In 1977, Porter published The Never-Ending Wrong, an account of the notorious trial and execution of Sacco and Vanzetti, which she had protested 50 years earlier.
Porter died in Silver Spring, Maryland on September 18, 1980, at the age of 90, and her ashes were buried next to her mother at Indian Creek Cemetery in Texas.
Awards and honors[edit]

1966 – Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for The Collected Stories (1965)[10]
1966 – National Book Award for The Collected Stories (1965)[11]
1967 – Gold Medal Award for Fiction from the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Three nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature
2006 – Porter was featured on a United States postage stamp issued May 15, 2006. She was the 22nd person featured in the Literary Arts commemorative stamp series.[3][12]
Works[edit]

Collected Stories and Other Writings appeared in the Library of America series in 2008.
Collected Essays and Occasional Writings of Katherine Anne Porter [Seymour Lawrence] 1970
My Chinese Marriage [publisher unknown although there is a Kessinger edition in 2010] 1902. This is a little-known ghost-written book by Katherine Anne Porter bearing author name of M.T.F. (Mae Franking).
A Christmas Story, [Delacorte, 1967]
The Days Before, Harcourt Brace, 1952
Katherine Anne Porter's French Song Book, Harrison of Paris, 1933
Short story collections[edit]
Flowering Judas and Other Stories, 1930 (adapted for American radio in 1950)
The Leaning Tower and Other Stories, 1934 (First copyright date 1934. Father Archer)
The Old Order: Stories of the South, 1955
The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter, 1965, New York: Harcourt, Brace & World
Collected Stories and Other Writings (Library of America), 2008
Novellas/Short novels[edit]
Old Mortality, 1937
Noon Wine, 1937 (American radio, 1948; American TV, 1966; American TV, 1985)

لقد تشرفت بدعوة لحضور مؤتم للاطلاع على آخر ما توصلت اليه الابحاث في مجال علم الدماغ والدعوة وجهت لي من المبادرة الفلسطينية لعلم الاعصاب والتي اسسها ويرأسها حاليا الدكتور محمد الذي تعرفت اليه وبدأت حوار معه حول الموضوع ومدى الحاجة لبحث مخبري حول تلك العلاقة المفترضة ..وتمثل المؤتمر في عروض شارك فيها 6 من كبار علماء علم الاعصاب وقد عرضوا ما انجزوه من اعمال ..وقد اذهلني ما رأيت خاصة في عبقرية الاعجاز الذي يمكن ان نصف به الدماغ..
طبعا من الامور التي خلصت بها من المؤتمر على الرغم انني بعيد عن تخصص الطب والاعصاب هو ان الدماغ عالم ما يزال غامض ويعرف القليل جدا عنه. وقد اذهلني قول واحدة من العلماء حينما رددت عباره لطالما كنت ارددها بأن الدماغ اشبه بمجسم صغير للكون الواسع وقد استخدمت نفس الكلمات التي لطالما رددتها...
ايضا نتيجة الاستماع ومشاهدة العمليات الدماغية تبين لي بأن كل الاحتمالات واردة وان القول بأن الدماغ يعمل بمبدأ الطاقة ناحية لم يتم التعمق فها حتى الان وكما قال احد العلماء المشاركين حينما وجهت له سؤال :
- في رأيك ما اثر الصدمات المؤلمة trumatic experiences التي يمكن ان تقع في الطفولة المبكرة على الدماغ ؟
- وهل هناك احتمال ان يكون الاثر زيادة في مستوى الطاقة ؟
فرد بأن هذه الناحية ما تزال بكر ( اي غير مطروقة ) وانها في مرحلة الوصف البحثي حتى الان لكنه اكد على وجود علاقة حتمية وبالدليل الهرومني..ولم يسستبعد ان يكون الاثر شيء آخر له علاقة بالطاقة...

سوف نحدد لاحقا الاجراءات العملية لما سنقوم به من بحث وابقيكم على اطلاع ان شاء الله....
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الى كل الايتام في العالم انتظروا الاعلان المهم هنا !!!!

عبد الله ابن محمد ابن المعتز .....يتيم الاب في سن الثامنة وهو صاحب بيت الشعر الشهير
المستحيلات ثلاثة ..الغول والعنقاء والخل الوفي.

ألماني: Abdullah ibn Al-mu'taz
انجليزي: Abdullah bin al-Mu'tazz
908 - 861 : ميلادي
عبد الله ابن المعتز العباسي جلس على كرسي الحكم العباسي لمدة يوم و ليلة فقط مما جعل البعض لا يوردون اسمه بين حكام بني العباس. و كان لقبه المرتضي بالله.
و قد ولد عبد الله سنة 861 للميلاد في سامراء. و لما مات المكتفي أقنعه البعض أن يستلم الخلافة العباسية. لكن المعارضة الشديدة التي حصلت ضده في قصر الحكم أجبرته على الاختفاء و بعد ذلك وُجد و قُتل. و سُلم الحكم للمقتدر الذي لم يكن عمره يتعد 13 سنة.
لكن شهرة عبد الله ابن المعتز لم تكن بسبب الخلافة العباسية و إنما كونه كان شاعراً و أديباً و اهتم في كتبه بالشعر و الأدب العربيين. و كان من كتبه: طبقات الشعر و فصول التماثيل و و البديع.
وُلد عبد الله ابن المعتز في قصر كان بعج بالمؤامرات و الصراعات على كرسي الحكم. قُتل جده المتوكل العباسي لما كان عمره لا يتجاوز الستة أشهر كما قتل والده المعتز و عمره لا يتجاوز 8 سنوات. و لم ينجو من القتل إلا لأن جدته هربت به إلى مكة المكرمة. فيما بعد رجعا إلى بغداد حيث اعتزل السياسة و أجواء الحكم و تفرغ للشعر و الأدب.
من ديوان شعره تلك الأبيات: