The Wright brothers, Orville (August 19, 1871 – January 30, 1948) and Wilbur (April 16, 1867 – May 30, 1912), were two American brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who were credited[1][2][3] with inventing and building the world's first successful airplane and making the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight, on December 17, 1903. From 1905 to 1907, the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft. Although not the first to build and fly experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible.

The brothers' fundamental breakthrough was their invention of three-axis control, which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and to maintain its equilibrium.[4][5][6][7] This method became standard and remains standard on fixed-wing aircraft of all kinds.[8][9] From the beginning of their aeronautical work, the Wright brothers focused on developing a reliable method of pilot control as the key to solving "the flying problem". This approach differed significantly from other experimenters of the time who put more emphasis on developing powerful engines.[10] Using a small homebuilt wind tunnel, the Wrights also collected more accurate data than any before, enabling them to design and build wings and propellers that were more efficient than any before.[11][12] Their first U.S. patent, 821,393, did not claim invention of a flying machine, but rather, the invention of a system of aerodynamic control that manipulated a flying machine's surfaces.[13]

They gained the mechanical skills essential for their success by working for years in their shop with printing presses, bicycles, motors, and other machinery. Their work with bicycles in particular influenced their belief that an unstable vehicle like a flying machine could be controlled and balanced with practice.[14] From 1900 until their first powered flights in late 1903, they conducted extensive glider tests that also developed their skills as pilots. Their bicycle shop employee Charlie Taylor became an important part of the team, building their first aircraft engine in close collaboration with the brothers.

The Wright brothers' status as inventors of the airplane has been subject to counter-claims by various parties. Much controversy persists over the many competing claims of early External links

10- الباراشوت جان بيير بلانشار فرنسي 1785م

- البحث عن طفولة وخلفية حياة هذا المخترع اظهر اهتمام الكتاب في الاختراع اكثر من حياتة وكيف كانت عليه طفولته
- فقط مرجع واحد يقول انه كان ابن عائلة فلاحين فقيرة وانه انتقل الى باريس.
- وهو ما يشير الى طفولة صعبة لكننا لا نكاد نعرف شيء عن طفولته.
- مجهول الطفولة.

11- التلغراف صموئيل مورس أمريكي 1835م
- ليس يتيم لكن طفولته مليئة بالموت.
- مات له خمسة اخوة واربعة اخوات خلال الطفولة وقبل ان يصل الى سن العشرين.
- التحق بالكلية بعيدا عن العائلة وهو في سن الرابعة عشرة
- سافر الى لندن في سن التاسعة عشرة.
- ماتت زوجته عام 1825 ثم مات ابوه في العام 1826 وماتت امه في العام 1828.
- مأزوم.

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek[note 1] (/ˈleɪvənhʊk/, Dutch:*[ɑnˈtoːni vɑn ˈleːuə(n)ˌɦuk]*( listen); October 24, 1632 – August 26, 1723) was a Dutch tradesman and scientist. He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology.

Raised in Delft, Netherlands, Leeuwenhoek worked as a draper in his youth, and founded his own shop in 1654. He made a name for himself in municipal politics, and eventually developed an interest in lensmaking. Using his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which are now referred to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa, and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels). Leeuwenhoek did not author any books; his discoveries came to light through correspondence with the Royal Society, which published his letters.

Early life and career
Sir William Davidson of Curriehill had appointed Leeuwenhoek in 1648 as his assistant. Leeuwenhoek left after six years. (By Abraham van den Tempel, 1664)

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was born in Delft, Holland, on October 24, 1632. Christened Thonis, he is believed to be of Hollander ancestry: his father, Philips Antonysz van Leeuwenhoek, was a basket maker who died when Antony was five years old.
His mother, Margaretha (Bel van den Berch), came from a well-to-do brewer's family, and married Jacbon Jansz Molijn, a painter, after Philips' death.
Antony had four older sisters, Margriete, Geertruyt, Neeltge, and Catharina. Little is known of his early life; he attended school near Leyden for a short time before being sent to live in Benthuizen with his uncle, an attorney and town clerk.
He became an apprentice at a linen-draper's shop in Amsterdam at the age of 16.]

=============

14- السماعة الطبية رينيه لينيك فرنسي 1818م

- يتيم الام وعمره خمس سنوات او 6 سنوات بسبب مرض السل.
- انتقل للعيش مع عمه الراهب.
- وهو في سن الثانية عشرة انتقل للعيش مع عمه الاخر في مدينة نيس حيث كان يدرس الطب.
- انقطع عن دارسة الطب بتشجيع من الده وعايش حياة الهبي لسنوات يكتب الشعر ويسير مسافات طويلة.

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René Laennec
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...he_Laennec.jpg

René Laennec
Born17 February 1781
Quimper, FranceDied13 August 1826
Ploaré, FranceCitizenshipFranceNationalityFrenchKnown forInvented the stethoscope
René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec[1] (French: [laɛnɛk]; 17 February 1781 – 13 August 1826) was a French physician. He invented the stethoscope in 1816, while working at the Hôpital Necker and pioneered its use in diagnosing various chest conditions.
He became a lecturer at the Collège de France in 1822 and professor of medicine in 1823. His final appointments were that of Head of the Medical Clinic at the Hôpital de la Charité and Professor at the Collège de France. He died of tuberculosis in 1826.

Early life and personality

Laennec was born in Quimper (Brittany). His mother died of tuberculosis when he was five or six, and he went to live with his grand-uncle the Abbé Laennec (a priest).
At the age of twelve he proceeded to Nantes where his uncle, Guillaime-François Laennec, worked in the faculty of medicine at the university. Laennec was a gifted student, he learned English and German, and began his medical studies under his uncle's direction.
His father (a lawyer) later discouraged him from continuing as a doctor and René then had a period of time where he took long walks in the country, danced, studied Greek and wrote poetry.

However, in 1799 he returned to study. Laennec studied medicine in Paris under several famous physicians, including Dupuytren and Jean-Nicolas Corvisart-Desmarets. There he was trained to use sound as a diagnostic aid. Corvisart advocated the re-introduction of percussion during the French Revolution. Laennec was a devout Catholic. He was noted as a very kind man and his charity to the poor became proverbial.
The invention of the stethoscope

Laennec had discovered that the new stethoscope was superior to the normally used method of placing the ear over the chest, particularly if the patient was overweight. A stethoscope also avoided the embarrassment of placing the ear against the chest of a woman.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...scope_1819.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...gnify-clip.png
The first drawing of a stethoscope, 1819


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...thoscope-2.png http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...gnify-clip.png
A modern stethoscope


Laennec is said to have seen schoolchildren playing with long, hollow sticks in the days leading up to his innovation.[4] The children held their ear to one end of the stick while the opposite end was scratched with a pin, the stick transmitted and amplified the scratch. His skill as a flautist may also have inspired him. He built his first instrument as a 25 cm by 2.5 cm hollow wooden cylinder, which he later refined to comprise three detachable parts.
His clinical work allowed him to follow chest patients from bedside to the autopsy table. He was therefore able to correlate sounds captured by his new instruments with specific pathological changes in the chest, in effect pioneering a new non-invasive diagnostic tool. Laennec was the first to classify and discuss the terms rales, rhonchi, crepitance, and egophony – terms that doctors now use on a daily basis during physical exams and diagnoses.[4] In February 1818, he presented his findings in a talk at the Academie de Medecin, later publishing his findings in 1819.
Laennec coined the phrase mediate auscultation (indirect listening), as opposed to the popular practice at the time of directly placing the ear on the chest (immediate auscultation). He named his instrument the stethoscope, from stethos (chest), and skopos (examination).
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...0576833%29.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...gnify-clip.png
One of the original stethoscopes belonging to Rene Theophile Laennec made of wood and brass


Not all doctors readily embraced the new stethoscope. Although the New England Journal of Medicine reported the invention of the stethoscope two years later, in 1821, as late as 1885 a professor of medicine stated, "He that hath ears to hear, let him use his ears and not a stethoscope." Even the founder of the American Heart Association, L. A. Connor (1866–1950) carried a silk handkerchief with him to place on the wall of the chest for ear auscultation.[5]
Laennec often referred to the stethoscope as "the cylinder," and as he neared death only a few years later, he bequeathed his own stethoscope to his nephew, referring to it as "the greatest legacy of my life."
The modern binaural stethoscope with two ear pieces was invented in 1851 by Arthur Leared. George Cammann perfected the design of the instrument for commercial production in 1852, which has become the standard ever since.

================

Dunlop the reputed inventor of the pneumatic tyre was born in 1840 to a farming family in Dreghorn. Dreghorn was a mining village situated in North Ayrshire, it lies just a few miles east of the royal burgh of Irvine. Contrary to popular belief, Dunlop did not invent the pneumatic tyre, it was actually invented by Robert William Thomson, another Scot

John B. Dunlop was born in Aryshire, Scotland. After completing his schooling, Dunlop practiced as a veterinary surgeon first in Edinburgh, Scotland, andthen in Belfast, Ireland. In 1887 Dunlop was asked by his young son to thinkof some way to make the boy's tricycle ride more comfortably on Belfast's cobblestone streets. Dunlop began experimenting with improvements to the tricycle's solid rubber tires. He cut up an old garden hose, made it into a tube, pumped it up with air, and fitted it to the rear wheels of his son's tricycle.Dunlop had reinvented the pneumatic tire, which, unknown to Dunlop, had firstbeen invented by Robert Thomson in 1845.

Dunlop tested and patented his pneumatic tire in Great Britain in 1888, and secured a U.S. patent in 1890. An Irish industrialist named W. H. Du Cros became interested in Dunlop's invention after a cyclist won a Belfast race with his pneumatic-tired bicycle. Du Cros organized a company with Dunlop, which became the Dunlop Rubber Company, eventually a worldwide concern.

Dunlop did not profit greatly from his invention. He sold his patent and interest in the company to Du Cros in 1896 and retired to Dublin, where his onlybusiness activity until his death there in 1921 was an interest in a draperyfirm.

After its introduction in 1888, Dunlop's pneumatic tires became standard equipment for bicycles since they so well absorbed the direct road shock that bicyclists experienced. The same year as Dunlop's patent, the first automobile was produced by Karl Benz of Mannheim, Germany. The availability of Dunlop's new tires led to experiments by others to produce a thicker-tread tire for motor vehicles, and in 1895 Michelin's first automobile tire appeared. With thegrowing popularity of the automobile after 1900, the demand for increasinglydurable rubber compounds for both bicycles and autos became enormous. Dunlop's invention gave rise to two major industries.

===

Frank Whittle was born on June 1 1907, in the Earlsdon district of Coventry, the son of a foreman in a machine tool factory.

When Frank was four his father, a skilful and inventive mechanic who spent Sundays at a drawing board, gave him a toy aeroplane with a clockwork propeller and suspended it from a gas mantle. During the First World War Frank's interest in aeroplanes increased when he saw aircraft being built at the local Standard works, and was excited when an aeroplane force-landed near his home.

In 1916 the family moved to Leamington Spa, where Frank's father had bought the Leamington Valve and Piston Ring Company, which comprised a few lathes and other tools, and a single-cylinder gas engine. Frank became familiar with machine tools and did piece work for his father.

Frank won a scholarship to Leamington College, but when his father's business faltered there was not enough money to keep him there. Instead he spent hours in the local library, learning about steam and gas turbines.

In January 1923, having passed the entrance examination, Whittle reported at RAF Halton as an aircraft apprentice. He lasted only two days; only five feet tall and with a small chest measurement, he failed the medical.

Six months later, after subjecting himself to an intense physical training programme supported by a special diet, he was rejected again. Undeterred, he applied using a different first name, passed the written examination again and was ordered to Cranwell where he was accepted.

In 1926, strongly recommended by his commanding officer, he passed a flying medical and was awarded one of five coveted cadetships at the RAF College. The cadetship meant that he would now train as a pilot. In his second term he went solo in an Avro 504N biplane after eight hours' instruction.

Whittle graduated to Bristol fighters and, after a temporary loss of confidence due to blacking out in a tight loop, developed into something of a daredevil. He was punished for hedge-hopping. But he shone in science subjects and in 1928 wrote a revolutionary thesis entitled Future Developments in Aircraft Design.

THE PAPER discussed the possibilities of rocket propulsion and of gas turbines driving propellers, although it stopped short of proposing the use of the gas turbine for jet propulsion. However, Whittle launched his quest for a power plant capable of providing high speed at very high altitude.

In the summer of 1928 he passed out second and received the Andy Fellowes Memorial Prize for Aeronautical Sciences. He was rated "Exceptional to Above Average" as a pilot on Siskin operational fighters - but red-inked into his logbook were warnings about over confidence, an inclination to perform to the gallery and low flying.

At the end of August 1928, Pilot Officer Whittle joined No 111, an operational fighter squadron equipped with Siskins and based at Hornchurch, and was then posted to the Central Flying School, Wittering, for a flying instructor's course. In his spare time he conceived a gas turbine to produce a propelling jet, rather than driving a propeller. A sympathetic instructor, Flying Officer Pat Johnson, who had been a patent agent in civilian life, arranged an interview with the commandant.

This resulted in an almost immediate call from the Air Ministry and an introduction to Dr A A Griffith at the ministry's South Kensington laboratory. Griffith was already interested in gas turbines for driving propellers, and scorned Whittle's proposals. The Air Ministry informed Whittle that successful development of his scheme was considered impracticable. Whittle nevertheless took out his jet patent, and qualified as a flying instructor.

Pat Johnson, still convinced by Whittle's ideas, set up a meeting at British Thomson-Houston, near Rugby, with the company's chief turbine engineer. While not questioning the validity of Whittle's invention, BTH baulked at the prospect of spending £60,000 on development.

At the end of 1930 Whittle was posted to test floatplanes at the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment at Felixstowe. On leave he publicised his jet engine proposal, unsuccessfully. Fortuitously, a friend from Cranwell days, Rolf Dudley-Williams, was based at Felixstowe with a flying-boat squadron, and his efforts on Whittle's behalf soon bore fruit.

In the summer of 1932 Whittle was sent on an engineering course at RAF Henlow. He did so well that, exceptionally in that period, he was permitted to take a two-year engineering course as a member of Peterhouse College, Cambridge, where in 1936 he took a First in the Mechanical Sciences Tripos.

While he was at Cambridge his jet engine patent lapsed; the Air Ministry refused to pay the £5 renewal fee. But in May that year he received an inquiry from Dudley-Williams, who was by then a partner with another former RAF pilot, named Tinling, in General Enterprises Ltd.

The two men undertook to cover the expenses of further patents, to raise money, and to act as Whittle's agents. In the New Year of 1936 an agreement was signed between Dudley-Williams and Tinling, Whittle, the president of the Air Council, and O T Falk & Partners, a firm of City bankers.

A company, Power Jets, was incorporated and Whittle received permission from the Air Ministry to serve as honorary chief engineer and technical consultant for five years, providing there was no conflict with his official duties.

It was as well, because in July, turbo-jet experiments began at Junkers and Heinkel in Germany; at this stage, Whittle's ideas were not subject to the Official Secrets Act. It was a relief when the He 178, after some promise, was scrapped.

Whittle, seeking somewhere to develop his design on modest Power Jets' capital, returned to BTH at Rugby and the company contracted to build a "WU" (Whittle Unit), his first experimental jet engine. At the same time he tried to persuade companies to develop the specialised materials he needed.

First attempts to run Whittle's jet at Rugby in April 1937 produced a series of alarming incidents as it raced out of control and BTH hands bolted for cover. Money was required for further development, but this was scarce, although an Air Ministry contract provided a paltry £1,900.

In 1938 BTH moved the test-bed to its Ladywood works at Lutterworth where, in September, the engine, reconstructed for the third time, was assembled. A further £6,000 of Air Ministry money was pledged and engine tests resumed in December.

WITH THE OUTBREAK of war in September 1939, the project got a further lease of life. The Air Ministry commissioned a more powerful W 2 from Power Jets, and asked the Gloster Aircraft Company for an experimental aeroplane, specified as E 28/39

17- البيانو كريستو فوري إيطالي 1690م
- مجهول الطفولة.

Bartolomeo Cristofori di Francesco (May 4, 1655 – January 27, 1731) was an Italian maker of musical instruments, generally regarded as the inventor of the piano.
Life]
The available source materials on Cristofori's life include his birth and death records, two wills, the bills he submitted to his employers, and a single interview done by Scipione Maffei. From the latter, both Maffei's notes and the published journal article are preserved.
Cristofori was born in Padua in the Republic of Venice. Nothing is known of his early life. A tale is told that he served as an apprentice to the great violin maker Nicolò Amati, based on the appearance in a 1680 census record of a "Christofaro Bartolomei" living in Amati's house in Cremona. However, as Stewart Pollens points out (see References below), this person cannot be Bartolomeo Cristofori, since the census records an age of 13, whereas Cristofori according to his baptismal record would have been 25 at the time. Pollens also doubts the authenticity of the cello and double bass instruments sometimes attributed to Cristofori.
Probably the most important event in Cristofori's life is the first one of which we have any record: in 1688, at age 33, he was recruited to work for Prince Ferdinando de Medici. Ferdinando, a lover and patron of music, was the son and heir of Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Tuscany was at a time still a small independent state.
It is not known what led Ferdinando to recruit Cristofori. The Prince traveled to Venice in 1688 to attend the Carnival, so he may have met Cristofori passing through Padua on his way home. Ferdinando was looking for a new technician to take care of his many musical instruments, the previous incumbent having just died. However, it seems possible that the Prince wanted to hire Cristofori not just as his technician, but specifically as an innovator in musical instruments. It would be surprising if Cristofori at age 33 had not already shown the inventiveness for which he later became famous.
The evidence—all circumstantial—that Cristofori may have been hired as an inventor is as follows. According to Stewart Pollens, there were already a number of qualified individuals in Florence who could have filled the position; however, the Prince passed them over, and paid Cristofori a higher salary than his predecessor. Moreover, Pollens notes, "curiously, [among the many bills Cristofori submitted to his employer] there are no records of bills submitted for Cristofori's pianofortes ... This could mean that Cristofori was expected to turn over the fruits of his experimentation to the court." Lastly, the Prince was evidently fascinated with machines (he collected over forty clocks, in addition to a great variety of elaborate musical instruments), and would thus be naturally interested in the elaborate mechanical action that was at the core of Cristofori's work on the piano.
Maffei's interview reports Cristofori's memory of his conversation with the Prince at this time:
che fu detto al Principe, che non volevo; rispos' egli il farò volere io.
which Giuliana Montanari (reference below) translates as:
The prince was told that I did not wish to go; he replied that he would make me want to
This suggests that the Prince may have felt that Cristofori would be a prize recruit and was trying to charm him into accepting his offer; consistent again with the view that the Prince was attempting to recruit him as an inventor.
In any event, Cristofori agreed to the appointment, for a salary of 12 scudi per month. He moved rather quickly to Florence (May 1688; his job interview having taken place in March or April), was issued a house, complete with utensils and equipment, by the Grand Duke's administration, and set to work. For the Prince, he tuned, maintained, and transported instruments; worked on his various inventions, and also did restoration work on valuable older harpsichords.[1]
At this time, the Grand Dukes of Tuscany employed a large staff of about 100 artisans, who worked in the Galleria dei Lavori of the Uffizi. Cristofori's initial work space was probably in this area, which did not please him. He later told Maffei:
che da principio durava fatica ad andare nello stanzone in questo strepito
It was hard for me to have to go into the big room with all that noise (tr. Montanari)
Cristofori did eventually obtain his own workshop, usually keeping one or two assistants working for him.

During the remaining years of the 17th century, Cristofori invented two keyboard instruments before he began his work on the piano. These instruments are documented in an inventory, dated 1700, of the many instruments kept by Prince Ferdinando. Stewart Pollens conjectures that this inventory was prepared by a court musician named Giovanni Fuga, who may have referred to it as his own in a 1716 letter.[2]
The spinettone, Italian for "big spinet", was a large, multi-choired spinet (a harpsichord in which the strings are slanted to save space), with disposition 1 x 8', 1 x 4';[3] most spinets have the simple disposition 1 x 8'. This invention may have been meant to fit into a crowded orchestra pit for theatrical performances, while having the louder sound of a multi-choired instrument.
The other invention (1690) was the highly original oval spinet, a kind of virginal with the longest strings in the middle of the case.
Cristofori also built instruments of existing types, documented in the same 1700 inventory: a clavicytherium (upright harpsichord), and two harpsichords of the standard Italian[4] 2 x 8' disposition; one of them has an unusual case made of ebony.

===

18- دراجة البخارية (الموتوسيكل) يوجين وميشيل ورنر فرنسيان 1897م
- مجهولين الطفولة
- من روسيا لكنهم هاجروا الى فرنسا.

The Werner Brothers Michel and Eugene were French nationality but originally from Russia. They started to experiment with moto bicycles (Moto Bicyclette) in 1896. They are credited with the first use of the word "Moto Bicyclette" in 1897.[2]

History]

Motocyclette advertisement from 1900
The attempt to use a De Dion-Bouton engine in a bicycle frame in 1896 resulted in failure. But in 1897 they succeeded in creating a moto bicycle called the Motocyclette with the engine mounted on the front steering head that achieved some success.
The most significant success in moto bicycle design came in 1900 with the New Werner which used a patented frame design in which the engine is mounted at the bottom of the frame. By this time the company was also making their own engines rather than buying them from De Dion-Bouton as had been the case previously.[1]
Werner was also the first or one of the first to produce a moto bicycle with a two cylinder vertical twin engine in 1903 with a capacity of 500*cc.[2]
Werner licensed Motor Manufacturing Company in England to sell their line of motorcycles.[1]

When both brothers died in 1908 the company failed.
=====

19- السلم المتحرك جورج هوبلز وجيمس رينو أمريكيان 1892م
- جيمس رينو يتيم الاب في عامه الاول

Jesse Wilford Reno (August 4, 1861 – June 2, 1947) invented the first working escalator in 1891 (patented March 15, 1892) used at the Old Iron Pier, Coney Island, New York City. His invention was referred to as the "inclined elevator." An earlier escalator machine, termed "revolving stairs" by its inventor Nathan Ames, was patented March 9, 1859, but was never built.

Reno was born in 1861 in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He was the son of American Civil War notable Jesse L. Reno. He graduated from Lehigh University in 1883 with an engineering degree in mining, later a metallurgical degree, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity.[1]

Born: 4-Aug-1861

Gender: Male

Nationality: United States

Inventor Jesse W. Reno built the first working escalator, introduced as an amusement park ride at New York's Coney Island in 1896. The attraction ran for just two weeks at the island's Old Iron Pier, but in that time and in a subsequent demonstration on the Manhattan side of the Brooklyn Bridge, more than 75,000 passengers rode its 25% incline rising seven feet off the ground. An earlier, steam-powered escalator had been designed but never built by Nathan Ames in 1859.

Reno built functioning escalators for several American subway systems, and designed a spiral escalator which was installed in the London tube, before selling the patent for his "Reno Inclined Elevator" to Otis Elevator. He also invented a submersible vehicle for salvaging shipwrecks and an early aircraft carrier (a floating airfield driven by propeller), and designed an electric rail system that operated in Americus, Georgia. His father, Jesse Lee Reno, commanded the 9th Corps of the US Army during the American Civil War, and is the namesake of Reno, Nevada.

Father: Jesse L. Reno (US military officer, b. 20-Apr-1823, d. 14-Sep-1862 Civil War)

- لكن واضح ان هناك بعض الامور التي ربما دفعته للابداع مثل
- تعلم في المنزل ولم تقبله الجامعة
- يبدو ان امه واباه عاشا منفصلين واحد في ايطاليا وامه في لندن حيث لحق بها في سن الحادية والعشرين ليعلن عن اختراعه هناك.
- كادت امه ان تموت ليلة مولده.
- لم يكن ابن الأب الإيطالي مالك العقارات والأم الأيرلندية عالما تقليديا إذ لم يحصل على تعليم تقليدي وإنما تعلم داخل المنزل.
-عندما كان عمره 12 سنة فشل في امتحان قبول للأكاديمية البحرية الإيطالية.
- في سن السادسة عشر فشل في امتحان قبول لجامعة بولونيا في إيطاليا.
- بالإضافة لذلك فقد كان يقدم واجباته المنزلية غير كاملة أو خاطئة.
- ظروفه تجعله يتيم اجتماعي.
==
قبل مائة عام اوضح مخترع إيطالي شاب الإمكانيات الضخمة للتلغراف اللاسلكي. وفي 18 يناير (كانون الثاني) 1903 أرسل جوجليلمو ماركوني أول رسالة لاسلكية ثنائية الاتجاه عبر المحيط الأطلسي. وحقق الاتصال التاريخي بين الرئيس الأميركي ثيودور روزفلت وملك بريطانيا إدوارد السابع جسرا لمسافة ثلاثة آلاف ميل فورا، بين كيب كود في ولاية ماساشوسيتس إلى محطة بولدو في كورنويل في بريطانيا.

وكان التلغراف الكهربائي موجودا منذ الثلاثينات من القرن التاسع عشر، ثم قام ألكسندر جراهام بيل باختراع الهاتف في 1876. ولكن التلغراف اعتمد على الأسلاك لتوصيل الإشارات الكهربائية، ومتى ما كان هناك حاجز مائي ضخم تطلب اجتيازه كوابل تحت الماء وتكلفة ضخمة.

He spent the first three years of his life near Bologne, then three years in England, after which the family went to live in Livorno, Italy.
From the time he was a small boy he was extraordinarily interested in physics. In Livorno he attended the first national Technical Institute. In 1892 his mother arranged for him to study physics under the supervision of a professor. Spurred on by the work of Benjamin Franklin, in about 1892 he designed and installed on his house a rooftop mechanism that set off a bell whenever there was an electrical storm nearby. This was the first example of the aerial-to-earth system that later became essential to radio-telegraphy.
After moving to Bologne he often visited the University physics laboratory and attended lectures, reinforcing his urge to experiment. At twenty, while on a summer holiday, he read a detailed description of Hertz’s experiments, inspiring his greatest work. He continued to improve upon others’ earlier designs of tubes between 1894 and 1895. His work was so original that on 7/07/1897 he was issued an Italian patent for "improvements in the transmission of impulses and of the relative apparatus." Marconi applied for patents in all the principal nations of the world.
Eager to develop and apply his work on a large scale, Marconi went to England, accompanied by his mother. Sir William Peece, Chief Engineer of the Post Office, made enthusiastic mention of Marconi’s experiments in a postal conference on 12/11/1896, thus clearing the way for experiments in Post Office laboratories. The first aerial transmissions were done between the Post Office building and the Savings Bank, a distance of some hundreds of meters. Soon after, the first demonstration of overseas radio transmission took place. This opened up the possibility of regular communications between land and sea.
Around 1897 Marconi had to enter military service. He arranged for a transfer to the navy, so he could be attached as a Marine to the Embassy to continue his work. Marconi was invited to go to Italy and repeat his experiments in the Gulf of Spezia, where he successfully transmitted across 18 kilometers between a ship and the island of Palmaria. He also gave demonstrations for the King and Queen and leading political men.
Marconi returned to London, where he formed the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company on 7/20/1897 to capitalize on all Marconi’s patents (except those ceded to the Italian government for military use). This powerful organization changed its name to Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company in 1900 to more precisely credit the origin of the invention.
==

Biography of Gugli[justify] [/justify][justify][/justify]

elmo Marconi
Marconi, Guglielmo (1874-1937). He was the originator of wireless telegraph signals and created means of overcoming many of the hurdles to the commercialization of wireless. He was the first to transmit signals across the ocean without use of cables. Marconi was born in the Italian countryside in somewhat modest circumstances. He had little formal education, though his mother tutored him, and he loved to read from his fathers library about experiments with electricity. Marconi audited courses at the University of Bologna, since he could not gain admittance to the university for credit, and studied under Augusto Righi, a scientist who had worked with electromagnetic waves.

Guglielmo Marconi

Born: 25-Apr-1874
Birthplace: Palazzo Marescalchi, Bologna, Italy
Died: 20-Jul-1937
Location of death: Rome, Italy

Cause of death: Heart Failure

Remains: Buried, Villa Falcone, Sasso Marconi, Italy

Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi began his experiments when he was barely 20, building on Heinrich Hertz's discovery of radio waves (then called Hertzian waves) in 1888. He was rejected for admission to the University of Bologna, but was mentored by Professor Augusto Righi, a pioneer in electromagnetic waves at Bologna who allowed Marconi to audit classes and access the university's library. In 1895 Marconi transmitted recognizable electronic signals from his family home in Pontecchio to a vertical raised antenna more than a mile away.

Though it seems astounding in retrospect, Italian government officials were uninterested and unwilling to fund his work. Instead Marconi came to England, where his demonstration was greeted enthusiastically by Sir William Peece, Chief Engineer of the Post Office. With funding from Peece, Marconi received a patent for wireless telegraphy in 1896, and the next year he formed the Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company Limited (now Marconi Company Ltd.).

By 1899 his company was providing wireless service between Britain and France, broadcasting across the English Channel. In 1900 he invented a system of tuned multiplex telegraphy, allowing multiple broadcasts to be sent on distinct frequencies — technology which later became the foundation of 20th century broadcasting. In 1901 he sent signals across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe to Canada and back, proving that radio waves followed the curvature of the earth and establishing that trans-oceanic transmissions were feasible. Though Marconi did not mention it, a key component in his receiving equipment seems to have been appropriated from the work of Indian scientist J. C. Bose.

Marconi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909, sharing the honor with Ferdinand Braun, whose technical improvements greatly increased the range and effectiveness of Marconi's early transmitters. As radio transmission of telegraph messages and, later, spoken words became more common and popular, Marconi's several international companies made him a very wealthy man, but more and more of his time was consumed in legal battles, defending his patents against Lee De Forest and John Ambrose Fleming, among others. In 1919 US Navy officers expressed concerned that an Italian conglomerate was gaining a near-monopoly on worldwide communications, and offered General Electric a lucrative, legal monopoly on long-distance radio communication if it would form a new radio company and buy the assets of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America. This proposal led to formation of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) and drove Marconi out of the American market.

Though his genius and contribution to the development of radio are inarguable, it is a misnomer to label Marconi "the inventor of radio". In 1866, a Washington DC dentist and electronics enthusiast named Mahlon Loomis had transmitted radio signals between two mountaintops 15 miles apart. In 1885 American physicist Amos Dolbear patented a wireless telegraphy system very similar to Marconi's, similar enough that Marconi had to purchase the patent to establish his American subsidiary.

Father: Giuseppe Marconi

Mother: Annie Jameson

Brother: Alfonso

Brother: Luigi (stepbrother)

Wife: Beatrice O'Brien (dau. of 14th Baron Inchiquin, m. 16-Mar-1905, annulled 20-Jul-1927, 1 son, 2 daughters)

Daughter: Degna (b. 11-Sep-1908)

Son: Giulio (b. 21-Jun-1910)

Wife: Maria Bezzi-Scali (m. 12-Jun-1927 until his death, one daughter)
Daughter: Elettra (b. 20-Jul-1930)
==========

21- التلفاز جون لويجي بيرد، وآخرون إسكتلندي 1926م

- طفولته مجهولة لكن المعلومة الاهم هي اه كان مريضا وضعيف الصحة طوال حياته ورفض طلبة الانضمام للعسكرية. بدأ يهتم بالالكترونيات بعد ان اصابه انهيار عصبي.
- عاش جون لوجي بيرد في أحضان أسرة فقيرة فلما بلغ الثانية عشر من عمره عمل جاهدا لمساعدة والده فكان يجمع بعض الخردوات فيصلحها ويبيعها في السوق
- مازوم

Famous for:
Inventing the first working television

Later development of colour and stereoscopic television.

John Logie Baird was an engineer and inventor. Known as 'The Father of Television', he is most famous for being the first person to demonstrate a working television.

Inventiveness
Born in Helensburgh on the west coast of Scotland, John was the fourth and youngest child of the Rev John and Jessie Baird.

He showed early signs of ingenuity by setting up a telephone exchange to connect his house to those of his friends near by. His first interest in television came in 1903 after he read a German book on the photoelectric properties of selenium.

Work in wartime

Baird graduated from the Royal Technical College in Glasgow – now Strathclyde University – soon after the outbreak of the First World War.

Because of chronic ill-health, which was to plague him throughout his life, he was not accepted for military service. For a short time he worked for the Clyde Valley Electrical Power Company, before starting a small business manufacturing and marketing a water-absorbent sock. He then decided to move abroad.

Life in Trinidad

Baird sailed for Port of Spain, Trinidad in November 1919.
Realising that the island teemed with citrus fruit and sugar, he set up a jam factory.

Unfortunately the local insect life either ran off with the sugar or landed in the hot vats of boiling preserve.

Experimentation with television
Baird returned to Britain in September 1920, and after a brief spell in business in London, he started to experiment with television.

In Hastings in 1924 he transmitted the image of a Maltese cross over the distance of 10 feet.
Baird's first public demonstration of television was in 1925, in Selfridge's shop in London.

The breakthrough came in October 1925 when Baird achieved television pictures with light and shade (half-tones), making them much clearer.

He demonstrated these to invited members of the Royal Institution in January 1926. The pictures measured only 3.5 x 2 inches.

==

John Logie Baird was born on 14 August 1888 in Helensburgh on the west coast of Scotland, the son of a clergyman. Dogged by ill health for most of his life, he nonetheless showed early signs of ingenuity, rigging up a telephone exchange to connect his bedroom to those of his friends across the street. His studies at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College were interrupted by the outbreak of World War One. Rejected as unfit for the forces, he served as superintendent engineer of the Clyde Valley Electrical Power Company. When the war ended he set himself up in business, with mixed results.

==

It was after his nervous breakdown that he started paying attention to electronics. Marconi’s explanation about the travelling of radio waves was his area of concentration. He was almost sure that visual signals could also be transmitted through the same process. With his firm believe he started working on his project. The basic design of Baird contained a scanning disk named Nipkow disk after its German inventor, Paul Nipkow, which was developed in 1884. This device was made up of a disk made out of cardboard that had square holes in it in series, spirally placed. The Nipkow disk scanned light and dark areas when it spun with the photoelectric cell. This process converted into electrical signals. When two such disks worked in synchronization, the signals were again translated into visual images.
Baird made innovations in this idea of Nipkow and added a feature to it which could transmit signals through electromagnetic waves instead of cable wires. The innovation was not appreciated and financed much by the investors. Throughout this time, Baird took odd jobs such salesman for razor blade and a shoe shiner just to earn enough money to support himself and buy his tools. Many of his inventions involved the use of household items like string, bicycle lamps, cake tin and knitting needles etc. Finally on October 2, 1925 he accomplished in transmitting the picture of the dummy of ventriloquist from his attic’s one end to another. He got really excited and ran to the nearest shop to convince a boy to be a part of his television transmission. This invention gave fame to Baird in a jiffy also arouse interest of the investors. A television signal was sent by him from London to Glasgow in 1927 and from London to New York later in 1928. The only problem was this design produced poor quality image. Vladimir Zworykin’s design of cathode ray tube substituted Baird’s design. Baird still helped in developing improved designs of televisions. He also helped with the colored television and large and wide screen projection which he thought would later be used for movie projection for public. Baird passed away in 1946 when he was 58.
==
battling what was known at the time as a 'weak constitution' for most of his life, due to a serious childhood illness, Baird died in 1946, aged 58, in Bexhill-on-sea, East Sussex from a stroke. He was buried with his Father and Mother in the family plot in Helensburgh. In the last decade, he was voted one of the 100 greatest Britons and one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history
==

22- الحاسوب هوارد آيكن، وآخرون أمريكي 1944م
- كان والده مدمنا على الكحول وكان عنيفا .
- دافع هوارد عن والدته وهو في سن الثانية عشرة حيث تصدى له عندما حاول الاعتداد عليها .
- خرج الوالد بعد ذلك العراك ولم يعد الى المنزل أبدا ولم يشاهده احد .
- ذلك يجعله يتيم الاب في سن الثنية عشرة .
- مازوم ويتيم اجتماعي ويتيم الاب.

Howard Hathaway Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, on 8th of March 1900, as the only child in the family of Daniel H. Aiken, from a wealthy and well-established Indiana family, and Margaret Emily Mierisch-Aiken, a child of German immigrants. When he was just entering his teens, he moved, with his parents and his maternal grandparents, to Indianapolis.

Daniel Aiken was addicted to alcohol and, during fits of drunkenness, would physically abuse his wife. During one such episode, young Howard, already large and strong at the age of 12, grabbed a fireplace poker and drove his father out of the house. The family never saw Daniel Aiken again.

Once the father had disappeared, the paternal relatives would have nothing more to do with young Howard or his mother and did not help them financially. Aiken was in the ninth grade when it became his responsibility to support his mother and grandmother. This meant that he would have to leave school and go to work. He got a job installing telephones (12 hour shifts) and began to take correspondence courses. One of his teachers however, having seen signs of Aiken's intellectual brilliance, especially in mathematics, went to see Mrs. Aiken to plead that her son return to school. Because of the family's pressing financial needs, Mrs. Aiken could not acquiesce. The teacher then found Aiken a night job (Howard was very found of this job, because he had to work only 8 hours every night!) as an electrician's helper for the Indianapolis Light and Heat Company, so he would be able to attend school during the day.

Howard Aiken is a difficult figure to write about because some people seem to have loved him and others hated him just as much. He clearly was strong willed but in some people's opinion this spilled over into a sort of self-centred conceit.

The story of how he came to create one of the first programmable computers is also an odd one. Born in New Jersey to parents who were not well off, Aiken worked hard to gain an education. He literally worked hard - 12 hours a the Indianapolis Light and Heat Company while at technical high school. He put himself through university by working for the four years at the Madison Gas and Electric company. He studied engineering and got his degree in 1923. Being an engineer what was more natural than to continue to work for the Gas and Electric company where he designed and built generating stations.

After ten years of engineering Aiken made a startling discovery. At the age of 32 he realised that he had studied for the wrong degree! He wanted to be a mathematician or failing that a physicist. He enrolled for a year at the University of Chicago and then moved to Harvard where he finally obtained a degree in physics and then a doctorate in physics at the age of 39. He supported himself through his second education by teaching physics and communications engineering.
------
Howard Hathaway Aiken was born March 8, 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey. However he grew up in Indianapolis, Indiana where he attended the Arsenal Technical High School. After high school he studied at the University of Wisconsin where he received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. During college Aiken worked for the Madison Gas Company; after graduation he was promoted to chief engineer there.
In 1935 Aiken decided to return to school. In 1939 he received a Ph.D. from Harvard University. It was while working on his doctoral thesis in physics that Aiken began to think about constructing a machine to help with the more tedious tasks of calculations. Aiken began to talk about his idea and did research into what could be done. With help from colleagues at the university, Aiken succeeded in convincing IBM fund his project.
The idea was to build an electromachanic machine that could perform mathematical operations quickly and efficiently and allow a person to spend more time thinking instead of laboring over tedious calculations. IBM was to build the machine with Aiken acting as head of the construction team and donate it to Harvard with the requirement that IBM would get the credit for building it. The constructing team was to use machine components that IBM already had in existence.

It took seven years and a lot of money to finally get the machine operational. Part of the delay was due to the intervention of World War II. Officially the computer was called the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator but most everyone called it the Mark I. After completing the Mark I, Aiken went on to produce three more computers, two of which were electric rather than electromechanical.
More important than the actual computer (whose major purpose was to create tables), was the fact that it proved to the world that such a machine was more than just fancy, it was a practical purpose machine. Perhaps more important than the invention of Mark I was Aiken's contribution to academia. He started the first computer science academic program in the world.

Lauderdale, Florida. He died March 14, 1973 in St. Louis, Missouri

Born: 8-Mar-1900
Birthplace: Hoboken, NJ
Died: 14-Mar-1973
Location of death: St. Louis, MO
Cause of death: Natural Causes

Gender: Male
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Physicist, Inventor, Computer Programmer

Nationality: United States
Executive summary: Designer of early computers

Military service: US Navy (1942-46); US Navy Reserve (to Commander)

Computer pioneer Howard Aiken was trained as an electrical engineer at the University of Wisconsin, and as a young man he spent several years in the power generation and transmission industry. He eventually returned to school at the University of Chicago, which he later described as "a lousy institution", and after just two semesters at Chicago he transferred to Harvard. There, working toward his PhD in Physics, he grew weary of the required mathematical calculations — advanced differential equations which could only be solved with virtually endless hours of headache-inducing slide-rule work. In 1937, inspired by the century-old writings of Charles Babbage, he wrote a 22-page paper proposing that such purely numerical exercises could be mechanized.

Aiken met with executives at the Monroe Calculator Company, a leading maker of "noiseless" mechanical calculating machines, but his pitch was politely rebuffed. He then made a similar proposal to a rival firm, International Business Machines, a maker of punch cards, card sorters, and other industrial accounting devices. Aiken's plan was personally approved for funding by IBM's CEO, Thomas J. Watson, with the cost-saving stipulation that the project primarily use mechanical parts that the firm already made.

Working with IBM's technicians at its Endicott, New York laboratory, Aiken spent seven years designing and constructing the Mark I computer, which was successfully tested in 1943. Known formally as the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), it was never mass-produced, but it was an important breakthrough in mechanical and electrical technology. More than fifty feet wide, with some 700,000 mechanical parts, 1,200 ball bearings, and 530 miles of wiring, the Mark I weighed 35 tons, could store six dozen numbers, and it had cost IBM upwards of half a million dollars. It was the world’s first program-controlled calculator, and arguably the first modern computer.

With no industrial market for such a machine, the Mark I was used as publicity for IBM, and when the media grew disinterested it was shipped to Harvard and installed there in 1944. At Harvard the machine was used virtually 24 hours every day for the next fifteen years, for some of the most advanced scientific projects of the era.

Aiken's next project, the Mark II computer, was funded by the US Navy, completed in 1947, employed an electrical memory, and was capable of making calculations several times faster than the Mark I. His Mark III or Aiken Dahlgren Electronic Calculator (ADEC), completed in 1949 at the Navy's Dahlgren Proving Ground in Virginia, was the first large-scale practical computer to use magnetic drums for data storage, allowing internal data storage and retrieval from an address stored in the computer's register. Aiken's almost-all-electronic Mark IV was completed in 1952 with funding from the US Air Force, and was the first computer to segregate the storage of software and data, a concept now known in computer parlance as the Harvard architecture. In addition to his contributions to early computer technology, Aiken established the first collegiate-level computer science classes when he taught at Harvard and the University of Miami.

Father: Daniel Aiken
Mother: Margaret Emily Mierisch Aiken
Wife: Louise (m. 1939, div. 1942)
Daughter: Rachael
Wife: Agnes Montgomery (Latin teacher, "Monty", m. 1942

23- الووكمان أكيو موريتا ياباني 1979م
- مجهول الطفولة ولا يعرف متى مات والديه ولا يكاد يعرف من طفولته سوى ان والده كان يقوم على تدريبة ليتولى اعمال العائلة وهو ما يزال طفل صغير.
- اندلعت الحرب العالمية الثانية وهو في نهاية العقد الثاني من العمر وانضم الى الجيش وهو في سن 23 .

AKIO MORITA: BIOGRAPHY
Akio Morita was born on January 26, 1921, in the city of Nagoya, to a family of sake brewers. The Morita family has been brewing sake for nearly 400 years in the city of Tokoname, near Nagoya. Under the strict eyes of his father, Kyuzaemon, Akio was groomed to become the heir to the family business. As a student, Akio often sat in on company meetings with his father and he would help with the family business even on school holidays.

Throughout their long partnership, Ibuka devoted his energies to technological research and product development, while Morita was instrumental in leading Sony in the areas of marketing, globalization, finance and human resources. Morita also spearheaded Sony's entry into the software business, and he contributed to the overall management of the company
==

http://cf.ydcdn.net/1.0.1.5/images/d.../biography.jpg
Akio Morita (born 1921), along with a few other entrepreneurs, embodied the postwar recovery and growth of Japanese industry. Morita and Sony Corporation, which he cofounded with Masaru Ibuka, challenge conventional notions about Japan's "economic miracle." The energy and inventiveness of small, independent companies like Sony, not keiretsu (industrial conglomerate arrangements) or the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), were the impetus for Japan's postwar economic development; their dependable high technology products changed the image of Japanese exports abroad.
Akio Morita was born January 26, 1921, the first son and fifteenth-generation heir to a sake-brewing family in Kosugaya village near Nagoya. Influenced as a boy by his mother's love of classical music (his family was one of the first to own an RCA Victrola in Japan), Morita developed a keen interest in electronics and sound reproduction. He became so engrossed in his electronic experiments, even building his own ham radio, that he almost flunked out of school; but after concentrating on his studies for a year, he entered the prestigious Eighth Higher School as a physics major. At Osaka Imperial University he assisted his professor in research for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Rather than be drafted, he signed up with the navy to continue his studies. After his graduation in 1944, Lieutenant Morita supervised a special project group of the Aviation Technology Center on thermal guidance weapons and night-vision gunsights. There he met Masaru Ibuka, an electronics engineer 13 years his senior. The two became close friends and eventually cofounded Sony Corporation. After World War II, Morita became a physics professor while working part time in Ibuka's new telecommunications lab.

===

24- الآلة الحاسبة بليز باسكال فرنسي 1639م
- يتيم الام في سن الثالثة.
- كان ضيف صحيا خاصة بعد سن الثامنة عشرة قد جاء موته بعد سن التاسعة والثلاثين بقليل.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...e_dsc03869.jpg
إحدى أوائل آلات باسكال الحاسبة

تعتبر هذه الآلة إحدى أوجه تقدم العلوم التطبيقية. إنها فعلا اكتشاف جدير بالاهتمام، فهو الذي أوصل الإنسانية إلى الحاسبات الحديثة وما يمكن أن تصل إليه في المستقبل. فقد اكتشفها في روان سنة 1640 وهي آلة تقوم بإجراء للعمليات الحسابية الأربع دون جهد في التفكير وذلك لتأدية حسابات والده بسرعة.إن عملية مكننة الحساب تعتبر خطوة جبارة على طريق الحضارة الإنسانية.

==
Blaise Pascal (French: [blɛz paskal]; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method.
In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines. After three years of effort and fifty prototypes, he invented the mechanical calculator. He built 20 of these machines (called Pascal's calculators and later Pascalines) in the following ten years. Pascal was an important mathematician, helping create two major new areas of research: he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of 16, and later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. Following Galileo and Torricelli, in 1646 he refuted Aristotle's followers who insisted that nature abhors a vacuum. Pascal's results caused many disputes before being accepted.
In 1646, he and his sister Jacqueline identified with the religious movement within Catholicism known by its detractors as Jansenism.[5] His father died in 1651. Following a mystical experience in late 1654, he had his "second conversion", abandoned his scientific work, and devoted himself to philosophy and theology. His two most famous works date from this period: the Lettres provinciales and the Pensées, the former set in the conflict between Jansenists and Jesuits. In that year, he also wrote an important treatise on the arithmetical triangle. Between 1658 and 1659 he wrote on the cycloid and its use in calculating the volume of solids.
Pascal had poor health, especially after his 18th year, and his death came just two months after his 39th birthday.[6]

Early life and education
Pascal was born in Clermont-Ferrand; he lost his mother, Antoinette Begon, at the age of three.

His father, Étienne Pascal (1588–1651), who also had an interest in science and mathematics, was a local judge and member of the "Noblesse de Robe". Pascal had two sisters, the younger Jacqueline and the elder Gilberte.
In 1631, five years after the death of his wife, Étienne Pascal moved with his children to Paris. The newly arrived family soon hired Louise Delfault, a maid who eventually became an instrumental member of the family. Étienne, who never remarried, decided that he alone would educate his children, for they all showed extraordinary intellectual ability, particularly his son Blaise. The young Pascal showed an amazing aptitude for mathematics and science.
Particularly of interest to Pascal was a work of Desargues on conic sections. Following Desargues' thinking, the 16-year-old Pascal produced, as a means of proof, a short treatise on what was called the "Mystic Hexagram", Essai pour les coniques ("Essay on Conics") and sent it—his first serious work of mathematics—to Père Mersenne in Paris; it is known still today as Pascal's theorem. It states that if a hexagon is inscribed in a circle (or conic) then the three intersection points of opposite sides lie on a line (called the Pascal line).
Pascal's work was so precocious that Descartes was convinced that Pascal's father had written it. When assured by Mersenne that it was, indeed, the product of the son not the father, Descartes dismissed it with a sniff: "I do not find it strange that he has offered demonstrations about conics more appropriate than those of the ancients," adding, "but other matters related to this subject can be proposed that would scarcely occur to a 16-year-old child."[9]
In France at that time offices and positions could be—and were—bought and sold. In 1631 Étienne sold his position as second president of the Cour des Aides for 65,665 livres.[10] The money was invested in a government bond which provided if not a lavish then certainly a comfortable income which allowed the Pascal family to move to, and enjoy, Paris. But in 1638 Richelieu, desperate for money to carry on the Thirty Years' War, defaulted on the government's bonds. Suddenly Étienne Pascal's worth had dropped from nearly 66,000 livres to less than 7,300.

Like so many others, Étienne was eventually forced to flee Paris because of his opposition to the fiscal policies of Cardinal Richelieu, leaving his three children in the care of his neighbor Madame Sainctot, a great beauty with an infamous past who kept one of the most glittering and intellectual salons in all France. It was only when Jacqueline performed well in a children's play with Richelieu in attendance that Étienne was pardoned. In time Étienne was back in good graces with the cardinal, and in 1639 had been appointed the king's commissioner of taxes in the city of Rouen — a city whose tax records, thanks to uprisings, were in utter chaos.
In 1642, in an effort to ease his father's endless, exhausting calculations, and recalculations, of taxes owed and paid, Pascal, not yet 19, constructed a mechanical calculator capable of addition and subtraction, called Pascal's calculator or the Pascaline. The Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris and the Zwinger museum in Dresden, Germany, exhibit two of his original mechanical calculators. Though these machines are early forerunners to computer engineering, the calculator failed to be a great commercial success. Because it was extraordinarily expensive the Pascaline became little more than a toy, and status symbol, for the very rich both in France and throughout Europe. However, Pascal continued to make improvements to his design through the next decade and built 20 machines in total.
==

Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. He was the oldest of seven children. His father was a musician and wool trader, who wanted his son to study medicine as there was more money in medicine. At age eleven, Galileo was sent off to study in a Jesuit monastery.
After four years, Galileo had announced to his father that he wanted to be a monk. This was not exactly what father had in mind, so Galileo was hastily withdrawn from the monastery. In 1581, at the age of 17, he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine, as his father wished.
==

26- الدبابة إرنست سونيتون إنجليزي 1914م
مجهول الطفولة

[Major General Sir Ernest Dunlop Swinton, KBE,CB, DSO, RE (21 October 1868 – 15 January 1951) was a military writer and British Army officer. Swinton is credited with influencing the development and adoption of the tank by the British during the First World War. He is also known for popularising the term "no-mans land". He published several books of non-fiction and fiction including two books under the pseudonym O'le Luk-Oie.
Early life and career[edit]

Swinton was born in Bangalore, India in 1868, his father worked for the Madras Civil Service. He was educated at University College School, Rugby School, Cheltenham College, Blackheath Proprietary School and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He became an officer in the Corps of Royal Engineers in 1888, serving in India and becoming Lieutenant in 1891.

He served as a Captain during the Second Boer War (1899-1901), and received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in November 1900.[1] After the war, he wrote his book on small unit tactics, The Defence of Duffer's Drift, a military classic on minor tactics that has been used by the Canadian and British Armies to train their NCOs and officers and US military to train its officers.[2][3] In the years leading up to the First World War, he served as a staff officer and as an official historian of the Russo-Japanese War.T][/LEFT

==
Swinton was born in Bangalore, India in 1868. He was educated at University College School, Rugby School, Cheltenham College, Blackheath Proprietary School and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He became an officer in the Corps of Royal Engineers in 1888, serving in India and becoming Lieutenant in 1891. He received the DSO in the Second Boer War (1899-1902). After the war, he wrote his book on small unit tactics, The Defense of Duffer's Drift, a military classic on minor tactics that has been used by the United States military to train its officers[1][2]. In the years leading up to the First World War he served as a staff officer and as an official historian of the Russo-Japanese War. The War Minister, Lord Kitchener appointed Swinton as the official British war correspondent on the Western Front. Journalists were not allowed at the front and Swinton's reports were censored leading to an effectively uncontroversial although evenhanded reporting. Swinton recounts in his book Eyewitness how he first got the sudden idea to build a tank on 19 October 1914, while driving a car in France. It is known he in July 1914 received a letter from a friend, the South-African engineer Hugh Merriot, asking his attention for the fact that armoured tractors might be very useful in warfare. November 1914 Swinton, then a Major, suggested the idea of an armoured tracked vehicle to the military authorities. [3]. In the same year he prepared from his own resources a propaganda leaflet and had it dropped from aircraft over German troops. His armoured vehicle proposal was stalled within the British Army but Colonel Maurice Hankey late December took it to Winston Churchill, then at the Admiralty, which led to the formation of the Landships Committee, in which Swinton did initially not participate. In 1916 Swinton became as a Lieutenant Colonel responsible for the training of the first tank units. He created the first tactical instructions for armoured warfare. The Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors decided after the war that the inventors of the tank were Sir William Tritton, managing director of Fosters and Major Walter Gordon Wilson. In 1919 he retired as Major General. He subsequently served in the Civil Aviation department at the Air Ministry. He thereafter joined Citroën in 1922 as a director. He was Professor of Military History at Oxford University and Colonel Commandant of the Royal Tank Corps from 1934-38.

27-القلم الحبر لويس إديسون وترمان أمريكي 1884م
- يتيم الاب وهو طفل صغير
- امه تزوجت من جديد وهو في سن السادسه عشره
- تعليمه كان محدود
- ضعف صحته جعله يتوقف عن العمل اليدوي

Lewis Edson Waterman
Dictionary of American Biography, 1936

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Born: November 20, 1837 in Decatur, New York, United States
Died: May 01, 1901 in New York, New York, United States
Nationality: American
Occupation: Inventor
Waterman, Lewis Edson (Nov. 20, 1837 - May 1, 1901), inventor and manufacturer, eldest son of Elisha and Amanda Perry (Washburn) Waterman, was born in Decatur, Otsego County, N. Y. He traced his ancestry to Robert Waterman, who emigrated from England to Plymouth, Mass., about 1636 and later settled in Marshfield. Elisha Waterman was prospering at his trade of wagon-builder when Lewis was born but he died of a fever when the latter was still a small child. The boy obtained no regular schooling until after he was ten years old, but thereafter he devoted as much time as he could to study, even attending the seminary in Charlottesville, N. Y., for a short period when he was fifteen. In 1853 his mother married again, and Waterman accompanied the family to Kankakee County, Ill., where for four years he taught school in the winter and worked as a carpenter in summer. His health would not permit him to continue in manual labor, however, and between 1857 and 1861 he was variously occupied teaching school, selling books, and studying the Pitman system of shorthand. He mastered the subject so thoroughly that during the year before the Civil War he was able to give instruction in it.

Through his experience as a book agent Waterman had discovered that he was an able salesman and in 1862 he gave up teaching to sell life insurance. After some two years he was made the Boston representative of the Aetna Life Insurance Company, in which capacity he continued until 1870, building up a substantial and profitable business. Poor health forced him to give up the Boston agency, and for the next thirteen years he spent much of his time in travel. In 1883 he turned his attention seriously to the perfection of the fountain pen, in which he had been passively interested for several years. A number of fountain pens had been patented previously, but to his mind none of them was satisfactory. He moved to New York City and there began a series of experiments in which he progressed so rapidly that before the year was out he applied for his first patents, which were issued on Feb. 12 and Nov. 4, 1884. His initial improvement was in the ink-feeding device. It consisted mainly of a piece of hard rubber inserted into the open end of the pen barrel and holding the gold pen in position. On the side of this piece of rubber next to the pen was a square groove, in the bottom of which narrow fissures had been made with fine saws; extending from the ink reservior in the barrel to the nibs of the pen, these fissures automatically controlled the flow of ink. Upon obtaining his patents, Waterman established the Ideal Pen Company in New York to manufacture his pen. Three years later, in 1887, the business had grown to such an extent that it was incorporated as the L. E. Waterman Company, Waterman acting as president and manager until his death. In this capacity he not only successfully directed the manufacturing and selling branches of his business but also continued to improve the pen, obtaining patents for modifications of his feeding device as well as for improvements of the joints between the nozzle and the barrel and between the cap and the barrel, the most noted being a joint made of disparate cones.

Waterman was twice married: first, June 29, 1858, to Sarah Ann Roberts, in Pittsfield, Ill., and second, Oct. 3, 1872, to Sarah Ellen Varney, in Topsfield, Mass. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., survived by his widow and by three children of his first marriage, and was buried in Forest Hill Cemetery, Boston, Mass.

==

- غير يتيم لكن ظروف حياتة كان فقر وسفر للدراسة في اماكن بعيدة عن العائلة والاهم انه كان وحيد الطبع لمروره بفترات من الاكتئاب.
- كان نوبل الابن الرابع لأسرة فقيرة .
- مات له اربعة اخوة وهم صغار ولم يتجاوزوا الطفولة.
- نتيجة لفشلة المتكرر في التجارة هاجر الوالد الى مدينة بطرسبيرغ عام 1837 (وعمر نوبل 4 سنوات )، والتحقت به العائلة عام 1842 وعمر نوبل 9 سنوات.
- تم إرسال ألفرد للتعليم في مدرسة في ستوكهولم وهو ابن 9 سنوات حيث برع الابن في دراسته لا سيما في الكيمياء واللغات، وكان يتحدث اللغات الإنجليزية والفرنسية والألمانية والروسية بطلاقة.
- انتقل إلى باريس سنة 1850، ( كان عمره 17 سنة ) .
- عندما أكمل 18 سنة ذهب إلى الولايات المتحدة لدراسة الكيمياء لمدة أربع سنوات، وعمل لفترة قصيرة مع جون إريكسون، وحصل ألفرد على أول براءة اختراع له عن عداد غاز عام 1857.
- كانت حياة نوبل العملية تتطلب السفر كثيرا للحفاظ على الشركات في مختلف البلدان في أوروبا وأمريكا الشمالية إلا أنه اتخذ مسكنا دائما في باريس من 1873 إلى 1891 وكان وحيد الطبع نظرا لمروره بفترات من الاكتئاب.
- مازوم

Born in Stockholm, Alfred Nobel was the fourth son of Immanuel Nobel (1801–1872), an inventor and engineer, and Karolina Andriette (Ahlsell) Nobel (1805–1889). The couple married in 1827 and had eight children. The family was impoverished, and only Alfred and his three brothers survived past childhood. Through his father, Alfred Nobel was a descendant of the Swedish scientist Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702),[3] and in his turn the boy was interested in engineering, particularly explosives, learning the basic principles from his father at a young age. His interest in technology was inherited from his father, an alumnus of Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm.[4]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...l_adjusted.jpg

Following various business failures, Nobel's father moved to Saint Petersburg in 1837 and grew successful there as a manufacturer of machine tools and explosives. He invented modern plywood and started work on the "torpedo".[5] In 1842, the family joined him in the city. Now prosperous, his parents were able to send Nobel to private tutors and the boy excelled in his studies, particularly in chemistry and languages, achieving fluency in English, French, German, and Russian. For 18 months, during 1841–1842, Nobel went to the only school he ever attended as a child, the Jacobs Apologistic School in Stockholm.[2]

As a young man, Nobel studied with chemist Nikolai Zinin; then, in 1850, went to Paris to further the work; and, at 18, he went to the United States for four years to study chemistry, collaborating for a short period under inventor John Ericsson, who designed the American Civil War ironclad USS Monitor. Nobel filed his first patent, for a gas meter, in 1857.[2][6][1]
The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean War (1853–1856); but, had difficulty switching back to regular domestic production when the fighting ended and they filed for bankruptcy.[1] In 1859, Nobel's father left his factory in the care of the second son, Ludvig Nobel (1831–1888), who greatly improved the business. Nobel and his parents returned to Sweden from Russia and Nobel devoted himself to the study of explosives, and especially to the safe manufacture and use of nitroglycerine (discovered in 1847 by Ascanio Sobrero, one of his fellow students under Théophile-Jules Pelouze at the University of Turin). Nobel invented a detonator in 1863; and, in 1865, he designed the blasting cap.[1]=

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29-المسدس صموئيل كولت أمريكي 1835م
-يتيم الام في سن السادسه .
- تزوج والده بعد عامين .
- كان له قلالي اخوات واحده ماتت وهي طفله والسنية ماتت بالسل وهي في سن ال ١٩ والثالثة انتحرت لاحقا
-أصيب في حادث وهو في سن السادسة عشرة أنهى مدرسته وسافرىالى الهند

Samuel Colt was born in Hartford, to Christopher Colt (1777-1850), a farmer who had moved his family to the city after he became a businessman, and Sarah Colt, née Caldwell. His mother's father, Major John Caldwell,[2] had been an officer in the Continental Army and one of Samuel's earliest possessions was his maternal grandfather's flintlock pistol. Sarah died from tuberculosis when Samuel was six years old, and his father remarried two years later to Olivia Sargeant. Samuel had three sisters, one of whom died in childhood. His oldest sister, Margaret, died of tuberculosis at 19 and the other, Sarah Ann, later committed suicide. One brother, James, became a lawyer; another, Christopher, was a textile merchant. A third brother, John C. Colt, a man of many occupations, killed a creditor in 1841 in New York City, was found guilty of the murder, and committed suicide on the day he was to be executed.

At age 11, Colt was indentured to a farmer in Glastonbury, where he did chores and attended school. Here he was introduced to the Compendium of Knowledge, a scientific encyclopedia that he preferred to read rather than his Bible studies. Its articles on Robert Fulton and gunpowder motivated Colt throughout his life. He discovered that other inventors in the Compendium had accomplished things that were once deemed impossible, and he wanted to do the same. Later, after hearing soldiers talk about the success of the Double rifle double-barreled rifle and the impossibility of a gun that could shoot five or six times without reloading, Colt decided that he would create the "impossible gun".

In 1829, at the age of 15, Colt began working in his father's textile plant in Ware, Massachusetts, where he had access to tools, materials, and the factory workers' expertise. Following the encyclopedia, Samuel built a homemade galvanic cell and advertised as a Fourth of July event in that year that he would blow up a raft on Ware Pond using underwater explosives; although the raft was missed, the explosion was still impressive.[3] Sent to boarding school, he amused his classmates with pyrotechnics. In 1830, a July 4 accident caused a fire that ended his schooling, and his father then sent him off to learn the seaman's trade.[3] On a voyage to Calcutta on board the brig Corvo, he noticed that regardless of which way the ship's wheel was spun, each spoke always came in direct line with a clutch that could be set to hold it. He later said that this gave him the idea for the revolver. On the Corvo, Colt made a wooden model of a pepperbox revolver out of scrap wood. It differed from other pepperbox revolvers at the time in that it would allow the shooter to rotate the cylinder by the action of cocking the hammer and a pawl locking the cylinder in place, rather than rotating the barrels by hand and hoping for proper indexing and alignment.

When Colt returned to the United States in 1832, he went back to work for his father, who financed the production of two guns, a rifle and a pistol. The first completed pistol exploded when it was fired, but the rifle performed well. His father would not finance any further development, so Samuel needed find a way to pay for the development of his ideas.[4] He had learned about nitrous oxide (laughing gas) from the factory chemist in his father's textile plant, so he took a portable lab on the road and earned a living performing laughing gas demonstrations across the United States and Canada, billing himself as "the Celebrated Dr. Coult of New-York, London and Calcutta".[5] Colt conceived of himself as a man of science and thought if he could enlighten people about a new idea like nitrous oxide, he could in turn make people more receptive to his new idea concerning a revolver. He started his lectures on street corners and soon worked his way up to lecture halls and museums. As ticket sales declined, Colt realized that "serious" museum lectures were not what the people wanted to pay money to see and that it was dramatic stories of salvation and redemption the public craved. While visiting his brother, John, in Cincinnati, he partnered with sculptor, Hiram Powers, for his demonstrations with a theme based on The Divine Comedy. Powers made detailed wax sculptures and paintings based on demons, centaurs and mummies from Dante. Colt constructed fireworks to complete the show, which was a success.[6] According to Colt historian Robert Lawrence Wilson, the "lectures launched Colt's celebrated career as a pioneer Madison Avenue-style pitchman".[7] His public speaking skills were so prized that he was thought to be a doctor and was pressed into service to cure an apparent cholera epidemic on board a riverboat by giving his patients a dose of nitrous oxide.

30-السيارة كارل بنز وجوتليب ديملر ألمانيان 1886م
- يتيم الاب حيث قتل ابوه وهو في سن الثانية في حادث قطار.
- على الرغم من الففقر الا ان والدته عملت المستحيل من اجل تعليمه.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Karl Benz
Karl Friedrich Benz (help·info) (November 25, 1844 – April 4, 1929) was a German engine designer and car engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the petrol-powered automobile, and together with Bertha Benz, pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz. Other German contemporaries, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach working as partners, also worked on similar types of inventions, without knowledge of the work of the other, but Benz received a patent for his work first, and, subsequently patented all the processes that made the internal combustion engine feasible for use in an automobile. In 1879, his first engine patent was granted to him, and in 1886, Benz was granted a patent for his first automobile.
Early life

Karl Benz was born Karl Friedrich Michael Vaillant, in November 25, 1844 in Mühlburg, now a borough of Karlsruhe, Baden, which is part of modern Germany, to Josephine Vaillant and a locomotive driver, Johann George Benz, whom she married a few months later.

Despite living in near poverty, his mother strove to give him a good education. Benz attended the local Grammar School in Karlsruhe and was a prodigious student. In 1853, at the age of nine he started at the scientifically oriented Lyceum. Next he studied at the Poly-Technical University under the instruction of Ferdinand Redtenbacher.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi..._Benz_1869.png http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...gnify-clip.png
Karl Benz, 1869, 25 years old (Zenodot Verlagsges. mbH)

Benz had originally focused his studies on locksmithing, but eventually followed his father's steps toward locomotive engineering.
On September 30, 1860, at age fifteen, he passed the entrance exam for mechanical engineering at the University of Karlsruhe, which he subsequently attended. Benz was graduated July 9, 1864 at nineteen.
During these years, while riding his bicycle, he started to envision concepts for a vehicle that would eventually become the horseless carriage.
Following his formal education, Benz had seven years of professional training in several companies, but did not fit well in any of them. The training started in Karlsruhe with two years of varied jobs in a mechanical engineering company.
He then moved to Mannheim to work as a draftsman and designer in a scales factory. In 1868 he went to Pforzheim to work for a bridge building company Gebrüder Benckiser Eisenwerke und Maschinenfabrik. Finally, he went to Vienna for a short period to work at an iron construction company.

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جوتليب ديملر
- ابوه كان خباز.
- لا يعرف متى مات والديه.
- كان صعب المراس مما اضطره لتغيير عمله اكثر من مرة...وفي ذلك ما يشير الى طفولة تعيسة.
- مجهول الطفولة.

Born: 17-Mar-1834

Birthplace: Schorndorf, Germany
Died: 6-Mar-1900
Location of death: Cannstatt, Germany
Cause of death: unspecified
Remains: Buried, Uff Kirchhof Cemetery, Cannstatt, Germany

Gender: Male
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Engineer, Inventor
Nationality: Germany

Executive summary: Invented the motorcycle

Automotive pioneer Gottlieb Daimler attended technical school and apprenticed as a gunsmith, before deciding in about 1861 that there would be a market for a small, low-power engine. He briefly worked for Nikolaus Otto, inventor of the four-stroke internal-combustion engine, and worked for several years as manager of a manufacturing concern, Bruderhaus Maschinen-Fabrik, where he met his life-long friend and design assistant Wilhelm Maybach. Daimler and Maybach went into business together in 1882, and introduced the first high-speed internal combustion engine in 1883, which was made practical by Daimler's invention of the first reliable self-firing ignition system. In 1885 Daimler built the first motorcycle, installing an engine with workable controls on a two-wheeled vehicle which he called the reitwagen or a two-wheeled 'riding carriage'. In 1886 he installed a Daimler-Maybach engine on what had been a stagecoach, converting it into the first four-wheel automobile. In 1889 he built the first V-slanted two cylinder, four-stroke engine with mushroom-shaped valves. In the same year he and Maybach designed and built the first automobile not adapted from a carriage frame, with a four-speed transmission and reportedly maximum speed of 10 miles per hour. Daimler's early engines were also used in motorized boats, Zeppelins, and streetcars.

Father: Johannes Daimler (baker)

Mother: Frederika Daimler

Wife: Emma Kunz (m. 1867, d. 1889)
Son: Adolf Daimler (Daimler executive)
Son: Paul Daimler (Daimler executive, b. 1869)
Wife: Lina Hartmann (m. 8-Jul-1893)
==

31- المدفع الرشاش هيرام مكسيم أمريكي 1883م
-ابن مزارع وقاطع خشب ورعى الغنم وهو طفل.
- لا يعرف متى مات والديه.
-في سن الرابعة عشرة ترك المدرسة وعمل لدى صانع عربات.
- ترك الاسرة وعمل في عدة مهن.
- كتب ابنه 60 قصة مذهلة عن طفولته حتى ن الثانية عشرة.
- عاش طفولة صعبة وكان يسير حافي القدمين اصلع وبنطالة ممزق.
واضح انه عاش حياة ازمة ولكننا لا نعرف تفاصيل طفولته وعليه سنعتبره مجهول الطفولة.

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Born in Maine, USA, 5 February 1840, of French Huguenot descent, Hiram Stevens Maxim spent his early childhood in the town of Sangerville. He was "a poor little bareheaded, bare-footed boy with a pair of drill trousers, frayed out at the bottom, open at the knees, with a patch on the bottom, running wild but very expert at catching fish." He led a rough, self-reliant life and became a master of many trades.
Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker at the age of 14, and made astronomical instruments in his spare time, as well as supporting himself by working as a part-time barman.
Much of his early working life was spent in engineering firms where the foundation of his skills were laid and by 1873 he had become the senior partner in a company building gas and steam engines, in New York.
Maxim was an eccentric and boisterous individual with a tremendous capacity for hard work

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Hiram Percy would later author a biography on his father entitled A Genius in the Family, which contained about 60 anecdotes of Hiram Percy's experiences with his father throughout his early life (until about 12). Most of these short stories are incredibly amusing and captivating; they give a reader an insider's (and child's) view of this magnificently brilliant man's personal and family life--the same family he would later abandon when moving to Europe (which would become a permanent move).[
======

Nationality British
ethnicity American
gender Male
Occupation inventor
A member of a noteworthy family of mechanics and draftsmen, Hiram Maxim, thecreator of the first practical automatic machine gun, also experimented witha steam-powered flying machine in 1894. At age twenty-four, in his uncle's engineering firm in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, he invented a curling iron. Around 1868, he created a locomotive headlight that came into common use. His later inventions included an automatic fire extinguisher, automatic gas generator, engine governors, steam and vacuum pumps, inhalers for bronchitis, a mousetrap, automatic spindle, density regulator for equalizing the illuminating value of gas, and an electrical pressure regulator, which won him a French Legion of Honor.

Born in Sangerville, Maine, Maxim was the eldest son of a farmer and woodworker. At age fourteen, Maxim was apprenticed to a carriagemaker and learned numerous other trades in New England and Canada. As a hobby, he enjoyed pugilismand toyed with the idea of becoming a professional boxer, but instead he moved to Fitchburg, Massachusetts, where he worked for an engineer. From there he migrated to Boston and worked for a maker of scientific instruments, then to New York, where he was employed at the Novelty Iron Company and secured hisfirst patent for a curling iron. At age thirty-eight, he became the chief engineer for the United States Electric Lighting Company. His first major contributions were the graphite-rod incandescent light bulb in 1878, a standardized coating of carbon lamp filaments in 1880, and an electric current regulator, which won international praise in 1881 at the Paris Exhibition.

While in France, Maxim became intrigued with the possibility of creating an automatic weapon, something European designers had been struggling to produce.Maxim went to work in London, and later became a British subject. At his laboratory in Hatton Garden, London, he produced his Maxim single-barrel automated gun in 1884, which was belt-fed and water-cooled, an advancement over thehand-cranked Gatling gun. The device, capable of firing 666 rounds per minute, loaded, fired, then extracted and ejected the cartridge, using energy derived from the momentum of recoil. A subsequent model, dubbed the Vickers Maxim,became standard British Army issue. Later, he developed the pom-pom gun, which launched one-pound shells, and the aerial torpedo gun.

Maxim's contributions to the British military earned him a knighthood by Queen Victoria in 1901. He continued to work on the delayed-action fuse and cordite, a smokeless powder made from nitroglycerin and cotton, which he evolved with the help of Hudson Maxim, his brother and partner. Maxim's improvements in weaponry gave significant advantage to British forces during the Boxer Rebellion and the Boer War. Soldiers, grateful for the improvements, chanted: "Whatever happens, we have got/The Maxim gun and they have not!" Soon, the gun came into use in every major country. It was not until the perfection of tankwarfare that the machine gun slaughter of World War I was successfully countered.

Maxim's total output included 271 patents. He tried without success to createa steam engine light enough to power a biplane, but recognized that he needed an internal combustion engine to achieve success. He died in New York on November 24,1916.

Father: Isaac Weston Maxim
Mother: Harriet Boston Stevens
Brother: Hudson Maxim (b. 1853)
==

-مات ابوه وزوجته واثنين من ابناؤه في العام 1918 بسبب الإنفلونزا وهو في سن 26
- المعلوماتة التفصيلية عن طفولته شحيحة
- يبدو ان درس في مدارس داخلية بعيدا عن الاهل

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa,*also spelled Kapitza* *(born June 26 [July 8, New Style], 1894,*Kronshtadt, Russian Empire—died April 8, 1984,*Moscow, Russia, U.S.S.R.),*Soviet physicist who invented new machines for liquefaction of gases and in 1937 discovered the superfluidity of liquid helium. He was a corecipient of the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physics for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics.

عليك بكفالة الايتام لانهم مشاريع العظماء ومنهم يأتي عباقرة المستقبل في كل المجالات....وتذكر دائما ان افضل استثمار يمكن ان يقوم به الانسان هو الاستثمار في عقل يتيم...وان كنت قد ذقت مرارة اليتم ثم فتحت لك ابواب النجاح والمجد والمال تكون مسؤوووووووووووليتك مضاعفة...

.

Aleksandr Grigoryevich Loran (Russian: Александр Григорьевич Лоран) (1849 – after 1911), sometimes called Alexander Laurant or Aleksandr Lovan or Aleksandr Lavrentyev, was a Russian teacher and inventor of fire fighting foam and foam extinguisher.

A modern foam fire extinguisher.
He was born in 1849 in Kishinyov in the Russian Empire, now in Moldavia. After graduating from the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute, he continued his education in Paris, where he studied chemistry.
Returning to Russia, Loran became a teacher in a school in Baku, which was the main center of the Russian oil industry at that time. Impressed by the terrible and hardly extinguishable oil fires that he had seen there, Loran tried to find such a liquid substance that could deal effectively with the problem. So he invented fire fighting foam, which was successfully tested in several experiments in 1902-1903.[1] In 1904 Loran patented his invention, and developed the first foam extinguisher the same year.[2]
Subsequently he founded a company called Eurica, based in Saint Petersburg, and started to sell his fire extinguishers under that brand.

Modern usage of fire fighting foam.
See also[edit]
==

34- ورق الكربون ويد جورد إنجليزي 1905م
- طفولة مبكرة مجهولة
- عائلته كانت تعمل في صناعة الفخار
- مات ابوه وعمره 22 سنة

Ralph Wedgwood (1766–1837) was an English inventor and member of the Wedgood family of potters. His most notable invention was the earliest form of carbon paper, a method of creating duplicate paper documents, which he called "stylographic writer". He obtained a patent for the invention in 1806.

Wedgwood was born in Burslem, Staffordshire. He was the eldest son of the potter Thomas Wedgwood II (1734-1788) and his wife Elizabeth Taylor. He married thrice and was widowed twice. His first marriage was to Mary Yeomans in 1790 and they had two children, Mary and Ralph, but he was widowed in 1795. He remarried Sarah Taylor, they had a son Samuel (1800-1863) but she too died in 1807. In 1808 he married for a third time, to Mary Anne Copeland and they had three children, Trianne, Maria and William. His third wife survived him and died in 1867.

Ralph was the cousin and business partner of Josiah Wedgwood. Funding for Ralph's inventions were provided by Josiah's eldest son, Josiah Wedgwood II.

35- الحافلة ولتر هانكوك إنجليزي

- تفاصيل عن طفولته غير متوفرة
- مات ابوه وعمره 22 سنة
- لا يعرف متى ماتت الام
- من اسرة متواضعة كان ابوه نجار
- حصل على تعليم عمومي
- ارسل ليتدرب على مهنة وهو صغير لكنه كان مهتما بالهندسه

The pioneer inventor of steam carriages.

Born in Marlborough, Wiltshire, England, June 1 6, 1799.

Hancock Genealogy

36-السوستة هويتكوم جادسون أمريكي 1893م1899م
مجهول الطفولة

Whitcomb L Judson's Childhood?
Answer
Whitcomb L. Judson was born in March 1839 and died in 1909. He is famous for inventing the zipper. There is not much information available on his childhood except that he lived in Illinois and later enlisted in the Union army.
Whitcomb Judson had a hard childhood at first then he got the hang of it and started to get good grades!

Whitcomb L. Judson (1846 – 1909) was an American machine salesman, mechanical engineer and inventor.[2]

Judson was born at March 7 1846 in Chicago, Illinois. According to the 1860 census, he lived in Illinois, and served in the Union army. He enlisted in 1861 at Oneida, Illinois in the Forty-Second Illinois Cavalry. Judson attended Knox College in his hometown Galesburg, Illinois. He was found in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1886. In 1886 and 1887 the Minneapolis city directory identifies Judson as a "traveling agent" — a traveling salesman working probably for Pitts Agricultural Works. A couple of years later Judson began working for Earle Manufacturing Company with Harry L. Earle as the head of the firm. Judson sold band cutters and grain scales for them along with other items as one of their salesmen.[3

37-المصعد إليشا أوتيس أمريكي 1871م
مازوم

Elisha Otis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Elisha Graves Otis

Elisha Graves Otis
Born August 3, 1811
Halifax, Vermont, United States
Died April 8, 1861 (aged*49)
Yonkers, New York
Nationality American
Spouse(s) Susan Houghton, Elizabeth Otis
Children Charles Rollin Otis, Norton Prentice Otis
Engineering career
Significant projects elevators
Elisha Graves Otis (August 3, 1811 – April 8, 1861) was an American industrialist, founder of the Otis Elevator Company, and inventor of a safety device that prevents elevators from falling if the hoisting cable fails.[1] He worked on this device while living in Yonkers, New York in 1852, and had a finished product in 1854.
Biography[edit]

Otis was born in Halifax, Vermont to Stephen Otis, and Phoebe Glynn.[1] He moved away from home at the age of 20, eventually settling in Troy, New York, where he lived for five years employed as a wagon driver. In 1834, he married Susan A. Houghton. They would have two children, Charles and Norton. Later that year, Otis suffered a terrible case of pneumonia which nearly killed him, but he earned enough money to move his wife and three-year-old son to the Vermont Hills on the Green River. He designed and built his own gristmill, but did not earn enough money from it, so he converted it into a sawmill, yet still did not attract customers. Now having a second son, he started building wagons and carriages, at which he was fairly skilled. His wife later died, leaving Otis with two sons, one at that time being age 8 and the other still in diapers.
At 34 years old and hoping for a fresh start, he married and moved to Albany, New York. He worked as a doll maker for Otis Tingely. Skilled as a craftsman and tired of working all day to make only twelve toys, he invented and patented a robot turner. It could produce bedsteads four times as fast as could be done manually (about fifty a day). His boss gave him a $500 bonus. Otis then moved into his own business. At his leased building, he started designing a safety brake that could stop trains instantly and an automatic bread baking oven. He was put out of business when the stream he was using for a power supply was diverted by the city of Albany to be used for its fresh water supply. In 1851,[2] having no more use for Albany, he first moved to Bergen City, New Jersey to work as a mechanic, then to Yonkers, New York, as a manager of an abandoned sawmill which he was supposed to convert into a bedstead factory. At the age of 40, while he was cleaning up the factory, he wondered how he could get all the old debris up to the upper levels of the factory. He had heard of hoisting platforms, but they often broke, and he didn't want to take risks. He and his sons, who were also tinkerers, designed their own "safety elevator" and tested it successfully. He thought so little of it he neither patented it nor requested a bonus from his superiors for it, nor did he try to sell it. After having made several sales, and after the bedstead factory declined, Otis took the opportunity to make an elevator company out of it, initially called Union Elevator Works and later Otis Brothers & Co.. No orders came to him over the next several months, but soon after, the 1854 New York World's Fair offered a great chance at publicity.[2] At the New York Crystal Palace, Elisha Otis amazed a crowd when he ordered the only rope holding the platform on which he was standing cut.[1] The rope was severed by an axeman, and the platform fell only a few inches before coming to a halt. After the World's Fair, Otis received continuous orders, doubling each year. He developed different types of engines, like a three-way steam valve engine, which could transition the elevator between up to down and stop it rapidly.
In his spare time, he designed and experimented with his old designs of bread-baking ovens and train brakes, and patented a steam plow in 1857, a rotary oven in 1858, and, with Charles, the oscillating steam engine in 1860. For the remainder of his life, all the major corporations purchased Otis's invention and recognized his genius. Otis contracted diphtheria and died on April 8, 1861 at age 49.[1]
==

مقولة ساخنة
عليك بكفالة الايتام لانهم مشاريع العظماء ومنهم يأتي عباقرة المستقبل في كل المجالات....وتذكر دائما ان افضل استثمار يمكن ان يقوم به الانسان هو الاستثمار في عقل يتيم...وان كنت قد ذقت مرارة اليتم ثم فتحت لك ابواب النجاح والمجد والمال تكون مسؤوووووووووووليتك مضاعفة...

- انضم الى الجيش وهو في سن الخامسة عشرة وشارك في الحرب الاهلية ما بين ١٨٦١ ١٨٦٥
- عاد الى المنزل بعد إلحاح والديه ولكنه عاد للانضمام للجيش في سن السابعة عشرة

George Westinghouse - Family Background & Short Biographical Sketh by Ed Reis

George Westinghouse (1846-1914)

*****George Westinghouse, inventor, engineer, businessman and humanitarian, was born at Central Bridge, Schoharie County, New York, October 6, 1846. He was the son of George Westinghouse and Emmeline (Vedder) Westinghouse. The family is of very ancient German origin. As long ago as the ninth century the Westringhausen family was prominent in Westphalia, Germany. In the fourteenth century the family branched out into three wings; one of these emigrated into Russia, another into Holland, and the third into England. The English branch, however, did not remain in England very long, but crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and it was one of the earliest settlers in the state of Vermont. In the early 1800’s George Westinghouse, Sr., who was of an enterprising nature, left the ancestral homestead of his father, John, in Vermont, and went West as far as the state of Ohio. But the unsettled condition of that country prompted him to turn back East, and he then settled at Central Bridge, New York as a farmer. As he was of inventive mind, he made various valuable improvements in farming implements, and this induced him to move in 1856 to Schenectady, N.Y., where he established The G. Westinghouse Company for the manufacturing of farming implements. He married Emmeline Vedder, a descendant of a Dutch-English family of New York settlers. George Westinghouse, Jr. was the eighth of ten children and was raised first in Central Bridge and later in Schenectady, New York. George Westinghouse, Jr. joined the Union Army just prior to his seventeenth birthday and served for a period of two years during the Civil War. At first he was a private who served in both the Twelfth Regiment and Sixteenth Regiments of the New York Volunteer Cavalry. Later, after having passed a special mechanical examination, he transferred to the Union Navy where he became an officer. He was appointed Third Assistant Engineer on the steam powered gunboat U.S.S. Muscoota. He also served on the steam powered U.S.S. Stars and Stripes. Both these ships were used to blockade the Southern ports during the Civil War. George Westinghouse’s first patent, for a rotary steam engine, was issued to him at the age of 19 shortly after the end of the Civil War. A year after the war ended in 1865 George Westinghouse, Jr. invented two railway appliances, a device for replacing derailed cars upon the track, and a reversible steel railroad frog. The formation of a partnership between George Westinghouse, Jr. and two men in Schenectady and the manufacture of these devices in New Jersey did not prove successful. George then went to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to have a steel firm in that city make the articles for him, while he went on the road to sell them to railroad companies. This was the beginning of his long stay in Pittsburgh. George Westinghouse, Jr. married Marguerite Erskine Walker, of Kinston-on-the-Hudson, New York, on August 8, 1867, in Brooklyn. She originally stayed with her new husbands parents in Schenectady but later moved to Pittsburgh when George Westinghouse, Jr. established himself well enough to send for her to join him. George Westinghouse’s major breakthrough came with his invention of the Westinghouse air brake. The brake was tested for the first time in April, 1869, on the Burgettstown Accommodation of the Steubenville division of the Pittsburgh, Columbus, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad, which was commonly called "The Panhandle Railroad". After the successful trial he formed the Westinghouse Air Brake Company in July of 1869. The first Westinghouse Air Brake Company plant was located on the corner of Twenty-Fifth Street and Liberty Avenue in Pittsburgh. George Westinghouse, Jr. went on to form 59 other companies during his lifetime. George and Marguerite Westinghouse had a single child who was born 16 years after they were married. His name was George Westinghouse, III. George Westinghouse, Jr., was truly a pioneer of the industrial age. He had a major impact on railroad transportation, shipping; with the invention of the marine turbine engine, the development of natural gas and electricity. George Westinghouse’s work with alternating current electricity, sometimes referred to as "Westinghouse Current" in the early days, was another of his crowning achievements. It was Westinghouse’s alternating current (ac) that was used to electrify the world. George Westinghouse, Jr. passed away on March 12, 1914 and was buried in New York City. A year later his body and that of his wife Marguerite, who only survived him by 90 days, were moved to Arlington National Cemetery. George Westinghouse, Jr. was a very patriotic American and had made it known before his death that he wanted to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. The moving of his body and that of his wife fulfilled that wish. America and the World had lost a great man .... a man who’s efforts had truly benefited mankind. "Long Live the Memory of George Westinghouse"

Born in Central Bridge, New York, in 1846, Westinghouse moved with his family to nearby Schenectady when he was ten. At his father's machinery shop, the young Westinghouse learned to work with steam engines and other machines. At the age of fifteen, Westinghouse began service with the Union Army, which continued through the Civil War (1861-65).

Looking back later, Westinghouse would claim that his apprenticeship and his military service were the "greatest capital" with which he developed his various enterprises. After the War, Westinghouse enrolled at Union College, but soon left to rejoin his father's business. Westinghouse began a prolific career of inventing (over 300 inventions), with a patented rotary steam engine, a system for righting derailed railroad cars, and a railroad frog (a switch that allows a train's wheels to "leap" across intersecting rails at a junction).

George Westinghouse, Jr (October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914), was an American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry. Westinghouse was one of Thomas Edison's main rivals in the early implementation of the American electricity system. Westinghouse's system ultimately prevailed over Edison's insistence on direct current. In 1911 Westinghouse received the AIEE's Edison Medal "For meritorious achievement in connection with the development of the alternating current system."[1]

Early years[edit]

He was born in Central Bridge, New York, in 1846. He was the son of a machine shop owner and was talented at machinery and business. At the age of fifteen, as the Civil War broke out, he enlisted in the New York National Guard until his parents urged him to return home. Two years later in 1863, he persuaded his parents to allow him to re-enlist and joined the New York Cavalry. In December 1864 he resigned from the Army to join the Navy, serving as Acting Third Assistant Engineer on the USS Muscoota through the end of the war. In 1865 he returned to his family in Schenectady and enrolled at nearby Union College. However, he lost interest in the curriculum and dropped out in his first term there.

Westinghouse was 19 years old when he created his first invention, the rotary steam engine.[2] He also devised the Westinghouse Farm Engine. At age 21 he invented a "car replacer", a device to guide derailed railroad cars back onto the tracks, and a reversible frog, a device used with a railroad switch to guide trains onto one of two tracks.[2][3]

In 1867, Westinghouse met and soon married Marguerite Erskine Walker. In their nearly forty-seven years of marriage they had one son, George Westinghouse 3rd.[4] The couple made their first home in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They later acquired houses in Lenox, Massachusetts and in Washington, District of Columbia. Mrs. Westinghouse died only a few months after her husband.

At about this time, he witnessed a train wreck where two engineers saw one another, but were unable to stop their trains in time using the existing brakes. Brakemen ran from car to car, on catwalks atop the cars, applying the brakes manually on each car.

Westinghouse Steam and Air Brakes (U.S. Patent 144,006)

In 1869, at age 22, he invented a railroad braking system using compressed air. The Westinghouse system used a compressor on the locomotive, a reservoir and a special valve on each car, and a single pipe running the length of the train (with flexible connections) which both refilled the reservoirs and controlled the brakes, applying and releasing the brakes on all cars simultaneously. It is a failsafe system, in that any rupture or disconnection in the train pipe will apply the brakes throughout the train. It was patented by Westinghouse on October 28, 1873.[5] The Westinghouse Air Brake Company (WABCO) was subsequently organized to manufacture and sell Westinghouse's invention. It was in time nearly universally adopted. Modern trains use brakes in various forms based on this design. The same conceptual design of fail-safe air brake is also found on heavy trucks.

Westinghouse pursued many improvements in railway signals (then using oil lamps), and in 1881 he founded the Union Switch and Signal Company to manufacture his signaling and switching inventions.

----
Father: George Westinghouse, Sr. (machine shop owner, b. 20-Mar-1809, d. 1884)
Mother: Emeline Vedder (b. 19-Sep-1810, m. 4-Jul-1830)
Brother: Henry Herman Westinghouse (Westinghouse executive, b. 16-Nov-1853, d. 18-Nov-1933)
Brother: Albert Westinghouse (Union soldier, d. 1864 Civil War)
Brother: John Westinghouse (schoolmaster)
Wife: Marguerite Erskine Walker (m. 8-Aug-1867, d. Jun-1914)
Son: George Westinghouse III (b. 1883, d. 1963)
==

عليك بكفالة الايتام لانهم مشاريع العظماء ومنهم يأتي عباقرة المستقبل في كل المجالات....وتذكر دائما ان افضل استثمار يمكن ان يقوم به الانسان هو الاستثمار في عقل يتيم...وان كنت قد ذقت مرارة اليتم ثم فتحت لك ابواب النجاح والمجد والمال تكون مسؤوووووووووووليتك مضاعفة...

- مجهول الطفولة ولا يعرف متى مات اوالديه.
- سافر الى باريس وهو شاب 16 سنة بسبب الحرب العالمية الاولى.
- عاد لاستكمال دراسته ثم غادر مرة اخرى.
- غادر موسكو عام 1917 بسبب الثورة وعمره 28 سنة.
- هاجر الى امريكا وعمره 30 سنة.

ايغور ايفانوفيتش سيكورسكي (بالإنجليزية: Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky) و(بالروسية:Игорь Иванович Сикорский)، ولد 25 مايو 1889 – توفي 26 أكتوبر 1972 [1]. وهو روسي المولد أمريكي الجنسية واحد رواد صناعة الطيران، وهو من صمم وطار بأول طائرة متعددة المحركات، وطور أول طائرة مائية عابرة المحيط تابعة لشركة بان أم بالثلاثينات من القرن الماضي، وطور أيضا أول مروحية أمريكية.
السيرة الذاتية

كان والد سيكورسكي واسمه ايفان الكسيفتش سيكورسكي إستاذ في علم النفس وهو خليط من إثنية روسية وبولندية (نص روسي ونص بولندي)، ويرجع أصله إلى النبلاء البولنديين الذين أبعدوا بعد فشل ثورة يناير 1863. فإيفان ابن وحفيد لقساوسة الكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية. وقد ناصر الأفكار الملكية والقومية الروسية وقد أثرت تلك على أفكار ابنه السياسية.
والدة ايجور واسمها: ماريا ستيفانوفنا سيكورسكايا وهي نصف أوكرانية (من الأب) ونصف الروسية (من الأم) وهي طبيبة ولكنها لم تمارس تلك الحرفة، وإن أعطت ابنها الذي يدرس منزليا حب الفن بشكل كبير وخاصة عن ليوناردو دا فينشي وقصص جول فيرن. بدأ ايجور تجربته مع نماذج آلات الطيران عند بلوغه من العمر 12 عاما فصنع مروحية صغيرة تعمل بالأحزمة المطاطية.
درس سيكورسكي بالكلية البحرية التابعة للجيش الروسي في سانت بطرسبرغ من عام 1903 حتى 1909، ولكنه لم ينهي دراسته بشكل رسمي. فخلال الفترة من أواخر 1906 حتى 1907 ولفترة قصيرة درس الهندسة في باريس. وفي عام 1908 سافر مع والده إلى ألمانيا، وهناك رأى على غلاف صحيفة صورة لأحد أخوي رايت وبجانبه طائرته. وقد قال سيكورسكي بعد ذلك عن تلك اللحظة:"خلال 24 ساعة قررت تغيير حياتي المهنية وسوف أدرس الطيران."
أعطته أخته بعض المصروف حتى يعود إلى باريس عام 1909. وكانت باريس مركز للطيران في أوروبا، وقد قابل الكثير من الطيارين الفرنسيين ومنهم لويس بليروات أول طيار عبر القنال الإنجليزي. وقد عاد ايجور إلى كييف بنفس العام وبدأ تجربته مع الآلات الطائرة.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...lla_Vityaz.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...y-clip-rtl.png
الملاح الروسي سيكورسكي وجينر وكولبار على متن طائرة عام 1915

Inventor of the Week Archive
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Helicopter

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Aviation pioneer Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky was born May 25, 1889 in Kiev, Russia. He created the first successful helicopter in 1939, and is credited with many other outstanding accomplishments in the field of aircraft design.
Educated as an engineer and designer, Sikorsky developed an interest in man-powered flight in his youth. He was fascinated by the work done up to that point by the Wright Brothers and by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. After graduating from the Petrograd Naval College, he traveled to Europe to study engineering and aviation in Paris. In 1907, he went home to Kiev where he completed his studies at the Mechanical Engineering College of the Polytechnical Institute.
He returned to Paris with plans to build a helicopter. Engineers had been attempting to build such a device for years, the first flown ­ unsuccessfully ­ in 1907 by Frenchman Paul Cornu. Others had limited success as well. But there were still too many problems with existing designs to make them truly viable. Sikorsky bought a 25-horsepower Anzani engine in Europe and took it home to Kiev to get to work. His first helicopter model failed. He decided to try a fixed-wing craft. His first attempt, the S-1, also failed, for he had used an inadequately powered engine. But his second, the S-2, was a success. He continued to acquire information and make improvements to his airplane models. He also acquired his pilot’s license. His fifth plane, the S-5, gained national attention. His sixth, the S-6-A, won him the highest award at the 1912 Moscow Aviation Exhibition, and first prize in a military competition in Petrograd.
This success lead to his appointment as head of the aviation division of the Russian Baltic Railroad Car Works. There Sikorsky began conceiving the first multi-engine airplane, “The Grand,” a luxurious passenger plane, revolutionary for its time. Next he designed the Ilia Mourometz, which served as a model for more than 70 versions of bombers used during World War I.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 stalled Sikorsky’s career. He left for France to build bombers for the War, which ended just a year later. Plans thwarted, he then traveled to the United States in 1919, where he began teaching mathematics. By 1923 he had raised enough money to establish his own aviation company, the Sikorsky Aero Engineering Corporation, in Long Island. First the company produced the all-metal S-29-A, followed by S-38 twin-engine amphibians in 1929, which Pan American Airways employed to fly routes to Central and South America. That year, the Sikorsky Aviation Corporation became a subsidiary and then a division of the United Aircraft Corporation, moving to Stratford, Connecticut. In 1931, the company produced the first S-40s, or “American Clippers,” which were later used to fly trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific passenger flights. Sikorsky built a series of these “flying boats,” his last version the S-44, which for years provided the fastest available means of trans-Atlantic transport.
Sikorsky continued to dream of building a successful helicopter. He had never stopped jotting down his design ideas. He had even patented some of them. In 1939, he achieved his goal: he completed the VS-300, piloting the craft during its first flight himself that summer. The VS-300 would come to be known as the United States’ first successful helicopter and by 1940 would serve as the model for all single-rotor helicopters. One of the most significant design details in Sikorsky’s helicopter was its use of a tail rotor to provide thrust in the opposite direction of the torque created by the top rotor. This model was the first that did not require two counter-rotating rotors to cancel out the torque. Sikorsky’s innovative design made the craft lighter, simpler, and easier to control.
Military contracts took the helicopter into large-scale production, starting with the XR-4. By the end of World War II, the U.S. Army had purchased more than 400 Sikorsky helicopters. These aircraft provided significant advantages in many types of military situations, life-saving missions in particular.Sikorsky was recognized with countless honors and awards during the course of his life, such as the National Medal of Science, the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, and induction into the International Aerospace Hall of Fame, and the Aviation Hall of Fame. He was said to be a kind and spiritual man who was interested in philosophy and the effect of science on humanity. He wrote two books, "The Message of the Lord's Prayer," and "The Invisible Encounter.” Sikorsky officially retired in 1957, but he continued to work as a consultant until his death in 1972 at the age of 83. The Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation continues to operate in Stratford, as a division of United Technologies. It is the oldest helicopter manufacturer in the world.
==
Father: Ivan Alexis Sikorsky (psychiatrist)
Mother: Zinaida Stepanovna Temryuk-Cherkasova Sikorskaya (physician)
Wife: Olga Fyodorovna Simkovitch (div., one child)
Wife: Elisabeth Semion (m. 1924, four children)
Son: Sergei Sikorsky (Sikorsky Aircraft executive
==

مقولة ساخنة
عليك بكفالة الايتام لانهم مشاريع العظماء ومنهم يأتي عباقرة المستقبل في كل المجالات....وتذكر دائما ان افضل استثمار يمكن ان يقوم به الانسان هو الاستثمار في عقل يتيم...وان كنت قد ذقت مرارة اليتم ثم فتحت لك ابواب النجاح والمجد والمال تكون مسؤوووووووووووليتك مضاعفة...

40-محرك السيارة نيكولاس أوتو ألماني
- يتيم الاب في طفولة المبكرة.
- ترك المدرسة وهو في سن السادسة عشرة .
- عمل في عدة مهن.

نشاءة وحياة أوتو
ولد نيكولاس أوتو في 14 يونيو سنة 1832 في بلدة هولزهاوسين Holzhausen auf der Heide, على نهر الراين بألمانيا. والده كان يشغل منصب رئيس مكتب البريد بالبلدة, والذي توفي بعد ولادة أوتو, قامت والدة أوتو بتربيته, وكنت تعتزم أن يكمل تعليمه في المجال التقني. ولكن فشل الثورة الالمانية سنة 1848 وتدهور الحالة الاقتصادية, جعلت والدته تعتقد إنه من الأحسن له العمل بالتجارة ولهذا في سن 16 سنة ترك المدرسة الثانوية وعمل في محل بقالة, وعمل أيضا كمحاسب في مدينة فرنكفورت وكمسؤول مبيعات يقوم ببيع الشاي والسكر والقهوة وأدوات المطبخ لمحلات البقالة في الجانب الألماني من الحدود البلجيكية والفرنسية.
تزوج أوتو أنا جوسي Anna Gossiورزق منها سبع أبناء.
في سنة 1882 كرم أوتو بحصوله على الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة ورزبرج.

.Otto Facts
http://cf.ydcdn.net/1.0.1.5/images/d.../biography.jpg
Despite a lack of technical training, Nikolaus August Otto (1832-1891) had the ingenuity to make the first practical internal combustion engine. He later devised the four-stroke engine, known as the Otto cycle, which was widely used for automobile and other motors.
Nikolaus Otto was born in Holzhausen auf der Heide, a small village on the Rhine River in Germany. Although his father, the village postmaster, died soon after Otto was born, his mother raised him well. Young Otto excelled in school, and his mother planned for him to continue with a technical education, but the failed German revolution in 1848 and declining economic conditions made his mother believe that he would be better off as a merchant.
Otto left high school and got a job as a clerk in a grocery store. He soon was working as a clerk in the nearby city of Frankfurt. His older brother Wilhelm owned a textile business in Cologne, and he helped Otto get a job as a sales representative. Otto sold tea, sugar, and kitchenware to grocery stores along the western border of Germany.

==
http://www.yourdictionary.com/nikolaus-otto

==

مقولة ساخنة
عليك بكفالة الايتام لانهم مشاريع العظماء ومنهم يأتي عباقرة المستقبل في كل المجالات....وتذكر دائما ان افضل استثمار يمكن ان يقوم به الانسان هو الاستثمار في عقل يتيم...وان كنت قد ذقت مرارة اليتم ثم فتحت لك ابواب النجاح والمجد والمال تكون مسؤوووووووووووليتك مضاعفة...

41-المفاعل النووي إنريكو فيرمي إيطالي
- كان مريضا عند والولادة .
- ارسل الى الريف لتربيه ممرضة وظل هناك عامان ونصف قبل ان يعود الى العائلة.
- صدم بموت اخوه وهو في سن الرابعة عشرة وهو الحدث الذي غير حياتة وجعله ينكب على دراسة الفيزياء.
- كان عمر والدتع عند الزواج 27 عام بينما كان عمر والده 41 عام.
- لا يعرف متى مات والديه.

يتيم اجتماعي

===*

==

Enrico Fermi was born in Rome on 29 September 1901. He was the third child of Alberto Fermi, a division head (Capo Divisione) in the Ministry of Railways, and Ida de Gattis, an elementary school teacher.[2][3] His only sister, Maria, was two years older than him, and his brother, Giulio, was a year older. After the two boys were sent to a rural community to be wet nursed, Enrico rejoined his family in Rome when he was two and a half.[4] While he came from a Roman Catholic family and was baptized in accord with his grandparents' wishes, the family was not religious, and Fermi was an agnostic throughout his adult life. As a young boy he shared his interests with his brother Giulio. They built electric motors and played with electrical and mechanical toys.[5] Giulio died during the administration of anesthesia for an operation on a throat abscess in 1915.[6]

One of Fermi's first sources for the study of physics was a book found at the local market of Campo de' Fiori in Roma. The 900-page book from 1840, Elementorum physicae mathematicae, was written in Latin by Jesuit Father Andrea Caraffa, a professor at the Collegio Romano. It covered mathematics, classical mechanics, astronomy, optics, and acoustics, to the extent that they were understood when it was written.[7][8] Fermi befriended another scientifically inclined student, Enrico Persico,[9] and the two worked together on scientific projects such as building gyroscopes and measuring the Earth's magnetic field. Fermi's interest in physics was further encouraged by his father's colleague Adolfo Amidei, who gave him several books on physics and mathematics that he read and assimilated quickly.

Enrico Fermi was born in Rome at the very beginning of the 20th century. At the time, no one could have imagined the impact his scientific discoveries would have on the world.

Interestingly, Fermi didn't get interested in physics until after his brother died unexpectedly during a minor surgery. Fermi was only 14 and the loss of his brother devastated him. Looking for an escape from reality, Fermi happened upon two physics books from 1840 and read them from cover to cover, fixing some of the mathematical errors as he read. He claims he didn't realize at the time that the books were written in Latin.

His passion was born. By the time he was just 17, Fermi's scientific ideas and concepts were so advanced he was able to head directly to graduate school. After four years studying at the University of Pisa, he was awarded his doctorate in physics in 1922]

==

Father: Alberto Fermi (railroad official, b. 1857)
Mother: Ida de Galtis (teacher, b. Circa 1871, m. 1898)
Sister: Maria (b. 1899)
Brother: Giulio (b. 1900, d. 1915 complications from surgery)
Wife: Laura Capon (b. 1907, m. 19-Jul-1928, d. 1977, one son, one daughter)
Daughter: Nella Fermi Weiner (b. 31-Jan-1931, d. 1995)

42-القلم الجاف لاديسلاو جوزيف بيرو مجري
-مجهول الطفولة لكنه لا بد عانا من ويلات الحرب العالمية الاولى حيث كان في الثكنة عشرة في العام 1917

László Bíró
http://www.nndb.com/people/087/00016...ro-1-sized.jpgAKA László József Bíró
Born: 29-Sep-1899
Birthplace: Budapest, Hungary
Died: 24-Oct-1985 [1]
Location of death: Buenos Aires, Argentina
Cause of death: unspecified

Gender: Male
Religion: Jewish
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Inventor
Nationality: Argentina
Executive summary: Ballpoint pen

Lلszlَ Bيrَ (BEE-roh or sometimes BYE-row) invented the now-ubiquitous ballpoint pen. Previously, writers used either pens dipped in inkwells or fountain pens, with interior ink reservoirs, but either method often led to splotchy documents and stained fingers. Bيrَ was always a tinkerer, and in addition to his pen he held patents for a steam-powered washing machine and an automatic transmission for cars, but he was working as a reporter when he noticed that ink from inkwells smudged easily and took several minutes to dry, while ink used to print newspapers dried much quicker. He tried using press ink in his fountain pen, but it was too viscous and would not flow properly. With help from his brother, a chemist, the ink was altered, and Bيrَ added a tiny rolling ball in a socket at the pen's tip. The action of rolling the ball across paper draws ink and regulates its flow, making spills and splotches a rare occurrence.
Jewish, he fled his homeland to escape growing anti-Semitism, and patented his invention in Paris in 1938. He then settled in Argentina, where he opened Biro Pens of Argentina in 1940 to manufacture the pens. For several years, ballpoint pens were luxury items, selling for $12.50 each in department stores, but problems with both the ink and manufacturing processes kept the company struggling. In 1945 Bيrَ sold his patent rights to a Frenchman, Marcel Bich (pronounced Bic), whose Bic pens made both Bich and Bيrَ millionaires, thanks to low-priced pens that "write first time, every time." Bيrَ was a high school classmate of Dennis Gabor. In many English-speaking nations, ballpoint pens are still commonly called "biros."

[1] Many sources incorrectly list his death date as 24 November 1985. But see his obituary, "Ladislao Biro: Invented Ballpoint Pen", Reuters, via The Toronto Sun, 26 October 1985, "who died Thursday", which would be the 24th of October.
Father: Matthias Bíró
Brother: Georg Bíró (chemist)
Wife: Elsa Elizabeth Schick Bíró (m. 2-Nov-1930)
Daughter: Mariana Bíró (educator, b. 16-Apr-1932)

43-المولد الكهربائي مايكل فاراداي إنجليزي 1831م
- يتيم الاب في سن التاسعة عشرة .

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SCfaraP.JPG
Michael Faraday, the third of four children of James Faraday (1761–1810)

and his wife, Margaret Hastwell Faraday (1764–1838),

was born in Newington Butts on 22nd September 1791.

James Faraday and all his children belonged to the small Christian sect called in Scotland the Glasites after their founder, John Glas, and in England the Sandemanians, after Robert Sandeman, who had brought these religious views to the country. Faraday worked as a blacksmith with James Boyd, a Sandemanian ironmonger of Welbeck Street, London.
==

Faraday was born in Newington Butts,[7] which is now part of the London Borough of Southwark, but which was then a suburban part of Surrey.[8] His family was not well off; his father, James, was a member of the Glassite sect of Christianity. James Faraday moved his wife and two children to London during the winter of 1790 from Outhgill in Westmorland, where he had been an apprentice to the village blacksmith.[9] Michael was born the autumn of that year. The young Michael Faraday, who was the third of four children, having only the most basic school education, had to educate himself.[10] At fourteen he became the apprentice to George Riebau, a local bookbinder and bookseller in Blandford Street.[11] During his seven-year apprenticeship he read many books, including Isaac Watts' The Improvement of the Mind, and he enthusiastically implemented the principles and suggestions contained therein. At this time he also developed an interest in science, especially in electricity. Faraday was particularly inspired by the book Conversations on Chemistry by Jane Marcet.[12]

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...ickersgill.jpg http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...gnify-clip.png
Portrait of Faraday in his late thirties

In 1812, at the age of twenty, and at the end of his apprenticeship, Faraday attended lectures by the eminent English chemist Humphry Davy of the Royal Institution and Royal Society, and John Tatum, founder of the City Philosophical Society. Many of the tickets for these lectures were given to Faraday by William Dance, who was one of the founders of the Royal Philharmonic Society. Faraday subsequently sent Davy a three-hundred-page book based on notes that he had taken during these lectures. Davy's reply was immediate, kind, and favourable. When Davy damaged his eyesight in an accident with nitrogen trichloride, he decided to employ Faraday as a secretary. When one of the Royal Institution's assistants, John Payne, was sacked, Sir Humphry Davy was asked to find a replacement, and appointed Faraday as Chemical Assistant at the Royal Institution on 1 March 1813.[2]
In the class-based English society of the time, Faraday was not considered a gentleman. When Davy set out on a long tour of the continent in 1813–15, his valet did not wish to go. Instead, Faraday went as Davy's scientific assistant, and was asked to act as Davy's valet until a replacement could be found in Paris. Faraday was forced to fill the role of valet as well as assistant throughout the trip. Davy's wife, Jane Apreece, refused to treat Faraday as an equal (making him travel outside the coach, eat with the servants, etc.), and made Faraday so miserable that he contemplated returning to England alone and giving up science altogether. The trip did, however, give him access to the scientific elite of Europe and exposed him to a host of stimulating ideas.[2]
Faraday married Sarah Barnard (1800–1879) on 12 June 1821.[13] They met through their families at the Sandemanian church, and he confessed his faith to the Sandemanian congregation the month after they were married. They had no children.[7]
Faraday was a devout Christian; his Sandemanian denomination was an offshoot of the Church of Scotland. Well after his marriage, he served as deacon and for two terms as an elder in the meeting house of his youth. His church was located at Paul's Alley in the Barbican. This meeting house was relocated in 1862 to Barnsbury Grove, Islington; this North London location was where Faraday served the final two years of his second term as elder prior to his resignation from that post.[14][15] Biographers have noted that "a strong sense of the unity of God and nature pervaded Faraday's life and work

==

مقولة ساخنة
عليك بكفالة الايتام لانهم مشاريع العظماء ومنهم يأتي عباقرة المستقبل في كل المجالات....وتذكر دائما ان افضل استثمار يمكن ان يقوم به الانسان هو الاستثمار في عقل يتيم...وان كنت قد ذقت مرارة اليتم ثم فتحت لك ابواب النجاح والمجد والمال تكون مسؤوووووووووووليتك مضاعفة...

William Moore (British mathematician)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other people named William Moore, see William Moore (disambiguation).
William Moore (fl. c.1806–1823[1]) was a British mathematician and early contributor to rocket theory[citation needed]. He worked at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. His 1813 Treatise was the first exposition of rocket mechanics based on Newton's third law of motion. Little is known of his life, because many relevant historical documents were destroyed by German bombing in World War II.
Publications[edit]

A Treatise on the Doctrine of Fluxations (1811)
Treatise on the Motion of Rockets [and] an Essay on Naval Gunnery (1813)
References

John Bardeen (May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer, the only person to have won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory.
The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry, allowing the Information Age to occur, and made possible the development of almost every modern electronic device, from telephones to computers to missiles. Bardeen's developments in superconductivity, which won him his second Nobel, are used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) or its medical sub-tool magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
In 1990, John Bardeen appeared on LIFE Magazine's list of "100 Most Influentia

John Bardeen was born in Madison, Wisconsin on May 23, 1908.[2]
Bardeen attended the University High School at Madison for several years, but graduated from Madison Central High School in 1923.[2] He graduated from high school at age fifteen, even though he could have graduated several years earlier. His graduation was postponed due to taking additional courses at another high school and also partly because of his mother's death. He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1923. While in college he joined the Zeta Psi fraternity. He raised the needed membership fees partly by playing billiards. He was initiated as a member of Tau Beta Pi engineering honor society. He chose engineering because he didn't want to be an academic like his father and also because it is mathematical. He also felt that engineering had good job prospects.[3]
Bardeen received his B.S. in electrical engineering in 1928 from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.[4] He graduated in 1928 despite taking a year off during his degree to work in Chicago.[5] He had taken all the graduate courses in physics and mathematics that had interested him, and, in fact, graduated in five years, one more than usual; this allowed him time to also complete a Master's thesis, supervised by Leo J. Peters. He received his M.S. in electrical engineering in 1929 from Wisconsin.[4]
Bardeen stayed on for some time at Wisconsin furthering his studies, but he eventually went to work for Gulf Research Laboratories, the research arm of the Gulf Oil Corporation, based in Pittsburgh.[1] From 1930 to 1933, Bardeen worked there on the development of methods for the interpretation of magnetic and gravitational surveys.[2] He worked as a geophysicist. After the work failed to keep his interest, he applied and was accepted to the graduate program in mathematics at Princeton University.[3]
Father: Charles Russell Bardeen (physician)
Mother: Althea Harmer Bardeen (interior designer, d. 1920)
Mother: Ruth Hames Bardeen McCauley (stepmother)
Wife: Jane Maxwell Bardeen (biologist, m. 1938)
Son: James Maxwell Bardeen (physicist, b. 9-May-1939)
Son: William Allen Bardeen (physicist, b. 15-Sep-1941)
Daughter: Elizabeth Ann Bardeen Greytak ("Betsy")
--------------------------------
William Shockley
AKA William Bradford Shockley

Born: 13-Feb-1910
Birthplace: London, England
Died: 12-Aug-1989
Location of death: Stanford, CA
Cause of death: Cancer - Prostate
Remains: Cremated

Gender: Male
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Physicist
Party Affiliation: Republican

Nationality: United States
Executive summary: Co-Inventor of the transistor

Military service: Anti-submarine Warfare Operations Research Group (WWII)

American physicist William Shockley led the team of scientists that developed the first amplifying semiconductor, the transistor, on 23 December 1947. He shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for Physics with John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain, two of his colleagues at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Though the device was largely conceived by Shockley, he was only peripherally involved in developing it, but as supervisor he was credited as co-inventor. Exactly one month after their accomplishment, however, Shockley alone developed the junction transistor, a three-layer sandwich-style miniature mechanism in which a small electrical charge signal on the inner layer modulates the current as it flows through. It was another important breakthrough in the developing electronics era, but after their transistor project Bardeen and Brattain, rankled at what they perceived as his hogging of the credit, both refused to work with him again.

On his father's side he was proud to be directly descended from the Mayflower pioneers, and he was home educated until he was about ten years of age, factors which perhaps contributed to his difficulty getting along with supervisors and co-workers. Doubtless, though, much of Shockley's frustration with others came from years of being the smartest person in the room, in whatever room he entered. As a boy he was one of the "gifted" children studied by Lewis Terman in his pioneering but racially-tainted work with intelligence tests.

As an adult he attended Cal Tech and MIT, and in 1939 he designed one of the first nuclear reactors. His findings, however, were immediately classified as national security secrets, leaving Shockley unable to publish his paper. His work on nuclear reactions, filed away but not fully understood by federal bureaucrats, remained classified during World War II, even as the Manhattan Project's scientists followed similar lines of inquiry without access to his work. Shockley, meanwhile, worked on the US Navy's Anti-Submarine Warfare Operations Group during the war, and his calculations led to improved accuracy in Allied submarines' attacks on German U-boats. He was also involved in training pilots for the Army Air Corps, and devised a strategy that helped defend trans-Atlantic supply convoys from Axis air attack.

In 1955, with funding from Arnold Beckman, he founded Shockley Semiconductor in Palo Alto, California. The company is heralded as the first Silicon Valley business, but it was never profitable and within a few years it was absorbed into Beckman Industries and sold. Shockley had hired the brightest minds in transistor science, but in 1957, frustrated by his dictatorial tactics and increasing paranoia, eight of his best researchers (still called the "traitorous eight") quit to start their own company, Fairchild Semiconductor. At Fairchild, they had immediate success while Shockley's endeavor faltered, and he turned to teaching at nearby Stanford University.

At Stanford he became intrigued by racial questions and population control, and began publicly claiming that blacks are less intelligent than whites, by genetics and heredity. When his comments were criticized as racist, Shockley doubled down and reveled in the controversy, stating that humanity's future was threatened because people with low IQs were having more children than people with high IQs. He was basically espousing eugenics, an idea that had been routinely accepted by scientists in the early 20th century but was well debunked by Shockley's time. He sought expert status in genetics, a science far outside his training and experience, and soon became a pariah in the scientific community. In a 1980 interview, when asked if his views amounted to racism, he famously answered "If you found a breed of dog that was unreliable and temperamental, why shouldn't you regard it in a less favorable light?" In 1982 he ran for the US Senate on a platform calling for sterilization of people with IQs lower than 100. In his latter years, at any event where Shockley spoke he was greeted by picketers.

His first marriage ended in divorce, with Shockley leaving his wife as she battled uterine cancer. Months later he married his second wife, a psychiatric nurse, who became virtually his only friend in his later years. He was estranged from all three of his children, and died of prostate cancer in 1989. There was no funeral service, because his wife was certain that no-one but she would have come. His name remains controversial even in death — his wife died in 2007, leaving 28 acres of land for a park in Auburn, California, with the stipulation that it be named The Nobel Laureate William B. Shockley and his wife Emmy Shockley Memorial Park. Minority and civil rights groups have objected, and the city has not yet decided whether to accept the gift.

Father: William Hillman Shockley (mining engineer, d. 1925)
Mother: Mary Bradford (mineral surveyor, m. 1908)
Wife: Jean Alberta Bailey (m. 1933, div. 1955, one daughter, two sons)
Daughter: Alison Janelli (b. 1933)
Son: William Shockley (b. 1942)
Son: Richard Shockley (b. 1947)
Wife: Emmy Lanning (psychiatric nurse, m. 23-Nov-1955 until his death, d. 2007)

Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

Alessandro Volta was an Italian scientist whose skepticism of Luigi Galvani’s theory of animal electricity led him to propose that an electrical current is generated by contact between different metals. Volta’s theoretical and experimental work in this area resulted in his construction of the first battery. Known as the voltaic pile, Volta’s battery made available for the first time a sustainable source of electrical current. Using the innovative apparatus, a number of his contemporaries, such as William Nicholson and Sir Humphry Davy, made important scientific advances in the early 19th century.
Volta, whose full name was Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, was born on February 18, 1745, in the town of Como in Lombardy, Italy. His family was part of the aristocracy but was not particularly wealthy. Volta’s father died when Volta was only 7, and the boy’s education was overseen by relatives associated with the church. Volta was expected to embark on an ecclesiastical career, but he developed an early interest in science and decided to follow a different path. He related many of his earliest scientific ideas to French physicist Jean-Antoine Nollet and prominent Italian men of science with whom he regularly corresponded while still a teenager.

---
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/...ers/volta.html

- لم يكمل تعليمه المدرسي بسبب فقر والده وانضم الى الجيش مبكرا في سن السابعة عشرة.
- مات ابوه وعمره 24 سنة وماتت امه وعمره 23 سنة.
- احد المصادر يقول انه اكبر اخوته الاربعة والاخر يقول انه الرابع بين ثمانية اخوة.
- سجن في بداية العشرينيات من عمره وفي السجن اجرى تجاربة الكيميائية.

http://www.famousscientists.org/scie...on-siemens.jpg
German inventor and industrialist of the 19th century, Werner von Siemens was the pioneer of the electro industry and brought about a great technological advancement with many of his important discoveries. He earned a prominent position among the multitude of awards for achievements in science and technology.
Early Life, Education and Career:

Ernst Werner von Siemens was born at Lenthe, Hanover, Germany, on 13 December 1816, the oldest of four brothers. Siemens did not complete his schooling and joined the army to undertake training in engineering. For three years he was a pupil in the Military Academy at Berlin. In 1838 he earned his living as lieutenant in the artillery, and six years later he accepted the post of supervisor of the artillery workshops. In 1848 he had the task of defending the port of Kiel against the Danish fleet, and as commandant of Friedrichsort built the fortifications for the defense of Eckernforde harbor. The same year he was entrusted with the laying of the first telegraph line in Germany, which between Berlin and Frankfort-on-Main, and with that work his military career came to an end. His invention of the telegraph that used a needle to point to the right letter, instead of using Morse code led to formation of the electrical and telecommunications company Siemens as we know today.

In 1847, Siemens accompanied by mechanic Johann Georg Halske, established Siemens & Halske, a company that manufactured and repaired telegraphs. The company built offices in Berlin, London, Paris, St. Petersburg, and other major cities, and in due course emerged as one of the major electrical manufacturing companies in Europe.
Besides the telegraph Siemens made outstanding contributions to the expansion of electrical engineering and is therefore known as the founding father of the discipline in Germany. In 1880 he designed the world’s first electric elevator. In 1866 he independently discovered the dynamo-electrical principle and developed interest in the growth of the self-excited dynamo and electric-traction. In 1867 he delivered an important paper on electric generators before the Royal Society. During late 1877 Siemens received German patent No. 2355 for an electromechanical “dynamic” or moving-coil transducer, which was adapted by A. L. Thuras and E. C. Wente for the Bell System in the late 1920s for use as a loudspeaker.
Siemens married twice in his life. His first marriage was to Mathilde Duman in 1852 and had two children, Arnold von Siemens and Georg Wilhelm von Siemens. Almost two years after the death of his first wife, he remarried Antonie Siemens, a distant cousin in 1869. Children from second marriage were Hertha von Siemens and Carl Friedrich von Siemens.

Werner von Siemens died on December 13, 1892, a week before his seventy-sixth birthday, at Charlottenburg, Germany.

==
Early years]

Werner Siemens was born in Lenthe, today part of Gehrden, near Hannover, in the Kingdom of Hanover in the German Confederation, the fourth child (of fourteen) of a tenant farmer. He is a brother of Carl Heinrich von Siemens and Carl Wilhelm Siemens, sons of Christian Ferdinand Siemens (31 July 1787 - 16 January 1840) and wife Eleonore Deichmann (1792 - 8 July 1839).
Middle years]

After finishing school, Werner Siemens intended to study at the Bauakademie Berlin.[1] However, since his family was highly indebted and thus could not afford to pay the tuition fees, he chose to join the Prussian Military Academy's School of Artillery and Engineering, between the years 1835-1838, instead, where he received his officers training.[2] Siemens was thought of as a good soldier, receiving various medals. Upon returning home from war, he put his mind to other uses. He is known world-wide for his advances in various technologies, and chose to work on perfecting technologies that had already been established. In 1843 he sold the rights to his first invention to Elkington of Birmingham.[3] Siemens invented a telegraph that used a needle to point to the right letter, instead of using Morse code. Based on this invention, he founded the company Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske on 1 October 1847, with the company taking occupation of its workshop on 12 October.
The company was internationalised soon after its founding. One brother of Werner represented him in England (Sir William Siemens) and another in St.Petersburg, Russia (Carl von Siemens), each earning recognition. Following his industrial career, he was ennobled in 1888, becoming Werner von Siemens. He retired from his company in 1890 and died in 1892 in Berlin.
The company, reorganized as Siemens & Halske AG, Siemens-Schuckertwerke and – since 1966 – Siemens AG was later led by his brother Carl, his sons Arnold, Wilhelm, and Carl Friedrich, his grandsons Hermann and Ernst and his great-grandson Peter von Siemens. Siemens AG is one of the largest electrotechnological firms in the world. The von Siemens family still owns 6% of the company shares (as of 2013) and holds a seat on the supervisory board, being the largest shareholder

==
Werner von Siemens

After attending grammar school at Lübeck, Siemens joined the Prussian artillery at age 17 for the training in engineering that his father could not afford. While in prison briefly at Magdeburg for acting as second in a duel between fellow officers, he carried out chemistry experiments in his cell.

These led, in 1842, to his first invention: an electroplating process. His appointment about 1841 to the artillery workshops in Berlin gave him an opportunity to do research, which in turn set the direction of his life’s work.
When Siemens saw an early model of an electric telegraph, invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1837, he realized at once its possibilities for international communication and invented improvements for it. A specialist on the electric telegraph, he laid an underground line for the Prussian army in 1847 and, at the same time, persuaded a young mechanic named Johann Georg Halske to start a telegraph factory with him in Berlin. In 1848, during hostilities with Denmark at Kiel, Siemens laid a government telegraph line from Berlin to the National Assembly of Frankfurt, and supervised the laying of lines to other parts of Germany. In 1849 he resigned his commission to become a telegraph manufacturer.
The firm of Telegraphenbauanstalt Siemens & Halske prospered rapidly, carrying out large telegraphic projects and expanding into other electrical fields as new applications of electricity were developed. Werner and his brother Carl (1829–1906) established subsidiary factories in London, St. Petersburg, Vienna, and Paris. Werner’s continued research efforts and his inventions in electrical engineering resulted in many new products. His use in 1847 of gutta-percha to insulate telegraphic cables against moisture was later widely applied to electric-light cables and also made the first underground and submarine telegraph cables possible. Under Werner’s direction, the firm of Siemens & Halske laid cables across the Mediterranean and from Europe to India. In 1866 he invented the self-excited generator, a dynamo that could be set in motion by the residual magnetism of its powerful electromagnet, which replaced the inefficient steel magnet.
In 1888 Siemens was raised to the rank of nobility (with the addition of von to his name).