Masaoka Shiki (正岡 子規?, October 14, 1867 – September 19, 1902), pen-name of Masaoka Noboru (正岡 升),[4] was a Japanese poet, author, and literary critic in Meiji period Japan. Shiki is regarded as a major figure in the development of modern haiku poetry.[5] He also wrote on reform of tanka poetry.[6]
Some consider Shiki to be one of the four great haiku masters, the others being Matsuo Bashō, Yosa Buson, and Kobayashi Issa.[7]

Shiki, or rather Tsunenori (常規) as he was originally named,[8] was born in Matsuyama city in Iyo province (present day Ehime prefecture) to a samurai class family of modest means.[1] As a child, he was called Tokoronosuke (処之助); in adolescence, his name was changed to Noboru (升). His father, Tsunenao (正岡常尚),[9][10] was an alcoholic who died when Shiki was five years of age,[1] but his mother, Yae,[11] was a daughter of Ōhara Kanzan, a Confucian scholar.[1] Kanzan was the first of Shiki's extra-school tutors, and at the age of 7 the young boy began reading Mencius under his tutelage.[12] Shiki later confessed to being a less-than-diligent student.[12]
At age 15 Shiki became something of a political radical, attaching himself to the then-waning Freedom and People's Rights Movement and getting himself banned from public speaking by the principal of Matsuyama Middle School, which he was attending.[13] Around this time he developed an interest in moving to Tokyo and did so in 1883.[14]

Thomas Bernhard (born Nicolaas Thomas Bernhard; February 9, 1931 – February 12, 1989) was an Austrian novelist, playwright and poet. Bernhard, whose body of work has been called "the most significant literary achievement since World War II,"[1] is widely considered to be one of the most important German-speaking authors

External links
Lifedit
Thomas Bernhard was born in 1931 in Heerlen, Netherlands as an illegitimate child to Herta Fabjan (née Herta Bernhard, 1904–1950) and the carpenter Alois Zuckerstätter (1905–1940). The next year his mother returned to Austria, where Bernhard spent much of his early childhood with his maternal grandparents in Vienna and Seekirchen am Wallersee north of Salzburg. His mother's subsequent marriage in 1936 occasioned a move to Traunstein in Bavaria. Bernhard's natural father died in Berlin from gas poisoning; Thomas had never met him.
Bernhard's grandfather, the author Johannes Freumbichler, pushed for an artistic education for the boy, including musical instruction. Bernhard went to elementary school in Seekirchen and later attended various schools in Salzburg including the Johanneum which he left in 1947 to start an apprenticeship with a grocer.
Bernhard's Lebensmensch (companion for life), whom he cared for alone in her dying days, was Hedwig Stavianicek (1894–1984), a woman more than thirty-seven years his senior, whom he met in 1950, the year of his mother's death and one year after the

Thomas Bernhard's House, Video by Christiaan Tonnis, 2006
Suffering throughout his youth from an intractable lung disease (tuberculosis), Bernhard spent the years 1949 to 1951 at the sanatorium Grafenhof, in Sankt Veit im Pongau. He trained as an actor at the Mozarteum in Salzburg (1955–1957) and was always profoundly interested in music: his lung condition, however, made a career as a singer impossible. After that he began work briefly as a journalist, then as a full-time writer.
Bernhard died in 1989 in Gmunden, Upper Austria. His attractive house in Ohlsdorf-Obernathal 2 where he had moved in 1965 is now a museum and centre for the study and performance of Bernhard's work. In his will, which aroused great controversy on publication, Bernhard prohibited any new stagings of his plays and publication of his unpublished work in Austria. His death was announced only after his funeral.

Robert Walser (15 April 1878 – 25 December 1956), was a German-speaking Swiss writer.
Life and work t
1879–1897[edit
Walser was born into a family with many children. His brother Karl Walser became a well-known stage designer and painter. Walser grew up in Biel, on the language border between the German- and French-speaking cantons of Switzerland, and grew up speaking both languages. He attended primary school and progymnasium, which he had to leave before the final exam when his family could no longer bear the cost. From his early years on, he was an enthusiastic theatre-goer; his favorite play was The Robbers by Friedrich Schiller. There is a watercolor painting that shows Walser as Karl Moor, the protagonist of that play.[citation needed]
From 1892 to 1895, Walser served an apprenticeship at the Bernische Kantonalbank in Biel. Afterwards he worked for a short time in Basel. Walser's mother, who was "emotionally disturbed", died in 1894 after being under medical care for a long period.[citation needed] In 1895, Walser went to Stuttgart where his brother Karl lived. He was an office worker at the Deutsche Verlagsanstalt and at the Cotta'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung; he also tried, without success, to become an actor. On foot, he returned to Switzerland where he registered in 1896 as a Zürich resident. In the following years, he often worked as a "Kommis", an office clerk, but irregularly and in many different places. As a result, he was one of the first Swiss writers to introduce into literature a description of the life of a salaried employee.

Péter Nadas (born 14 October 1942) is a Hungarian writer,
playwright, and essayist.

He was born in Budapest as the son of Laszlo Nadas and Klara Tauber.

After the takeover of the Hungarian Nazis, the Arrow Cross Party on 15 October 1944, Klara Tauber escaped with her son to Bačka and Novi Sad, but returned to the capital directly before the Siege of Budapest. Péter Nadas survived the siege together with his mother in the flat of his uncle, the journalist Pal Aranyossi.

Even though his parents were illegal Communists during World War II and involved with the Communist administration later on, as well, they had both their sons—Péter and Pal—baptized in the Reformed (Calvinist) Church of Pozsonyi Street. His mother died of an illness when he was 13.

In 1958, his father—head of department in one of the ministries, slandered with accusations of embezzlement, then exonerated by the court of all charges—committed suicide; Péter Nádas became an orphan at 16.

Magda Aranyossi became the guardian of the two children.
Between 1961 and 1963 Péter Nádas studied journalism and photography. He worked as a journalist at a Budapest magazine (Pest Megyei Hírlap) from 1965 to 1969. He also worked as a playwright and a photographer. Since 1969 he has been a freelancer.
In 1990 he married Magda Salamon (with whom he had been living since 1962). In 1984 they moved to a small village in western Hungary, Gombosszeg, where they have resided ever since, though he also has a residence in the Castle District of Buda.
In 1993, he was elected member of the Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts.
Since the early 1970s, he has frequently spent time in Berlin, Germany, attending lectures at Humboldt University or reading in the Staatsbibliothek. He has been a fellow of the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Institute for Advanced Study. In 2006, he was elected a member of the Akademie der Künste, Berlin. He enjoys a high reputation in Germany.

After publishing volumes of short stories, he published his first novel The End of a Family Story in 1977.

He published his second novel, A Book of Memories in 1986. It took Nádas twelve years to write this book. The epigraph of this novel is from the Gospel according to John: "But he spake of the temple of his body" (John, 2.21). In this novel, Nádas describes the world as a system of relations linking human bodies to each other. This book earned Nádas comparisons to Proust.

He published his latest novel, the three-volume Parallel Stories (I: The Mute Realm, II: In the Depths of Night, III: A Breath of Freedom) in 2005. This novel is a multitude of independent stories that melt into one single narrative. It took Nádas eighteen years to complete this book. The novel has been described as "a virtuoso combination of nineteenth-century high realism with the experimentalism of the nouveau roman", while "the real narrative is that of bodies' actions on one another, their attraction and desires, their mutual memories" (Gábor Csordás).

The plot is constructed around the histories of two families: one—the Lippay-Lehrs, who are Hungarian, the other—the Döhrings, who are German. These two main threads link irregularly up to one another via specific events or figures.
Nádas' other novels include Lovely Tale of Photography, Yearbook, On Heavenly and Earthly Love, and A Dialogue with Richard Swartz.

Death is a recurrent theme in Nádas' work, particularly in Own Death, based on his experience of clinical death.

His writing has been described as intellectual, detailed, strong, innovative, and demanding.

A volume of interviews with Péter Nádas, by Zsófia Mihancsik (Nincs mennyezet, nincs födém) was published in 2006.
========

كيم يو جونغ

هو كاتب تؤدي قراءة كتبه إلى إدمان القارئ لفصل الربيع ، فكل صفحة وكل سطر يحمل في طياته رائحة الربيع، ويمكن أن نجد ذلك واضحاً في مؤلفاته" الكاميليا" و"ربيع ربيع" التي تتضمن قصصا بسيطة وصادقة .
إذن هيا بنا يا أصدقائي نستنشق رائحة النسمات الربيعية عبر حديثنا عن "كيم يو جونغ".

حياة بائسة

ولد "كيم يو جونغ" في مدينة شونشون بمقاطعة كانغ وون عام 1908.كان "كيم "ينتمي لعائلة ثرية، ولسوء الحظ توفيت والدته وهو في السابعة من عمره ،
ثم لحق بها والده بعد عامين (وهو في التاسعة )، فعاش "كيم" في منزل أخيه الأكبر ، وكان هذا لا يمنعه من الاشتياق لأبويه طوال الوقت ، مما أدى به لأن يكون شخصية ساكنة وهادئة أغلب الوقت.

Yiannis Ritsos (Greek: Γιάννης Ρίτσος) (Monemvasia 1 May 1909 - Athens 11 November 1990) was a Greek poet and left-wing activist and an active member of the Greek Resistance during World War II.

Early life

Born to a well-to-do landowning family in the Monemvasia, Ritsos suffered great losses as a child. The early deaths of his mother and his eldest brother from tuberculosis, the commitment of his father who suffered with mental disease and the economic ruin of losing his family marked Ritsos and affected his poetry. Ritsos, himself, was confined in a sanitarium for tuberculosis from 1927 - 1931.[1]
Literary start[edit source]

In 1931, Ritsos joined the Communist Party of Greece (KKE). He maintained a working-class circle of friends and published Tractor in 1934, inspired of the futurism of Vladimir Mayakovsky. In 1935, he published Pyramids; these two works sought to achieve a fragile balance between faith in the future, founded on the Communist ideal, and personal despair.
The landmark poem Epitaphios, published in 1936, broke with the shape of Greek traditional popular poetry and expressed in clear and simple language a message of the unity of all people.[1]
Political upheaval and the poet[edit source]

In August 1936, the right-wing dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas came to power and Epitaphios was burned publicly at the foot of the Acropolis in Athens. Ritsos responded by taking his work in a different direction: exploring the conquests of surrealism through access to the domain of dreams, surprising associations, explosion of images and symbols, lyricism which shows the anguish of the poet, soft and bitter souvenirs. During this period Ritsos published The Song of my Sister (1937), Symphony of the Spring (1938).[1]
Axis occupation, Civil War and the Junta[edit source]

During the Axis occupation of Greece (1941–1945) he became a member of the EAM (National Liberation Front), and authored several poems for the Greek Resistance. Ritsos also supported the left in the subsequent Civil War (1946-1949); in 1948 he was arrested and spent four years in prison camps. In the 1950s 'Epitaphios', set to music by Mikis Theodorakis, became the anthem of the Greek left.
In 1967 he was arrested by the Papadopoulos dictatorship and sent to a prison camp in Gyaros.
Legacy[edit source]



The tomb of Yannis Ritsos at Monemvasia,Greece
Today, Ritsos is considered one of the five great Greek poets of the twentieth century, together with Konstantinos Kavafis, Kostas Kariotakis, Giorgos Seferis, and Odysseus Elytis. The French poet Louis Aragon once said that Ritsos was "the greatest poet of our age." He was unsuccessfully proposed nine times for the Nobel Prize for Literature. When he won the Lenin Peace Prize (also known as the Stalin Peace Prize prior to 1956) he declared "this prize is more important for me than the Nobel".
His poetry was banned at times in Greece due to his left wing beliefs.
Notable works by Ritsos include Tractor (1934), Pyramids (1935), Epitaph (1936), and Vigil (1941–1953).
One of his most important works is Moonlight Sonata:
I know that each one of us travels to love alone,
alone to faith and to death.
I know it. I’ve tried it. It doesn’t help.
Let me come with you.
—from Moonlight Sonata. Translation by Peter Green and Beverly Bardsley

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة ايوب صابر (المشاركة 159256) مقولة ساخنة لو دققنا التاريخ لوجدنا أن كل المخرجات والأحداث ذات الأثر والتي صنعت الحضارة وأبقت شعلتها متقدة عبر الزمن جاءت من عقول أيتام أو صنعها أو فعلها أو اكتشفها أيتام... ولو دققنا لوجدنا أن كل النظم الفكرية والفلسفية وكل العلوم والآداب والفنون وكل الأحداث المهمة في التاريخ من ثورات وحروب كان وراءها أيتام... رغم كل ذلك تظل شريحة الأيتام الأقل حظا في المجتمعات كافة!!!

أخي أيوب ..
سلام الله عليك
كنت هنا وفي هذا المتصفح قبل فترة
ولا أخفيك .. موضوعك كبير جداً
وبعض الترجمات عن الشخصيات كانت بلغة أجنبية أنا لا افهمها
وأعتقد أن المعني بالموضوع فقط هو الذي يطلع عليه ويقرأه بشكل ملي
وكل ما فهمته أنك تريد أن تؤكد من خلال هذه الدراسة البحثية أن للأيتام حالة خاصة
تجعلهم أقرب للعبقرية من غيرهم نظراً لظروفهم
وهذا حقيقة ما ألمسه في حياتنا اليومية
ولي مشاهد كثيرة على ذلك
كل التقدير لمجهودك الرائع
وبارك الله فيك أيها الرائع


تحية ... ناريمان الشريف

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة ناريمان الشريف (المشاركة 159808) أخي أيوب .. سلام الله عليك كنت هنا وفي هذا المتصفح قبل فترة ولا أخفيك .. موضوعك كبير جداً وبعض الترجمات عن الشخصيات كانت بلغة أجنبية أنا لا افهمها وأعتقد أن المعني بالموضوع فقط هو الذي يطلع عليه ويقرأه بشكل ملي وكل ما فهمته أنك تريد أن تؤكد من خلال هذه الدراسة البحثية أن للأيتام حالة خاصة تجعلهم أقرب للعبقرية من غيرهم نظراً لظروفهم وهذا حقيقة ما ألمسه في حياتنا اليومية ولي مشاهد كثيرة على ذلك كل التقدير لمجهودك الرائع وبارك الله فيك أيها الرائع تحية ... ناريمان الشريف

أورسن ويلز .... يتيم الام في سن التاسعة ويتيم الاب في سن الخامسة عشرة وانفصلت امه عن والده السكير وهو في سن الرابعة ووضع اخاه في مستشفى للأمراض العقلية وماتت اخته وقامت اسره بتبنيه ورعايته

وهو صاحب مقولة " يولد الإنسان وحيدا. ويعيش وحيدا. ويموت وحيدا. ولكن بالحب والصداقة يخلق الوهم لحظة بأنه ليس وحيدا". كما يقول د. زياد الحكيم

أورسن ويلز بعدسة كارل فون فختن
جورج أورسن ويلز (بالإنجليزية George Orson Welles) (‏6 مايو 1915 - 10 أكتوبر 1985) المعروف بأورسن ويلز كان مخرج أفلام ومؤلف وممثل ومنتج أمريكي عمل في مجال السينما والمسرح والتلفزيون والراديو.
- امتاز بإنتاجاته الدرامية المبتكرة وبصوته المميز وشخصيته.
- يعتبر ويلز أحد أهم فناني الدراما في القرن العشرين.
- حاز ويلز على شهرة لإخراجه وتقديمه تمثيلية إذاعية مقتبسة عن رواية ه.ج. ويلز حرب العوالم التي أدت، بسبب إذاعتها بأسلوب التقرير الإخباري، إلى إثارة الهلع بين الناس لاعتقادهم بحدوث غزو كائنات فضائية للعالم.
- أفلامه المبكرة Citizen Kane وThe Magnificent Ambersons يعتبران من أهم الأفلام في تاريخ السينما.
- العديد من أفلامه الأخرى وخاصة Touch of Evilو Chimes at Midnight يعتبرها العديدون تحفاً سينمائية.
- تم اختياره عام 2002 أعظم مخرج سينمائي في التاريخ في مسح نظمته مؤسسة الأفلام البريطانية.

(May 6, 1915*– October 10, 1985) was an American actor, director, writer and producer who worked in theater, radio and film. He is best remembered for his innovative work in all three media, most notably Caesar (1937), a groundbreaking Broadway adaptation of Julius Caesar and the debut of the Mercury Theatre; The War of the Worlds (1938), one of the most famous broadcasts in the history of radio; and Citizen Kane (1941), consistently ranked as one of the all-time greatest films.
After directing a number of high-profile productions in his early twenties, including an innovative adaptation of Macbeth and The Cradle Will Rock, Welles found national and international fame as the director and narrator of a 1938 radio adaptation of H. G. Wells' novel The War of the Worlds performed for the radio anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air. It reportedly caused widespread panic when listeners thought that an invasion by extraterrestrial beings was occurring. Although these reports of panic were mostly false and overstated,[2] they rocketed Welles to notoriety.
His first film was Citizen Kane (1941), which he co-wrote, produced, directed, and starred in as Charles Foster Kane. Welles was an outsider to the studio system and directed only 13 full-length films in his career. While he struggled for creative control in the face of studios, his films were heavily edited and others remained unreleased. His distinctive directorial style featured layered and nonlinear narrative forms, innovative uses of lighting such as chiaroscuro, unusual camera angles, sound techniques borrowed from radio, deep focus shots, and long takes. He has been praised as a major creative force and as "the ultimate auteur."[3] Welles followed up Citizen Kane with critically acclaimed films, including The Magnificent Ambersons in 1942, and Touch of Evil in 1958.
In 2002, Welles was voted the greatest film director of all time in two British Film Institute polls among directors and critics,[4][5] and a wide survey of critical consensus, best-of lists, and historical retrospectives calls him the most acclaimed director of all time.[6] Well known for his baritone voice,[7] Welles was a well-regarded actor and was voted number 16 in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars list of the greatest American film actors of all time. He was a celebrated Shakespearean stage actor and an accomplished magician, starring in troop variety shows in the war years.

Welles was born May 6, 1915, in Kenosha, Wisconsin, son of Richard Hodgdon Head Welles (b. 1873, Missouri, d. December 28, 1930, Chicago, Illinois) and Beatrice (née Ives; b. 1882 or 1883, Springfield, Illinois, d. May 10, 1924, Chicago).[8] He was raised Roman Catholic.[9] Despite his parents' affluence, Welles encountered hardship in childhood. His parents separated and moved to Chicago in 1919. His father, who made a fortune as the inventor of a popular bicycle lamp,[10] became an alcoholic and stopped working. Welles's mother, a concert pianist, played during lectures by Dudley Crafts Watson at the Chicago Art Institute to support her son and herself (the oldest Welles boy, "Dickie", was institutionalized at an early age because he had learning difficulties). Beatrice died of hepatitis in a Chicago hospital on[11] May 10, 1924 (at the age of 43), just after Welles's ninth birthday.[12]:326 After his mother's death Welles ceased pursuing music. He was taken in by Dudley Crafts Watson and lived with the family at Watson's family home, "Trillium Dell", on Marshman Avenue in Highland Park, Illinois. At the age of ten Orson, with Watson's third daughter, Marjorie (of the same age), ran away from home. They were found a week later, singing and dancing for money on a street corner in Milwaukee. Welles's father died when Orson was 15, in the summer after his graduation from Todd School for Boys, an independent school in Woodstock, Illinois. Maurice Bernstein, a physician from Chicago, became his guardian.
At Todd School Welles came under the influence of Roger Hill, a teacher who was later Todd's headmaster. Hill provided Welles with an ad hoc educational environment that proved invaluable to his creative experience, allowing Welles to concentrate on subjects that interested him. Welles performed and staged theatrical experiments and productions there. Following graduation from Todd, Welles was awarded a scholarship to Harvard University. Rather than enrolling, he chose travel. Later, he studied for a time at the Art Institute of Chicago.[13] He returned a number of times to Woodstock to direct his alma mater's student productions.

علاء الأسواني

يتيم الاب في سن التاسعة عشر

(26 مايو 1957 -)، أديب مصري. وهو طبيب أسنان. يكتب القصة القصيرة والرواية، عضو في حركه كفاية المعارضة في مصر.

ولد علاء الأسوانى في 26 مايو 1957[1]، كانت أمه زينب من عائلة أرستوقراطية حيث كان عمها وزيراً للتعليم قبل ثورة يوليو. والده عباس الأسواني، جاء من أسوان إلى القاهرة عام 1950، حيث كان كاتباً، روائياً ومحامياً، وكان يكتب مقالات في روز اليوسف تحت عنوان أسوانيات، وحصل عام 1972 على جائزة الدولة التقديرية للرواية والأدب[2].
أتم دراسته الثانوية في "مدرسة الليسيه الفرنسية" في مصر. حصل على البكالوريوس من كلية طب الفم والأسنان جامعة القاهرة عام 1980 وحصل على شهادة الماجستير في طب الأسنان من جامعة إلينوي في شيكاغو بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية[3]. ما زال يباشر عمله في عيادته بحي جاردن سيتي، كما تعلم الأسواني الأدب الإسباني في مدريد. يتحدث الأسواني أربع لغات: العربية، الإنجليزية، الفرنسية والإسبانية

Aswany was born on 26 May 1957. His mother, Zainab, came from an aristocratic family; her uncle was a Pasha and Minister of Education before the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.[4] His father, Abbas Al-Aswany, was from Aswan[3] and was a lawyer and writer who “is remembered as being a captivating and charismatic speaker with a broad following and loyalty within a cross-section of the Egyptian revolutionary intelligentsia”. Abbas Al-Aswany wrote a regular back-page essay in the Egyptian weekly magazine Rose al-Yūsuf entitled Aswaaniyat.[5] In 1972, he was “the recipient of the state award for literature".[3] He died when Alaa was nineteen years old.[4]
Aswany attended Le Lycée Français in Cairo and received a bachelor's degree in dental and oral medicine at Cairo University in 1980. He went on to pursue a master's degree in dentistry at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1985.[6] He speaks Arabic, English, French and Spanish.[7] He studied Spanish literature in Madrid.
Al-Aswany married his first wife in his early twenties, she was a dentist, and they had their son Seif, they divorced later. When he was 37, he married Eman Taymoor and they had two daughters, Mai and Nada.
He wrote a weekly literary critique entitled “parenthetic phrase” in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Sha'ab, and then became responsible for the culture page in the same newspaper. He wrote a monthly political article in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Arabi Al-Nasseri and a weekly article in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Dustour. Then, he wrote a weekly article in the Egyptian newspaper Al-Shorouk. Currently, he writes a weekly article in Al-Masry Al-Youm on Tuesdays. His articles have been published in leading international newspapers such as the New York Times,[8] Le Monde,[8] El Pais,[9] The Guardian,[10] The Independent[8] and others.[8]
His second novel, The Yacoubian Building, an ironic depiction of modern Egyptian society, has been widely read in Egypt and throughout the Middle East. His literary works have been translated into 31 languages:[11] English, Greek, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese, Chinese Simplified, Dutch, Turkish, Malay, Danish, Norwegian, Finnish, Armenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Polish, Portuguese, Icelandic, French, Slovenian, Galician, Spanish, Estonian, Italian, Romanian, Russian, Korean, Swedish, German and Slovak. In 2006, The Yacoubian Building was adapted into “the biggest budget movie ever produced in Egypt”.[12] The movie was screened at international film festivals and was a huge hit in Egypt. However, Alaa Al-Aswany was banned from attending the premiere.[3] The Yacoubian Building is one of a few movies that addresses social taboos and widespread governmental corruption, such as the rigging of elections. In fact, many intellectuals believe that this work played a crucial role in triggering revolutionary sentiments among the Egyptian people. Alaa Al-Aswany claims that during the January 25 Revolution, many protesters approached him and said “We are here because of what you wrote".[13] And in 2007, The Yacoubian Building was made into a television series of the same name.
Chicago, a novel set in the city in which the author was educated, was published in January 2007.
Al-Aswany’s name has also been included in the list of the 500 Most Influential Muslims in the World,[14] issued by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Center in Amman, Jordan. He was number one in The Foreign Policy Top 100 Global Thinkers list 2011.[15]
Al-Aswany participated in the Blue Metropolis literary festival in Montreal, June 2008 and April 2010, and was featured in interviews with the CBC programme Writers and Company.
In October 2010, The Israel/Palestine Centre for Research and Information (IPCRI) said it was offering its Hebrew readers the rare privilege of reading the best-selling Egyptian novel The Yacoubian Building. While Alaa Al-Aswany refused for the book to be translated into Hebrew and published in Israel, a volunteer had translated it and the IPCRI wanted to offer it for free to expand cultural awareness and understanding in the region. Al-Aswany was deeply frustrated by this, as he rejected the idea of normalizing with Israel, and accused the IPCRI and the translator of piracy and theft. Consequently, he complained to the International Publishers Association

شكرا جزيلا لك على دعمك ومساندتك لهذا البحث المهم وقد احسنت وصف الغاية والاهداف اذ تقول " هذا مبحث، له مآرب.. لا تبتعد كثيراً عن غايات العصا. فالأستاذ صابر.. لا يهش على ألمه، بل يريد تثوير وريقات الأسى.. لتحكي ابجديات العظماء. ثم يضع لَبِنَةً.. في بناء سيكون".

ومن المآرب الاخرى العديدة : تخيل معي لو اننا اكتشفنا فجأة ان عدد هائل من الكواكب ما هي الا عبارة عن مناجم من الذهب والزمرد والالماس وغيرها من الجواهر...واخرى فيها طاقة لا حدود لها..هل نتركها ام نحاول اسستثمارها والاستفادة من مخزونها؟ هذه هي ادمغة الايتام.. ولذلك اقول ان اعظم استثمار يمكن ان يقوم به الانسان هو الاستثمار في عقل يتيم.

والان وقد اصبحت الغايات واضحة بل جلية لكم ربما عليكم المبادرة بتأسيس اول وحدة من وحدات عظماء المستقبل في العراق حيث اصبح عدد الايتام هناك ربما يزيد على اعداد شجرة النخيل...وعلى ان يتمحور عمل هذه المؤسسة في كل شيء ومن اليوم الاول حول شعار ان "الايتام هم عظماء المستقبل" .

Anna Maria "Marie" Tussaud (née Grosholtz; 1 December 1761 – 16 April 1850) was a French artist known for her wax sculptures and Madame Tussauds, the wax museum she founded in London

Biography]


Marie Tussaud was born 7 December 1761 in Strasbourg, France, according to her baptismal record. Her father, Joseph Grosholtz, was killed in the Seven Years' War just two months before Marie was born. Her mother, Anne-Marie Walder,[1] took her to Bern where she worked as a housekeeper for Dr. Philippe Curtius (1741–1794), a physician and wax sculptor who Marie would call her uncle. Curtius initially used his talent for wax modeling to illustrate anatomy. Later, he did portraits.
Curtius moved to Paris in 1765 to establish a cabinet de portraits en cire (wax portrait exhibition).[1] In that year, he made a waxwork of Louis XV's last mistress, Madame du Barry, a cast that is the oldest work currently on display. A year later, Tussaud and her mother joined Curtius in Paris. The first exhibition of Curtius' waxworks was shown in 1770 and attracted a large crowd. In 1776, the exhibition was moved to the Palais Royal and, in 1782, Curtius opened a second exhibit, the Caverne des Grands Voleurs, a precursor to the later chamber of horrors, on Boulevard du Temple.
It was Curtius who taught Tussaud the art of wax modeling. She showed talent for the technique and began working for him as an artist. In 1777, she created her first wax figure, that of Voltaire.[2] From 1780 until the Revolution in 1789, Tussaud created many of her most famous portraits of celebrities such as Voltaire and Benjamin Franklin. At the same time, she remained on good terms with the French royal family. She claimed in later years to have been employed to teach votive making to Élisabeth the sister of Louis XVI. In her memoirs, Tussaud claimed that it was in this capacity that she was frequently privy to private conversations between the princess and her brother and members of his court. She also claimed that members of the royal family were so pleased with her work that she was invited to live at Versailles.

Sir Joseph John "J. J." Thomson, OM, FRS[1] (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British physicist. In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle, and thus is credited with the discovery and identification of the electron. Thomson is also credited with finding the first evidence for isotopes of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913 as part of his exploration into the composition of canal rays (positive ions) and with the invention of the mass spectrometer. Thomson was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the electron and for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...child_1861.png http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.2...gnify-clip.png
J. J. Thomson, 1861.


Joseph John Thomson was born in 1856 in Cheetham Hill, Manchester, England. His mother, Emma Swindells, came from a local textile family. His father, Joseph James Thomson, ran an antiquarian bookshop founded by a great-grandfather. He had a brother two years younger than him, Frederick Vernon Thoms
[2]
His early education was in small private schools where he demonstrated great talent and interest in science. In 1870 he was admitted to Owens College at the unusually young age of 14. His parents planned to enroll him as an apprentice engineer to Sharp-Stewart & Co, a locomotive manufacturer, but these plans were cut short when his father died in 1873

He moved on to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1876. In 1880, he obtained his BA in mathematics (Second Wrangler and 2nd Smith's Prize) and MA (with Adams Prize) in 1883.[3] In 1884 he became Cavendish Professor of Physics. One of his students was Ernest Rutherford, who later succeeded him in the post. In 1890 he married Rose Elisabeth Paget, daughter of Sir George Edward Paget, KCB, a physician and then Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge. He had one son, George Paget Thomson, and one daughter, Joan Paget Thomson, with her. One of Thomson's greatest contributions to modern science was in his role as a highly gifted teacher: seven of his research assistants and his son won Nobel Prizes in physics. His son won the Nobel Prize in 1937 for proving the wavelike properties of electrons.
He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906, "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases." He was knighted in 1908 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1912. In 1914 he gave the Romanes Lecture in Oxford on "The atomic theory". In 1918 he became Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he remained until his death. He died on August 30, 1940 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, close to Sir Isaac Newton.
Thomson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society[1] on 12 June 1884 and was President of the Royal Society from 1915 to 1920.

Several scientists, such as William Prout and Norman Lockyer, had suggested that atoms were built up from a more fundamental unit, but they envisioned this unit to be the size of the smallest atom, hydrogen. Thomson, in 1897, was the first to suggest that the fundamental unit was over 1000 times smaller than an atom, suggesting the subatomic particles now known as electrons. Thomson discovered this through his explorations on the properties of cathode rays. Thomson made his suggestion on 30 April 1897 following his discovery that Lenard rays could travel much further through air than expected for an atom-sized particle.[4] He estimated the mass of cathode rays by measuring the heat generated when the rays hit a thermal junction and comparing this with the magnetic deflection of the rays. His experiments suggested not only that cathode rays were over 1000 times lighter than the hydrogen atom, but also that their mass was the same whatever type of atom they came from. He concluded that the rays were composed of very light, negatively charged particles which were a universal building block of atoms. He called the particles "corpuscles", but later scientists preferred the name electron which had been suggested by George Johnstone Stoney in 1891, prior to Thomson's actual discovery.[5]
In April 1897 Thomson had only early indications that the cathode rays could be deflected electrically (previous investigators such as Heinrich Hertz had thought they could not be). A month after Thomson's announcement of the corpuscle he found that he could reliably deflect the rays by an electric field if he evacuated the discharge tube to a very low pressure. By comparing the deflection of a beam of cathode rays by electric and magnetic fields he obtained more robust measurements of the mass to charge ratio that confirmed his previous estimates.[6] This became the classic means of measuring the charge and mass of the electron.
Thomson believed that the corpuscles emerged from the atoms of the trace gas inside his cathode ray tubes. He thus concluded that atoms were divisible, and that the corpuscles were their building blocks. To explain the overall neutral charge of the atom, he proposed that the corpuscles were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge; this was the "plum pudding" model—the electrons were embedded in the positive charge like plums in a plum pudding (although in Thomson's model they were not stationary, but orbiting rapidly

اما مكتشف البوزيترون وهو نقيض الالكترون فهو
كارل دافيد أندرسن وعلى الرغم انه لا يعرف متى مات ابوه لكننا نعرف ان اباه انفصل عن امه عندما كان كارل في سن 18 عشرة وهي السن التي تيتم فيها معظم المخترعون امثال جوتنبرغ وجيمس واط.



http://www.nndb.com/people/733/00009...on-1-sized.jpg

(بالإنجليزية: Carl David Anderson‏)


فلكي وفيزيائي أمريكي من مواليد نيويورك عاش بين سنة 1905-1991م.


إنجازاته
درس أشعة غاما والأشعة الكونية واكتشف سنة 1932م البوزيترون (الإلكترون المضاد) واستطاع هو وآخر (مشاركة) أن يبرهنا على وجود الميزون عمليا.


حياته



كان أستاذا للفيزياء في سنة 1939م بمعهد كاليفورنيا للتكنولوجيا, نال جائزة نوبل سنة 1936ممشاركة مع فيكتور هس.

البوزيترون Positron جُسيم أولي لا يدخل في تكوين المادة العادية، في نواة الذرة والنيوترون، ويعتبر الجسيم المُضاد للإلكترون أو نقيض الإلكترون. وهو يتطابق مع الإلكترون في الصفات والخصائص الفيزيائية كافةً، فيما عدا الشحنة الكهربائية؛ إذ يحمل البوزيترون شحنة كهربائية موجبة مساوية لشحنة الإلكترون، ولكن على عكس الإلكترون الذي يحمل شحنة كهربائية سالبة.، في حال اصطدام البوزيترون بالإلكترون يحدث ما يعرف بإبادة إلكترون-بوزيترون أي يتحولان إلي شعاعين من أشعة جاما. أي يتحولان إلى طاقة ويظهران على هيئة موجتين كهرومغناطيسيتين لهما نفس التردد. والبوزيترون هو اختصار لكلمة (Positive Electron)

Anderson, Carl David
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography | 2008 | COPYRIGHT 2008 Charles Scribner's Sons. (Hide copyright information) Copyright

(b. New York, New York, 3 September 1905; d. San Marino, California, 11 January 1991)
antimatter,physics, positron.
Anderson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936 for the discovery of antimatter, in particular the positive electron, or positron. Just one year later, he was promoted to associate professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), in Pasadena, California, and in 1939 he became a full professor.
Winning the Nobel Prize came as a considerable surprise to Anderson. Unbeknownst to him he had been nominated for it by Caltech’s chief administrative officer and unofficial president Robert A. Millikan (himself a physics laureate in 1923), and Anderson had to borrow $500 from Millikan just to be able to go to Stockholm and get his share of the award, which amounted to $20,000. He shared the prize with Victor Franz Hess of the University of Innsbruck, who was honored for his work in cosmic rays.
Anderson was a quiet, unassuming man. As a graduate student at Caltech, he signed up to take a course in quantum theory from the theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, who was then dividing his time between the physics departments at Caltech and the University of California, Berkeley. About forty people were following the course. Oppenheimer, who was not yet the eloquent speaker he would later become, would mumble his way through lectures, writing a squiggle, or part of an equation, on whatever part of the board happened to be handy. It was all too much for Anderson, who went to see Oppenheimer to tell him he was dropping the course. Anderson later recalled the incident in his autobiography, reporting that Oppenheimer urged him to stay, promising that by the end of the term “everything will be all right” (Anderson, 1999, p. 18). When he asked why it was so important that he not drop the course, he was told it was because he was the only registered student.
Anderson was born in New York City in 1905, the only child of Carl David Anderson, a chef, and Emma Adolfina Ajaxson, both of whom grew up on farms near Stockholm and came to America around 1900, in their late teens. (Their son, Carl, learned Swedish at home, and was able to converse with the king of Sweden comfortably in that language when he accepted his Nobel Prize in Stockholm at the age of thirty-one.) In 1912 the family moved to Los Angeles, where Anderson attended grade school and Los Angeles Polytechnic High School, from which he graduated in 1923. By then his parents had separated and he continued to live at home with his mother for many years. In 1923 he enrolled at Caltech, hoping to become an electrical engineer, but in his sophomore year a course in modern physics with Ira Bowen turned him into physics major.
Discovery of the Positron. After receiving his BS in 1927, Anderson remained on campus as a graduate student, working under Millikan on the emission of electrons induced by bombarding various gases with x-rays. He received his PhD magna cum laude in 1930 and stayed on at Caltech as a research fellow, working with Millikan on cosmic rays. Initially, Millikan had urged him to go elsewhere to broaden his research experience, and, accordingly, Anderson had applied for and won a National Research Council fellowship to work under Arthur H. Compton at the University of Chicago. But Millikan then had a change of heart and convinced Anderson to stay on at Caltech, where Anderson spent his entire career.
Millikan’s newfound interest in the study of cosmic rays accounted for his sudden determination to hang on to the talented Anderson. Millikan was convinced (inaccurately, as it turned out) that cosmic rays, a term that he himself coined in 1925 for the penetrating radiation bombarding Earth from all directions, were the birth pangs of new elements being formed out in space. In order to prove this hypothesis, he needed accurate measurements of their energies. He established three research efforts at Caltech in the new field, each using a different type of detector: one under Victor Neher using electroscopes, one under William Pickering using Geiger counters, and one under Anderson using cloud chambers in a magnetic field. Anderson’s investigations paid off almost immediately, but not exactly as Millikan had foreseen.
Anderson built his magnetic cloud chamber (designed entirely by him) in the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory on the Caltech campus, where the generator that powered the wind tunnel provided enough electricity to handle 600 kilowatts. The giant magnet, which took Anderson many months to build, consisted of eight hundred turns of copper tubing laboriously wound into two coils welded together to carry electrical current and cooling water. In a cloud chamber, a supersaturated vapor is caused, by a sudden change in pressure, to form visible droplets on the track left behind by a fast moving charged particle. A handmade camera inserted in a square hole at one end of the magnetic pole piece allowed Anderson to record the curved tracks of condensation left by an electron or any other charged particle. Incoming cosmic-ray particles entering the field would curve to the left if they were negatively charged or to the right if they were positive. In the very first experiments in 1931 and 1932, Anderson saw the deflected tracks of as many positive as negative cosmic-ray particles. At this time, scientists had identified two elementary particles of matter: negatively charged electrons, and positively charged nuclei. Anderson and Millikan initially disagreed over whether the vivid tracks they observed in Anderson’s much-improved cloud chamber were actually negative charges moving downward (Millikan’s view) or positives moving upward (Anderson’s view), but Anderson finally settled the question by placing a lead plate in the path of the particles. They would have more energy and therefore less curvature before passing through the plate than after, when they would be slower and therefore curve more. On 2 August 1932, these efforts were rewarded by a clear track left by a particle moving upward through the plate and curving to the left, meaning it was positively charged, but with a degree of ionization in the cloud chamber gas that indicated that the particle had the mass of an electron. This event marked the entirely unexpected discovery of the positive electron.
One month later, pushed by Millikan to establish the priority of his findings quickly, Anderson published a brief report on “The Apparent Existence of Easily Deflectable Positives,” in Science; the definitive results and famous photograph (“it’s got to be a positive electron,” Anderson later recalled thinking) appeared in Physical Review in 1933. The physics world expressed skepticism. However, a relativistic theory by the Cambridge University theorist Paul A. M. Dirac, published in 1930, had predicted the existence of a positive electron, and the evidence on Anderson’s photographic plate was unimpeachable. Anderson’s result was soon confirmed by Dirac’s Cambridge colleagues Paul M. S. Blackett and Giuseppe P. S. Occhialini, who in a March 1933 paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society reported similar results and proposed the mechanism of pair production to account for their existence. They postulated that when an energetic gamma ray was converted into matter, it would emit a negatively charged electron, balanced by Dirac’s positively charged positron (as the positive electron came to be called). Asked once by an interviewer if Dirac’s theory had influenced the direction of his research, Anderson replied, “I don’t know whether the existence of Dirac’s work had any effect at all on the work I was doing. I was looking at the cloud chamber data and going by that.”
James Chadwick reported the discovery of the neutron in 1932. With the neutron and the positron as two new fundamental particles of matter, the physics world suddenly looked considerably more complicated than it had previously seemed, a trend that has continued to the present day.

والان تعالوا نتعرف
- اذا كان الموت هو الذي يدفع الناس للاختراع من خلال البحث في حياة اشهر المخترعين ضمن قائمة وكيبيديا.
- وكم نسبة الأيتام من بينهم.
- وهل هناك نمط معين لحالة الفقد... اي هل هو متأخر دائما اي بين ١٧ و ٢١ سنة كما ظهر لنا في دراسة سابقة ?

مخترع الأقفال التوافقية ...
-.لا يعرف متى ماتت الام .
- ماتت له اخت وهو في سن 13 ومات له اخ وهو في سن 18

Linus Yale, Jr.
Born: 14-Apr-1821
Birthplace: Salisbury, NY
Died: 24-Dec-1868
Location of death: New York City
Cause of death: Heart Failure
Remains: Buried, Arms Cemetery, Shelburne Falls, MA

Gender: Male
Religion: Christian
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Inventor, Business

Nationality: United States
Executive summary: Pin tumbler locks

Linus Yale, Jr. grew up around locks -- his father was a locksmith and inventor who held eight patents for locks and another half dozen patents for such concoctions as threshing machines, a sawmill head block, and a millstone dresser. Young Yale (a distant relative of Elihu Yale) first sketched his tumbler lock idea in 1844, and worked on its practical implementation for decades. Drawing on principles first put to use in large wooden locks built by ancient Egyptians, in 1851 he patented a pin tumbler lock for use in bank vaults; in 1863 he patented the pin tumbler combination lock for use in doors, and in 1865 he patented the pin tumbler padlock. His father had invented an earlier pin tumbler lock, but the younger Yale's design was smaller, sturdier, more reliable, and changed the key design from the previous standard of a flute-shape to the smaller, flat key with notched edges still common today. In 1868 he established the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company with his business partner, Henry Robinson Towne (b. 1844, d. 1924). Yale traveled to New York later that year, where he died of a heart attack while haggling to have his locks installed in a skyscraper. The locks were already selling briskly, and under Towne's management Yale became America's #1 manufacturer of locks.

Father: Linus Yale (locksmith-inventor, b. 27-Apr-1797, d. 8-Aug-1858)
Mother: Chlotilda Hopson Yale (b. 6-May-1797, m. 27-Sep-1815)
Sister: Elvira Yale (b. 20-Jun-1816, d. 20-Jan-1839)
Sister: Chlothilda Yale (b. 2-Apr-1819, d. 6-May-1890)
Brother: Merron H. Yale (b. 13-Jul-1833, d. 27-Feb-1834)
Wife: Catherine Brooks Yale (b. 1818, m. 14-Sep-1844, d. 22-Mar-1900, three children)
Son: John Brooks Yale (b. 26-Oct-1845, d. 28-Aug-1904)
Daughter: Madelaine Yale Wynne (artist-author, b. 25-Sep-1847, d. 1918)
Son: Julian Yale (b. 26-Mar-1850)

* *

2- واطسن وات صانع الرادار
- من اقارب جيمس وات
- لكن جده واباه كانا يعملان في النجارة
- ولا يعرف عن طفولتة شيء تقريبا حتى في صفحته الرسمية
- فهو مجهول الطفولة

Sir Robert Watson Watt - Brechin's unsung war hero
Sir Robert Watson Watt is one of Brechin's most famous sons, yet the scientist who made the groundbreaking discoveries which led to the invention of the radar is also one of the world's most overlooked heroes.

Robert Watson Watt was born at 5 Union Street in Brechin on April 13, 1892, the son of a carpenter. From an early age, Robert showed a great interest in science and appeared likely to follow in the footsteps of his distant relative, James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine.
-------

Sir Robert Watson-Watt inventor of Radar, a short life

There are numerous figures of whom it is said that Britain and her allies would have lost World War Two but for their contribution – Sir Robert Watson-Watt among them. Which of these was the most significant is hard to tell, but Watston-Watt’s pioneering role in the development of radar, and his direction of its establishment along Britain’s coast line in the late 1930s, was certainly pivotal during the Battle of Britain. Until Radar, there was no way of knowing if enemy aircraft were approaching, until they could be seen or heard.

The combination of Watson-Watt’s technology and the Radar operators from the Women’s Auxiliary Air Force gave the RAF just the kind of advantage they needed to defeat the larger and better equipped Luftwaffe. It is hard today to imagine the atmosphere in which Radar was developed. As the possibility of war in Europe became real, dozens of new technologies were considered in London and Berlin in the hope of gaining decisive advantage.

To ensure that Radar was deployed, Watson-Watt had to be an advocate, a committee man, a project manager and leader of a large team, as well as being scientifically brilliant. Those who worked with him at the Bawdsey research station on the Suffolk coast, from where the project was run, say that he was all of this and more. Professor Robert Hanbury Brown who was a junior member of Watson-Watt's staff described him as 'charismatic'.

*

Little in his background provides any clues that this is the course he would follow. Born in 1893 in Brechin, his father and grandfather were carpenters. He was schooled at the High School in Brechin, from which he gained a bursary to study at St Andrews – which he took up studying electrical engineering at University College in Dundee (then a constituent part of St Andrews). In 1915 he joined the Meteorological Office where we worked on methods of using radio to locate thunderstorms. It was this that would eventually lead him to radar.

The extent to which Watson-Watt actually invented Radar has been questioned. Certainly elements of Radar had been demonstrated well before the Second World War. What is without doubt, however, is that it was Watson-Watt who created a system that tied together the technological elements necessary to create an effective system and established a network that worked in the real world. To detect planes, huge masts were necessary, placed at strategic points along the coastline. In less than a year, 250 masts had been errected from Southampton to Scapa Flow and would eventually cover the entire British coastline.

After the war he was reportedly disappointed that he did not gain more recognition for his contribution to the allies’ victory. He established a practice as a consulting engineer, but in the 1950s moved to Canada, and later to the USA.

Quite what brought about his marriage to Kathryn Jane Trefusis Forbes is unclear. Even Watson-Watt’s keenest defenders concede that he had a tendency to pomposity and if he could use five words – particularly if they were long and technically derived – instead of one, he would. Certainly his autobiography bears this out. And, it is said that he left his first wife, who he married when he was 24, because he felt that she could not ‘keep up with him socially’. Their marriage was dissolved in 1952.

Nevertheless, at the age of 72, in 1966, he proposed the Dame Kathryn, and she accepted – although she herself was 67. From that time, they lived together in London in the winter, and at The Observatory in the summer. The marriage was not considered a universal success – certainly by members of Kathryn Jane’s family. Nevertheless, the couple stayed together until they died – Dame Kathryn in 1971, Watson-Watt in 1973. Both are buried in the church yard at Pitlochry.

There is a really good article about Watson-Watt’s work on radar at

http://www.radarpages.co.uk/people/w...atson-watt.htm - watson-watt

It is written by Watson-Watt’s close friend, collaborator and business partner, Professor Hanbury Brown, himself an eminent astronomer – he is credited with the establishment of Jodrell Bank and is a former President of the International Astronomical Union. His obituary appears elsewhere on the Radar pages.

Tim Dawson tim@timdawsn.demon.co.uk
Telephone: 07984 165251

John Moses Browning was the most famous and competent gunmaker the world has ever known. He was the son of Jonathan Browning, himself a highly competent gunsmith, and Elizabeth Clark.

John Moses was born January 23, 1855 in Ogden, Utah, U.S.A., where his father settled after the Mormon Exodus of 1847. It was in his father's shop that John Moses first learned the art and secrets of gunsmithing.

John Moses, however, was much more than a gunsmith in the sense that he was much more interested in designing and building new, innovative, firearms than repairing broken ones. His first creation was a single shot rifle he built at the age of 14 for his brother, Matt.

1879 was an eventful year for the Browings. Jonathan Browning died on June 21 and, soon thereafter, John Moses and his brothers started their own shop. There they first used steam powered tools, tools that were originally foot-powered but were converted by John Moses to get power from a steam engine. That year also saw John Moses marry Rachel Teresa Child, and his receipt of his first gun patent (No. 220.271) for the Breech-Loading Single Shot Rifle.

John and his brothers began producing this rifle in their Ogden shop but customer demand soon exceeded their shop's production capacity. They were unable to expand the "Browning Gun Factory," as their shop was called, because they lacked the capital required for expansion and didn't have a well established distribution channel to market their products. One has to note here that although John Moses Browning was very satisfied with the sales of his guns he was also very unhappy that the production chores and the daily work prohibited him from working on his new ideas.

A salesman for the Winchester Repeating Arms Company named Andrew McAusland happened to see one of John's Single Shot rifles in 1883. McAusland immediately bought one and sent it to Winchester's headquarters. The gun drew Winchester's interest and T. G. Bennet, Winchester's vice president and general manager, went to Ogden to buy the rights to Browning's gun. When Bennet arrived in Ogden, it didn't take long for the men to agree on the sale and Winchester paid John Moses $8,000 for the rights to produce the gun. The agreement was beneficial to both parties. Winchester was happy because they turned competitor into a benefactor, plus they added an excellent rifle to their product line. John Moses was equally happy because the money from the sale and the ensuing relationship with Winchester allowed him to concentrate on inventing things instead of manufacturing them.

From 1883 until 1902, John Moses Browning designed several firearms for Winchester. Some of them reached production status while others were never produced. They all, however, were ingenious and innovative designs. In addition to that first Single Shot Rifle, other guns that John Moses designed and which became best sellers were: Winchester Model 1886 Lever Action Repeating Rifle, Model 1887 Lever Action Repeating Shotgun, Model 1897 Pump Action Shotgun, Model 1894 Lever Action Repeating Rifle, Model 1895 Lever Action Repeating Rifle, etc.

4- الأخوان مونغولفييه
- جوزيف مايكل يتيم الام في سن العشرين

5- إلياس هاو مخترع ماكنة الخياطة..

- مجهول الطفولة من حيث علاقته مع الموت ..
- لكنه عاش طفولة صعبة وكان معتل الصحة في معظم الوقت ومات على اثر ذلك وهو صغير لما يتجاوز السابعة والاربعين...
- وحتى ان افكاره عن اختراع ماكنة الخياطة يقال انها جاءته في السرير وهو ينتظر الشفاء من المرض.
- ويلاحظ انه غادر المنزل في سن السادسة عشر للعمل بعد ان احس والده انه غير قادر على القيام باعمال الحقل الذي بدا يعمل فيه لمساعدته والده في سن السادسة.
- ولا شك انه عاش حياة ازمة ايضا.
.

Elias Howe, Jr. (/haʊ/; July 9, 1819 – October 3, 1867) was an American inventor and sewing machine pioneer.

Howe was born on July 9, 1819 to Dr. Elias Howe, Sr. and Polly (Bemis) Howe in Spencer, Massachusetts. Howe spent his childhood and early adult years in Massachusetts where he apprenticed in a textile factory in Lowell beginning in 1835. After mill closings due to the Panic of 1837, he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts to work as a mechanic with carding machinery, apprenticing along with his cousin Nathaniel P. Banks. Beginning in 1838, he apprenticed in the shop of Ari Davis, a master mechanic in Cambridge who specialized in the manufacture and repair of chronometers and other precision instruments.[1] It was in the employ of Davis that Howe seized upon the idea of the sewing machine.

He married Elizabeth Jennings Ames, daughter of Simon Ames and Jane B. Ames on 3 Mar 1841 in Cambridge.[2] They had three children: Jane Robinson Howe, Simon Ames Howe, and Julia Maria Howe.

Read on and find out about our amazing young farmer who suffered from a weak constitution and was plagued by ill health. Ill health that finally stole him just as he was about to enjoy his rewards.

Elias Howe's story is a brief but turbulent one. It was one that touched the birth of the first proper sewing machine industry. Elias Howe knew all the pioneers in his field and most of the great names in the sewing business from Isaac Singer to Grover & Baker.

The humble sewing machine sparked the greatest manufacturing expansion in history and led to employment of millions.

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By the time Elias Howe Junior was six, yes six years old, he was working most days on his dad's farm. Also other work was brought in. One of Elias Howe juniors jobs was making cards for the cotton mills in the area. This amounted to placing wire teeth into lengths of leather to strip back the bales of cotton before thread making. Also for the napping of cloth, wool and felt. The cotton cards were then sent back to the cotton mills for use in their industry. It was early piece work.

Elias went to school in the quiet months, usually winter. By the age of 11 Elias went to work on a neighbouring farm but, homesick and unwell, he soon returned to the familiarity of home where he worked until he was 16. It became clear to Elias's father that his son was weaker than normal and as much as he wanted he could not do a hard days work on the farm without being exhausted.

Elias's dad always worried about his frail son and would take special care to help him any way he could. It was this help, later in life, which proved to be the lottery winner for his family. One day the poor sickly lad would become one of the richest men in the land.

It was while recuperating in bed that his first sewing machine thoughts were to take physical form. He would get up and scribble down his ideas. As soon as he was fit enough, and had the time, he would make the parts that he had thought of for his new invention. Sometimes it would work sometimes not.

He often joked to his dear wife I wish I could just lie here in bed for the rest of time. A wish that would sadly come true many years before it should.

6- الغواصة جون هولاند أمريكي 1891م ..
- يتيم الاب...في سن المراهقة ( ما بين الثانية عشرة والسابعة عشرة)
- كان معتل الصحة
- ولد في كوخ ما يزال قائم حتى الان.
- الابن الثاني من الزوجة الثانية.
- انتقلت العائلة الى مدينة Limerick وهو في سن الثانية عشرة.
- مات ابوه بعد انتقاله الى المدينة الجديدة اي بعد سن الثانية عشرة وعلى الاغلب في سن السابعة عشر حينما بدا العمل لاعالة العائلة.
- مات احد اخوته وهو في سن الرابعة.
- كان يعاني من ضعف البصر.
- مرض وهو في سن السابعة عشرة عام 1758 انقطع عن العمل لفترة حتى عام 1761 بسبب المرض.
- اشعلت الحرب الاهلية.د اثناء عمله في التدريس.
- وضع فكرة الغواصة خلال قيامه بالتدريس في أيرلندا بين عامي 1858 و1872 وكانت الحرب وكرهه لها احد الاسباب لوضع فكرة الغواصة.
- هاجر الى الولايات المتحدة عام 1773 ملتحقا باخوته ووالدته.
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, inventor of the modern submarine, was born on 24 February 1841 in Liscannor, County Clare, the son of John Holland, a coastguard, and Mary Scanlon. Educated at Ennistymon and Limerick C.B.S. and taught in a number of their schools in Ireland, but in 1872 he emigrated with his family to America.

John Holland was born in February 1841 – most likely on the 24th – in the small village of Liscannor in County Clare on the west coast of Ireland. His father was a “riding officer” – essentially a roving coastal patrolman – for the British Coastguard Service, and John entered the world in a humble cottage – still standing there today – as the second of four sons from a second marriage. Little is known of Holland’s earliest education in Liscannor, but it is clear that he attended secondary school under the Christian Brothers, first in nearby Ennistymon, then in Limerick, where his family moved when he was 12. In school, Holland distinguished himself particularly in the physical sciences and contemplated a career at sea, but his poor eyesight and the necessity of helping to support the family after his father’s death – early in the Limerick years – diverted him to a teaching career with the Order of the Irish Christian Brothers
.
After taking initial vows with the order in 1858, Holland studied at the North Monastery School in Cork while serving as an apprentice teacher. Within two years, however, his frail health forced him into a period of recuperation that lasted until 1861, when he was assigned to the first of a series of teaching positions that culminated at Dundalk, north of Dublin, where he taught – mostly music – until 1873. During his early teaching career, Holland became interested in the problems of both flight and submarine navigation, and in the latter area, he prepared a preliminary concept for a one-man submersible, which allegedly he was able to test as a clockwork-driven model. These studies and his familiarity with the efforts of such earlier submarine designers as Van Drebbel, Bushnell, Fulton, and the Hunley builders soon convinced him that underwater vehicles were entirely feasible.
At this same time, the struggle for Irish freedom from Britain had escalated to actual rebellion in Limerick and elsewhere, and two of Holland’s brothers joined the independence movement. Amid the resulting unrest, his younger brother Michael soon fled to the United States, and in 1872 both his older brother Alfred and his mother followed. (A third brother, Robert, had died of cholera in 1845.) Consequently, with no remaining family ties in Ireland and his health failing again, John Holland withdrew from the Christian Brothers a year later and booked passage – in steerage – for America. He was 32.

John Philip Holland (Irish: Seán Pilib Ó hUallacháin / Ó Maolchalann) (29 February
1840 – 12 August 1914[1]) was an Irish engineer who developed the first submarine to be formally commissioned by the U.S. Navy, and the first Royal Navy submarine, the Holland 1.
He is widely regarded as the father of the modern submarine for his designs.[2]

Early life]
He was one of four brothers who may have been born in Liscannor, County Clare, Ireland to an Irish speaking mother, Máire Ní Scannláin, and John Holland, and learned English properly only when he attended the local English-speaking National School system and, from 1858, in the Christian Brothers in Ennistymon.[4]
Holland joined the Irish Christian Brothers in Limerick and taught in Limerick & many other centres in the country including North Monastery CBS in Cork City and as the first Mathematics teacher in Colaiste Ris, Dundalk. Due to ill health, he left the Christian Brothers in 1873.[5]
Career

Holland emigrated to the United States in 1873. Initially working for an engineering firm, he returned to teaching again for a further six years in St. John’s Catholic School in Paterson, New Jersey.
Development of submarine designs

In 1875, his first submarine designs were submitted for consideration by the U.S. Navy, but turned down as unworkable. The Fenians, however, continued to fund Holland's research and development expenses at a level that allowed him to resign from his teaching post. In 1881, Fenian Ram was launched, but soon after, Holland and the Fenians parted company angrily, primarily due to issues of payment within the Fenian organization, and between the Fenians and Holland.[6] The submarine is now preserved at Paterson Museum, New Jersey.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...lipHolland.jpg
Holland stands in the hatch of a submarine.

Holland continued to improve his designs and worked on several experimental boats, prior to his successful efforts with a privately built type, launched on 17 May 1897. This was the first submarine having power to run submerged for any considerable distance, and the first to combine electric motors for submerged travel and gasoline engines for use on the surface. She was purchased by the U.S. Navy, on 11 April 1900, after rigorous tests and was commissioned on 12 October 1900 as USS Holland. Six more of her type were ordered and built at the Crescent Shipyard in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
The company that emerged from under these developments was called The Electric Boat Company, founded on 7 February 1899. Isaac Leopold Rice became the company's first President with Elihu B. Frost acting as vice president and chief financial officer. This company eventually evolved into the major defense contractor General Dynamics.
The USS Holland design was also adopted by others, including the Royal Navy in developing the Holland-class submarine. The Imperial Japanese Navy employed a modified version of the basic design for their first five submarines, although these submarines were at least 10 feet longer at about 63 feet. These submarines were also developed at the Fore River Ship and Engine Company in Quincy, MA.[citation needed]
John Philip Holland also designed the Holland II and Holland III prototypes.
The Royal Navy 'Holland 1' is on display at the Submarine Museum, Gosport, England

After spending 57 of his 74 years working with submersibles, John Philip Holland died on 12 August 1914 in Newark, New Jersey. Holland is interred at the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Totowa, New Jersey.

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“Christopher Latham Sholes, inventor, was born in Columbia county, Penn., February 14, 1819. His ancestors were New Englanders and served with distinction in the Revolutionary army. His grandfather on the maternal side was a lineal descendant of John Alden.

“At the age of fourteen young Sholes was apprenticed to the editor of the Intelligencer, Danville, Pa., to learn the printing trade, but at the age of 18 determined to join his brother, then living in Green Bay, Wis. A year later, when but 19 years of age he took charge of the House Journal of the Territorial Legislature and carried it to Philadelphia, a long journey at that time, to be printed. At the age of 20 he went to Madison, and took charge of the Wisconsin Inquirer, owned by his brother Charles, and in 1840 at the age of 21, edited the Southport, afterwards Kenosha Telegraph, and four years later became the postmaster, [p.65] receiving his appointment from President Polk. Later, during his residence in Milwaukee he was postmaster of that city, and still later was appointed to the position of Commissioner of Public Works, and Collector of Customs. He was for a long time editor of the Milwaukee Daily Sentinel and the News.

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Encyclopedia of World Biography on Christopher Latham Sholes

Christopher Latham Sholes(1819-1890) has been called the "Father of the Typewriter." Although he did not invent it, he did develop the first practical commercial machine. Sholes also developed the Qwerty keyboard that is still in use today.

Sholes was born on February 14, 1819, near Mooresburg Pennsylvania. On his mother's side, his ancestry could be traced back to John and Priscilla Alden, the famous Pilgrims. His paternal grandfather had commanded a gunboat during the Revolutionary War. Sholes' father, Orrin, served in the War of 1812 and was rewarded for his service with a gift of land in Pennsylvania. In 1823, when Sholes was four, Orrin moved his family to Danville, Pennsylvania, were he ultimately apprenticed all four of his sons to become printers.

At the age of eighteen, Sholes went to Green Bay, Wisconsin to work for his brothers Henry and Charles, publishers of the Wisconsin Democrat. Two years later,...

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Christopher Sholes

AKA Christopher Latham Sholes

Born: 14-Feb-1819

Birthplace: Mooresburg, PA

Died: 17-Feb-1890

Gender: Male

Religion: Anglican/Episcopalian

Race or Ethnicity: White

Nationality: United States

Executive summary: Typewriter inventor, QWERTY keyboard

The first modern typewriter was designed by Christopher Sholes in 1868. He was a printer by trade, and familiar with the tedious, time-consuming process of typesetting. With help from two friends, Carlos Glidden and Samuel Soulé, he built his machine, which mimicked the appearance of typeset pages by impressing one inked character at a time onto paper. Sholes soon purchased his partners' shares in the invention, and then spent five more years trying to refine the rather cumbersome device.

The keys of Sholes' typewriter had been arranged in alphabetical order, but the mechanical bars which struck the paper consistently jammed, so he rearranged his keyboard, putting the letter-bars that had jammed most frequently farther apart. This arrangement of letters, commonly called "qwerty" for the first six keys in the upper left corner of the keyboard, has been the standard for typewriters ever since, and is used in modern word processors, personal computers, and other devices.

Still, Sholes grew frustrated tinkering with his machine and doubted that it could be manufactured and sold at a reasonable yet profitable price. He accepted a $12,000 offer from E. Remington and Sons Company (the gunmaker now known as Remington Arms Co.) and relinquished all rights to the machine. Remington's engineers made quick work of the remaining mechanical problems, and the company began selling typewriters in late 1873. The first Remington model, marketed as the "Sholes & Glidden Type Writer", was not a great success, but Mark Twain bought one, and later described it as a "curiosity-breeding little joker".

Sholes is usually credited as the inventor of the typewriter, but certainly, his machine was not the first device that could mechanically put letters and words onto paper. Dozens of contraptions had accomplished this in different ways before Sholes began working on the problem.

In 1714, British mill worker Henry Mill received a patent for what he described as "an artificial machine or method for the impressing or transcribing of letters singly or progressively one after another, as in writing, whereby all writing whatever may be engrossed in paper or parchment so neat and exact as not to be distinguished from print." The details of Mill's machinery have been lost to history.

In about 1808, an Italian inventor, Pellegrino Turri, built a device that allowed his blind friend to "type" notes. A few of the letters written on that machine have survived, but nothing is known about the machine itself or how it worked.

In 1829, William Burt of Detroit patented his "typographer", a machine with the alphabet laid out on a dial. The user would rotate a selection bar until it was over the desired character, then click a button to print that letter, somewhat similar to present-day novelty machines at carnivals.

In 1865, Denmark's Rasmus Malling-Hansen invented the skrivekugle, an elegant and brilliantly-engineered device in which paper was attached to a cylinder and rolled under a 'writing ball' that whirled under fifty-two densely-arranged buttons, which users pushed to select characters. Hansen's machine was quite popular in Scandinavia and it was certainly superior to Sholes' typewriter, but it faded from popularity as the machines made by Remington and its competitors became standard office equipment in America and across the world.

Father: Orrin Sholes

Brother: Charles Clark Sholes (newspaper publisher)

Brother: Henry Sholes

* * High School: Danville School, Danville, PA

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مقولة ساخنة
عليك بكفالة الايتام لانهم مشاريع العظماء ومنهم يأتي عباقرة المستقبل في كل المجالات....وتذكر دائما ان افضل استثمار يمكن ان يقوم به الانسان هو الاستثمار في عقل يتيم...وان كنت قد ذقت مرارة اليتم ثم فتحت لك ابواب النجاح والمجد والمال تكون مسؤوووووووووووليتك مضاعفة...

Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci was born in San Frediano, low-class area of the city of Florence, on April 13, 1808, while the city is under Napoleon rule. His family is poor and, even if he is admitted to the Art School [Accademia di Belle Arti], he cannot end his studies as he needs to start working very young. He changes many jobs, from custom employee propman for the “Pergola” theater in Florence. Here he builds an acoustic telephone: that is a telephone in which sound is conducted inside tubes. In the “Pergola” he meets Ester Mochi, a costumer, which he will marry.

1808–
1889) was an Italian inventor and also a friend and associate of the Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi.[1][2] Meucci is best known for developing a voice communication apparatus which several sources credit as the first telephone.[3][4]
Meucci set up a form of voice communication link in his Staten Island, N.Y., home that connected its second floor bedroom to his laboratory.[5] He submitted a patent caveat for his telephonic device to the U.S. Patent Office in 1871, but there was no mention of electromagnetic transmission of vocal sound in his caveat. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for the electromagnetic transmission of vocal sound by undulatory electric current.

Early life

Meucci was born at Via dei Serragli 44 in the San Frediano borough of Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, (now in the Italian Republic), on 13 April 1808, as the first of nine children to Amatis Meucci and Domenica Pepi.[6] Amatis was at times a government clerk and a member of the local police, and Domenica was principally a homemaker. Four of Meucci's siblings did not survive childhood.[2]
In November 1821, at the age of 15, he was admitted to Florence Academy of Fine Arts as its youngest student, where he studied chemical and mechanical engineering.[7] He ceased full-time studies two years later due to insufficient funds, but continued studying part-time after obtaining employment as an assistant gatekeeper and customs official for the Florentine government.[8] Meucci later became employed at the Teatro della Pergola in Florence as a stage technician, assisting Artemio Canovetti.[9]
In 1834 Meucci constructed a type of acoustic telephone to communicate between the stage and control room at the Teatro della Pergola. This telephone was constructed on the principles of pipe-telephones used on ships and still functions.[10]
He married costume designer Esterre Mochi, who was employed in the same theatre, on 7 August 1834.[11]

Meucci was alleged to be part of a conspiracy involving the Italian unification movement in 1833–1834, and was imprisoned for three months with Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi.[9][dead link