|
تشيسلاف ميلوش هو شاعر بولندي ولد في 30 جوان 1911 في ليتوانيا وتوفي في 14 اوت 2004. درس في جامعة ويلنو ثم انتقل إلى وارسو خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية حيث ناهض النازية. انخرط في السلك الديبلوماسي، وعين ملحقاً في واشنطن. تحصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1980. Czesław Miłosz ; 30 June 1911 – 14 August 2004) was a Polish[1][poet, prose writer and translator of Lithuanian origin.His World War II-era sequence The World is a collection of 20 "naive" poems. After serving as a cultural attaché for the Republic of Poland (1945–1951), he defected to the West in 1951, and his nonfiction book The Captive Mind (1953) is a classic of anti-Stalinism. Life in EuropeFrom 1961 to 1998 he was a professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of California, Berkeley. Miłosz later became an American citizen[7] and was awarded the 1978 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1980 Nobel Prize in Literature. Czesław Miłosz was born on June 30, 1911 in the village of Szetejnie (Lithuanian: Šeteniai), Kaunas Governorate, Russian Empire (now Kėdainiai district, Kaunas County, Lithuania) on the border between two Lithuanian historical regions of Samogitia and Aukštaitija in central Lithuania. As the son of Aleksander Miłosz (d.1959), a civil engineer, and Weronika, née Kunat (d.1945), descendant of the Siručiai noble family,[citation needed] Miłosz was fluent in Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, English and French. His brother, Andrzej Miłosz (1917–2002), a Polish journalist, translator of literature and of film subtitles into Polish, was a documentary-film producer who created Polish documentaries about his brother. Miłosz was raised Catholic in rural Lithuania and emphasized his identity with the multi-ethnic Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a stance that led to ongoing controversies; he refused to categorically identify himself as either a Pole or a Lithuanian.[9] He said of himself: "I am a Lithuanian to whom it was not given to be a Lithuanian.",[10] and "My family in the sixteenth century already spoke Polish, just as many families in Finland spoke Swedish and in Ireland English, so I am a Polish not a Lithuanian poet. But the landscapes and perhaps the spirits of Lithuania have never abandoned me". Miłosz memorialised his Lithuanian childhood in a 1955 novel, The Issa Valley, and in the 1959 memoir Native Realm Life in the United StatesIn his youth, Miłosz came to adopt, as he put it, a "scientific, atheistic position mostly", though he was later to return to the Catholic faith.After graduating from Sigismund Augustus Gymnasium in Vilnius, he studied law at Stefan Batory University and in 1931 he travelled to Paris, where he was influenced by his distant cousin Oscar Milosz, a French poet of Lithuanian descent and a Swedenborgian. In 1931, he formed the poetic group Żagary together with the young poets Jerzy Zagórski, Teodor Bujnicki, Aleksander Rymkiewicz, Jerzy Putrament and Józef Maśliński.[14] Miłosz's first volume of poetry was published in 1934. After receiving his law degree that year, he again spent a year in Paris on a fellowship. Upon returning, he worked as a commentator at Radio Wilno, but was dismissed, an action described as stemming from either his leftist views or for views overly sympathetic to Lithuania.[10][15] Miłosz wrote all his poetry, fiction and essays in Polish and translated the Old Testament Psalms into Polish. Miłosz spent World War II in Warsaw, under Nazi Germany's "General Government". Here he attended underground lectures by Polish philosopher and historian of philosophy and aesthetics, Władysław Tatarkiewicz. He did not participate in the Warsaw Uprising since he resided outside Warsaw proper. After World War II, Miłosz served as cultural attaché of the communist People's Republic of Poland in Paris. He was also involved in unsuccessful attempts by the Polish communist regime for the return of Polish children (previously smuggled out of the Soviet Union to India and Mexico) back to the Communist Block. For his role in promoting the communist government he was heavily criticized in emigre circles most famously in the article "Former Fellow Traveller Milosz" by the writer and activist Sergiusz Piasecki in the Paris based Kultura. In 1951 he defected and obtained political asylum in France. In 1953 he received the Prix Littéraire Européen (European Literary Prize). In 1960 Miłosz emigrated to the United States, and in 1970 he became a U.S. citizen. In 1961 he began a professorship in Polish literature in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1978 he received the Neustadt International Prize for Literature. He retired that same year, but continued teaching at Berkeley. Milosz' personal attitude about living in Berkeley is sensitively portrayed in his poem, "A Magic Mountain," contained in a collection of translated poems entitled Bells in Winter, published by Ecco Press (1985). Having grown up in the cold climates of Eastern Europe, Milosz was especially struck by the lack of seasonal weather in Berkeley and by some of the brilliant refugees from around the world who became his friends at the university. Death and legacyIn 1980 Miłosz received the Nobel Prize for Literature. Since his works had been banned in Poland by the communist government, this was the first time that many Poles became aware of him.[citation needed] When the Iron Curtain fell, Miłosz was able to return to Poland, at first to visit and later to live part-time in Kraków. He divided his time between his home in Berkeley and an apartment in Kraków. In 1989, he received the U.S. National Medal of Arts and an honorary doctorate from Harvard University. During this period in Poland, his work was silenced by government-censored media. Miłosz's 1953 book The Captive Mind is a study about how intellectuals behave under a repressive regime, a work which he himself later translated into English. Miłosz observed that those who became dissidents were not necessarily those with the strongest minds, but rather those with the weakest stomachs; the mind can rationalize anything, he said, but the stomach can take only so much. Through the Cold War, the book was often cited by US conservative commentators such as William F. Buckley, Jr.. Miłosz spoke of the difficulty of writing religious poetry in a largely postreligious world. His compatriot Pope John Paul II, commenting upon some of his work, in particular "Six Lectures in Verse", said to him, "You make one step forward, one step back." Miłosz answered, "Holy Father, how in the twentieth century can one write religious poetry differently?" The Pope smiled.[17] Miłosz died in 2004 at his Kraków home, aged 93 and was buried in Kraków's Skałka Roman Catholic Church, one of the last to be commemorated there. His first wife, Janina (née Dłuska), whom he had married in 1944, predeceased him in 1986. They had two sons, Anthony (b. 1947) and John Peter (b.1951 ). His second wife, Carol Thigpen, an American-born historian, died in 2002. Miłosz is honoured at Israel's Yad Vashem memorial to the Holocaust, as one of the "Righteous among the Nations". A poem by Miłosz appears on a Gdańsk memorial to protesting shipyard workers who had been killed by government security forces in 1970. His books and poems have been translated by many hands, including Jane Zielonko, Peter Dale Scott, Robert Pinsky and Robert Hass.. == Czeslaw Milosz was born to Weronika and Aleksander Milosz on June 30, 1911, in Szetejnie, Lithuania (then under the domination of the Russian tsarist government). After the outbreak of World War I, Aleksander Milosz was drafted into the Tsar's army, and as a combat engineer he built bridges and fortifications in front-line areas. His wife and son accompanied him in his constant travels about Russia. The family did not return to Lithuania until 1918, whereupon they settled in Wilno (then a part of Poland; also called Vilnius or Vilna). Milosz graduated from high school in 1929, and in 1930 his first poems were published in Alma Mater Vilnenis, a university magazine. In 1931 he co-founded the Polish avant-garde literary group "Zagary"; his first collection of verse appeared in 1933. That same year he co-edited an Anthology of Social Poetry. In 1934 he earned a degree as Master of Law and traveled to Paris on a fellowship from the National Culture Fund. In 1936 he began working as a literary programmer for Radio Wilno. He was dismissed for his leftist views the following year and, after a trip to Italy, took a job with Polish Radio in Warsaw. He spent most of World War II in Nazi-occupied Warsaw working for underground presses. After the war, he came to the United States as a diplomat for the Polish communist government, working at the Polish consulate first in New York, then in Washington. In 1950 he was transferred to Paris, and the following year he requested and received political asylum. |
إلياس كانيتي
(بالألمانية: Elias Canetti) هو روائي وكاتب مسرحي وباحث ألماني عاش من 25 يوليو1905 إلى 14 أغسطس1994. وحصل على جائزة نوبل للأداب سنة 1981. كان مهتما بالأدب والسياسة وعلم الاجتماع والفلسفة والعلوم. لغة الكتابة كانت اللغة الألمانية. حياته ولد كانيتي في 25 يوليو سنة 1905م في مدينة روستشوك (Rustschuk)، حاليآ روسه (Ruse)، في بلغاريا، ويتحدر من عائلة إسبانيةيهودية. في سنة 1911م رحل إلياس مع عائلته إلى مانشيستر في بريطانيا. بعد وفاة والده، رحلت والدته مع أولادها إلى فيينا ثم بعد ذالك إلى زيورخ في سويسرا. في سنة 1921م سافر إلياس بمفرده إلى فرانكفورت الألمانية وحصل على الشهادة الثانوية، وبدأ في نفس السنة دراسة الكيمياء في جامعة فيينا. وفي سنة 1929م أثم دراسته بنيله درجة الدكتوراه. اشتغل إلياس كانيتي بعد ذالك كمترجم. وكتب بعد ذالك أول رواية له تحت عنوان الإعدام حرقًا سنة 1935م. ثم الأعمال المسرحية العرس وكوميديا الأباطيل. في سنة 1934م تزوج كانيتي بفيزا توبر كلدون (فيزا كانيتي) وغادر الزوجان فيينا ليستقرا في لندن ابتداء من سنة 1938م. شهرته كأديب وفي سنة 1954م زار كانيتي مدينة مراكش المغربية، ثم ظهر كتابه أصوات مراكش لاحقًا سنة 1968م. انشغل كانيتي لفترة طويلة بكتابة دراسة أنثربولوجية مطولة أسماها الجماهير والسلطة وظهرت ككتاب عام 1960م. أضحت كتابات كانيتي بعد ذلك معروفة ولقيت إقبالاً من طرف القاريء الأوروبي. كتب كانيتي سيرته الذاتية، مكونة من ثلاتة أجزاء، ظهر الجزء الأول منها سنة 1977م والجزء الأخير سنة 1985م. وفاته بعد وفاة زوجته فيزا كانيتي عاش كانيتي متنقلاً بين لندن وزوريخ. وتوفي في 14 أغسطس سنة 1994 في زوريخ بسويسرا. == Elias Canetti (Bulgarian: Елиас Канети; 25 July 1905 – 14 August 1994) was a Swiss modernist novelist, playwright, memoirist, and non-fiction writer. He wrote in German and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1981, "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power". Life Born to Jacques Canetti and Mathilde née Arditti in Ruse, a city on the Danube in Bulgaria, Elias Canetti was the eldest of three sons of a businessman. His ancestors were Sephardi Jews who had been expelled from Spain in 1492. His paternal ancestors had settled in Ruse from Ottoman Adrianople.The original family name was Cañete, named after a village in Spain. In Ruse, Elias' father and grandfather were successful merchants who operated out of a commercial building, which they had built in 1898. Canetti's mother descended from one of the oldest Sephardi families in Bulgaria, Arditti, who were among the founders of the Ruse Jewish colony in the late 18th century. The Ardittis can be traced back to the 14th century, when they were court physicians and astronomers to the Aragonese royal court of Alfonso IV and Pedro IV. Before settling in Ruse, they had lived in Livorno in the 17th century.[3] Canetti spent his childhood years, from 1905 to 1911, in Ruse until the family moved to Britain. In 1912 his father died suddenly, and his mother moved with their children to first Lausanne, then Vienna in the same year. They lived in Vienna from the time Canetti was aged seven onwards. His mother insisted that he spoke German, and taught it to him. By this time Canetti already spoke Ladino (his native language), Bulgarian, English and some French (he studied the latter two in the one year in Britain). Subsequently the family moved first (from 1916 to 1921) to Zürich and then (until 1924) to Frankfurt, where Canetti graduated from high school. Canetti went back to Vienna in 1924 in order to study chemistry. However, his primary interests during his years in Vienna became philosophy and literature. Introduced into the literary circles of first-republic-Vienna, he started writing. Politically leaning towards the left, he was present at the July Revolt of 1927 – he came near to the action accidentally, was most impressed by the burning of books (recalled frequently in his writings), and left the place quickly with his bicycle.[citation needed] He gained a degree in chemistry from the University of Vienna in 1929, but never worked as a chemist. In 1934 he married Veza (Venetiana) Taubner-Calderon (1897–1963) with whom he had a dynamic relationship. She acted as his muse and devoted literary assistant. Canetti however remained open to relationships with other women. (His brother Jacques settled in Paris, where he championed a revival of French chanson.[4]) In 1938, after the Anschluss of Austria to Germany, Canetti moved to London where he became closely involved with the painter Marie-Louise von Motesiczky, who was to remain a close companion for many years to come. His name has also been linked with that of the author Iris Murdoch (see John Bayley's Iris, A Memoir of Iris Murdoch, where there are several references to an author, referred to as "the Dichter", who was a Nobel Laureate and whose works included Die Blendung [English title Auto-da-Fé]). Canetti's wife died in 1963. His second marriage was to Hera Buschor (1933–1988), with whom he had a daughter, Johanna, in 1972. Despite being a German language writer, Canetti settled and stayed in Britain until the 1970s, receiving British citizenship in 1952. For his last 20 years, Canetti mostly lived in Zürich. In 1981, Canetti won the Nobel Prize in Literature "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power". He is known chiefly for his celebrated tetralogy of autobiographical memoirs of his childhood and of pre-Anschluss Vienna (Die Gerettete Zunge; Die Fackel im Ohr; Das Augenspiel; and Das Geheimherz der Uhr: Aufzeichnungen), for his modernist novel Auto-da-Fé (Die Blendung), and for Crowds and Power, a study of crowd behaviour as it manifests itself in human activities ranging from mob violence to religious congregations. He died in Zürich * يتبع الديانة اليهودية يتيم الاب في سن الس 7 |
غابرييل خوسيه غارسيا ماركيز (جابرييل جارسيا، جابريال، غابريال، ماركيث) (بالإسبانية: Gabriel José García Márquez) (ولد في 6 مارس 1927) روائي وصحفي وناشر وناشط سياسي كولمبي. ولد في مدينة أراكاتاكا في مديرية ماجدالينا وعاش معظم حياته في المكسيك وأوروبا ويقضي حالياً معظم وقته في مدينة مكسيكو. نال جائزة نوبل للأدب عام 1982 م وذلك تقديرا للقصص القصيرة والرويات التي كتبها. بداياته بدأ ماركيز ككاتب في صحيفة إلإسبكتادور الكولومبية اليومية (El Espectador)، ثمّ عمل بعدها كمراسل أجنبي في كل من روما وباريس وبرشلونة وكراكاس ونيويورك. كان أول عمل له قصة بحار السفينة المحطمة حيث كتبه كحلقات متسلسلة في صحيفة عام 1955 م. كان هذا الكتاب عن قصة حقيقية لسفينة كولومبية غرقت بسبب إفراط في التحميل والوزن, عملت الحكومة على محاولة درء الحقيقة بإدعاء أنها غرقت في عاصفة. سبب له هذا العمل عدم الشعور بالأمان في كولومبيا-حيث لم يرق للحكومة العسكرية ما نشره ماركيز- مما شجعه على بدء العمل كمراسل أجنبي. نشر هذا العمل في 1970 م واعتبره الكثيرون من الحب و العنف أدبه كثيرا ما يعتبر ماركيز من أشهر كتاب الواقعية العجائبية، والعديد من كتاباته تحوي عناصر شديدة الترابط بذلك الإسلوب، ولكن كتاباته متنوعة جداً بحيث يصعب تصنيفها ككل بأنها من ذلك الأسلوب. وتصنف الكثير من أعماله على أنها أدب خيالي أو غير خيالي وخصوصا عمله المسمى حكاية موت معلن 1981 م التي تحكي قصة ثأر مسجلة في الصحف وعمله المسمى الحب في زمن الكوليرا 1985 م الذي يحكي قصة الحب بين والديه. ومن أشهر رواياته مائة عام من العزلة 1967 م، والتي بيع منها أكثر من 10 ملايين نسخة والتي تروي قصة قرية معزولة في أمريكا الجنوبية تحدث فيها أحداث غريبة. ولم تكن هذه الروابة مميزة لاستخدامها السحر الواقعي ولكن للاستخدام الرائع للغة الإسبانية. دائما ما ينظر إلى الرواية عندما تناقش على انها تصف عصورا من حياة عائلة كبيرة ومعقدة. وقد كتب أيضا سيرة سيمون دو بوليفار في رواية الجنرال في متاهته. ومن أعماله المشهورة الأخرى خريف البطريرك، عام 1975 م، وقصة موت معلن، عام 1981 م، و رائحة الجوافة عام 1982 والحب في زمن الكوليرا، عام 1986 م. تم اقتباس رواية جارسيا قصة موت معلن وتحويلها إلى عمل مسرحي في حلبة مصارعة الثيران بقيادة المخرج الكولومبي الشهير خورخي علي تريانا. ومن كتبه كتاب اثنتا عشرة قصة مهاجرة يضم 12 قصة كتبت قبل 18 عاماً مضت، وقد ظهرت من قبل كمقالات صحفية وسيناريوهات سينمائية، ومسلسلاً تلفزيونية لواحدة منها، فهي قصص قصيرة تستند إلى وقائع صحيفة، ولكنها متحررة من شرطها الأخلاقي بحيل شعرية. كما أصدر مذكراته بكتاب بعنوان عشت لأروي والتي تتناول حياته حتى عام 1955 م, وكتاب ذاكرة غانياتي الحزينات تتحدث عن ذكريات رجل مسن ومغامراته العاطفية، والأم الكبيرة. عام 2002 م قدم سيرته الذاتية في جزئها الأول من ثلاثة وكان للكتاب مبيعات ضخمة في عالم الكتب الإسبانية. نشرت الترجمة الإنجليزية لهذه السيرة أعيش لأروي على يد ايدث جروسمان عام 2003 م وكانت من الكتب الأكثر مبيعا. في 10 سبتمبر 2004 أعلنت بوغوتا ديلي إيلتيمبو نشر رواية جديدة في أكتوبر بعنوان ذاكرة غانياتي الحزينات وهي قصة حب سيطبع منها مليون نسخة كطبعة أولى. عرف عن ماركيز صداقته مع القائد الكوبي فيدل كاسترو وكذلك صداقته للقائد الفلسطيني ياسر عرفات وأبدى قبل ذلك توافقه مع الجماعات الثورية في أمريكا اللاتينية وخصوصا في الستينيات والسبعينيات. وكان ناقدًا للوضع في كولومبيا ولم يدعم علنيا الجماعات المسلحة مثل فارك FARC وجيش التحرير الوطني ELNالتي تعمل في بلاده. صحته تم تشخيص اصابة غابرييل خوسيه غارسيا ماركيز في السرطان اللمفاوي في 1999، وقام بتلفي العلاج الكيميائي في مستشفى في لوس انجلوس، ومنذ ذلك الوقت بدأ في كتابة مذكراته، وكتب فيها "لقد خفضت علاقاتي مع أصدقائي إلى أدنى حد ممكن، وقطعت الهاتف، وقمت بإلغاء رحلاتي وجميع الخطط الحالية والمستقبلية"، "وعكفت على الكتابة كل يوم دون انقطاع". وفي عام 2002، واي بعد ثلاث سنوات من اصابته، قام بنشر روايته "عشت لأروي"، المجلد الأول لثلاثية مذكراته. في 2005 لم يكتب حتى ولو سطراً واحداً، وقد قال:" من خلال تجربتي فأنا أستطيع الكتابة دون أدنى مشاكل، لكن القراء سيدركون أن قلبي لم يكن معي لحظة الكتابة". في 2008 تم الإعلان عن انتهاء غابرييل من رواية جديدة باسم "رواية الحب". وفي 2012 أعلن أخو غابرييل أن غابرييل أصيب بالخرف، واشار الى ان العلاج الكيميائي الذي تلقاه للعلاج من السرطان اللمفاوي قد يكون السبب . Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez : born March 6, 1927)[is a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo throughout Latin America. Considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century, he was awarded the 1972 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature, and is the earliest remaining living recipient.1 He pursued a self-directed education that resulted in his leaving law school for a career in journalism. From early on, he showed no inhibitions in his criticism of Colombian and foreign politics. In 1958, he married Mercedes Barcha; they have two sons, Rodrigo and Gonzalo. Early lifeHe started as a journalist, and has written many acclaimed non-fiction works and short stories, but is best known for his novels, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) and Love in the Time of Cholera (1985). His works have achieved significant critical acclaim and widespread commercial success, most notably for popularizing a literary style labeled as magic realism, which uses magical elements and events in otherwise ordinary and realistic situations. Some of his works are set in a fictional village called Macondo (the town mainly inspired by his birthplace Aracataca), and most of them express the theme of solitude. Gabriel García Márquez was born on March 6, 1927 in the town of Aracataca, Colombia, to Gabriel Eligio García and Luisa Santiaga Márquez. Soon after García Márquez was born, his father became a pharmacist. In January 1929, his parents moved to Sucre while García Marquez stayed in Aracataca. He was raised by his maternal grandparents, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán and Colonel Nicolás Ricardo Márquez Mejía. When he was nine, his grandfather died, and he moved to his parents' home in Sucre where his father owned a pharmacy. When his parents fell in love, their relationship met with resistance from Luisa Santiaga Marquez's father, the Colonel. Gabriel Eligio García was not the man the Colonel had envisioned winning the heart of his daughter: he (Gabriel Eligio) was a Conservative, and had the reputation of being a womanizer.[9][10] Gabriel Eligio wooed Luisa with violin serenades, love poems, countless letters, and even telegraph messages after her father sent her away with the intention of separating the young couple. Her parents tried everything to get rid of the man, but he kept coming back, and it was obvious their daughter was committed to him.[9] Her family finally capitulated and gave her permission to marry him The tragicomic story of their courtship would later be adapted and recast as Love in the Time of Cholera). Since García Márquez's parents were more or less strangers to him for the first few years of his life, his grandparents influenced his early development very strongly. His grandfather, whom he called "Papalelo", was a Liberal veteran of the Thousand Days War.The Colonel was considered a hero by Colombian Liberals and was highly respected. He was well known for his refusal to remain silent about the banana massacres that took place the year García Márquez was born.[18] The Colonel, whom García Márquez has described as his "umbilical cord with history and reality,"[5] was also an excellent storyteller.[19] He taught García Márquez lessons from the dictionary, took him to the circus each year, and was the first to introduce his grandson to ice—a "miracle" found at the United Fruit Company store.[20] He would also occasionally tell his young grandson "You can't imagine how much a dead man weighs",[21][22] reminding him that there was no greater burden than to have killed a man, a lesson that García Márquez would later integrate into his novels. García Márquez's political and ideological views were shaped by his grandfather's stories.[21] In an interview, García Márquez told his friend Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza, "my grandfather the Colonel was a Liberal. My political ideas probably came from him to begin with because, instead of telling me fairy tales when I was young, he would regale me with horrifying accounts of the last civil war that free-thinkers and anti-clerics waged against the Conservative government."[23][24] This influenced his political views and his literary technique so that "in the same way that his writing career initially took shape in conscious opposition to the Colombian literary status quo, García Márquez's socialist and anti-imperialist views are in principled opposition to the global status quo dominated by the United States."[25] García Márquez's grandmother, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán Cotes, played an equally influential role in his upbringing. He was inspired by the way she "treated the extraordinary as something perfectly natural." The house was filled with stories of ghosts and premonitions, omens and portents,all of which were studiously ignored by her husband. According to García Márquez she was "the source of the magical, superstitious and supernatural view of reality".He enjoyed his grandmother's unique way of telling stories. No matter how fantastic or improbable her statements, she always delivered them as if they were the irrefutable truth. It was a deadpan style that, some thirty years later, heavily influenced her grandson's most popular novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude.[27] عاش منفصلا عن واليده وترب من قبل عائلة بديلة ( جده وجدته) ومات جده وعمهر 9 سنوات عندا عاد الى العائلة. الرواية التي تحكي قصة العلاقة العاصفة بين والديه بعنوان حب في زمن الكوليرا وهو ما يشير الى انه ربما اختبر الموت مبكرا كنتيجة لمرض الكوليرا. يتيم اجتماعي . |
وليام غولدنغ
(19 سبتمبر 1911-19 يونيو 1993) هو كاتب بريطاني، حاصل على جائزة نوبل للآداب، أشتهر لكتابته لرواية أمير الذباب. ولد غولدنغ في محافظة كورنويل، جنوب غرب انكلترا ودرس العلوم الطبيعية في جامعة أوكسفورد لسنتين قبل أن يغير اختصاصه إلى الأدب الإنكليزي. تزوج في عام 1939، وأنجب طفلين. أصدر غولدنغ أمير الذباب في عام 1954. تتحدث الرواية عن مجموعة من الأولاد، تتراوح أعمارهم بين الخامسة والرابعة عشرة من العمر، تتعرض طائرتهم لنيران طائرات العدو خلال حرب خيالية، ولم ينجو أحدٌ من البالغين. تبدأ الرواية بترتيب الأولاد لأنفسهم، ولكن لا تلبث شخصياتهم بالتحول إلى وحشية، وتبدأ البدائية بالظهور عليها. أصيب غولدنغ بقصور قلبي، أدى إلى الموت. دفن في قرية باورتشاك. Sir William Gerald Golding, CBE (19 September 1911 – 19 June 1993) was a British novelist, poet, playwright and Nobel Prize for Literature laureate, best known for his novel Lord of the Flies. He was also awarded the Booker Prize for literature in 1980 for his novel Rites of Passage, the first book of the trilogy To the Ends of the Earth. Having been appointed a CBE in 1966, Golding was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace in 1988.[1][2] In 2008, The Times ranked Golding third on their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[3] Early life William Golding was born in his grandmother's house, 47 Mountwise, Newquay, Cornwall[4] and he spent many childhood holidays there. He grew up at his family home in Marlborough, Wiltshire, where his father (Alec Golding) was a science master at Marlborough Grammar School (1905 to retirement). Alec Golding was a socialist with a strong commitment to scientific rationalism, and the young Golding and his elder brother Joseph attended the school where his father taught. His mother, Mildred (Curnroe), kept house at 29, The Green, Marlborough, and supported the moderate campaigners for female suffrage. In 1930 Golding went to Oxford University as an undergraduate at Brasenose College, where he read Natural Sciences for two years before transferring to English Literature.[7] Golding took his B.A. (Hons) Second Class in the summer of 1934, and later that year his first book, Poems, was published in London by Macmillan & Co, through the help of his Oxford friend, the anthroposophist Adam Bittleston. Marriage and family War serviceGolding married Ann Brookfield, an analytic chemist,[8](p161) on 30 September 1939 and they had two children, Judy and David.[4] William Golding joined the Royal Navy in 1940.During World War II, Golding fought in the Royal Navy (on board a destroyer) briefly involved in the pursuit and sinking of the German battleship Bismarck. He also participated in the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, commanding a landing ship that fired salvoes of rockets onto the beaches, and then in a naval action at Walcheren in which 23 out of 24 assault craft were sunk.[10] At the war's end, he returned to teaching and writing.] DeathIn 1985, Golding and his wife moved to Tullimaar House at Perranarworthal, near Truro, Cornwall, where he died of heart failure, eight years later, on 19 June 1993.[citation needed] He was buried in the village churchyard at Bowerchalke, South Wiltshire (near the Hampshire and Dorset county boundaries). He left the draft of a novel, The Double Tongue, set in ancient Delphi, which was published posthumously.[2][11] He is survived by his daughter, the author Judy Golding, and his son David, who still lives at Tullimaar House. == William Golding was born in the village of St. Columb Minor in Cornwall. His father, Alec, was a schoolmaster, who had radical convictions in politics and a strong faith in science. Golding's mother, Mildred, was a supporter of the British suffragate movement. Golding started writing at the age of seven, but following the wishes of his parents, he studied first natural sciences and then English at Brasenose College, Oxford. Golding's first book, a collection of poems, appeared in 1934, a year before he received his B.A. in English and a diploma in education. == مجهول الطفولة ولا يعرف متى مات والديه. اهم عنصر مؤثر على ما يبدو في حياته عمل في البحرية ومشاركتة في المعارك ضد الالمان في الحرب العالمية الثانية لمدة خمس سنوات, مجهول الطفولة. |
ياروسلاف سيفرت (23 سبتمبر 1901 وتوفي 10 يناير 1986). أديب وشاعر تشيكي حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1984 == Jaroslav Seifert ياروسلاف سيفيرت (1901-1986) (تشيكوسلوفاكيا) في عام 4198 أصبح ياروسلاف سيفيرت (1901 1986) أوّل أديب تشيكي يحصل علي جائزة نوبل للأدب ولد سيفيرت في ضاحية جيجكوف القريبة من براغ، لأسرة تنتمي إلي الطبقة العاملة. شظف العيش في المحيط العمالي الصرف، والتناحر الخفي بين الأب الاشتراكي الملحد والأمّ الكاثوليكية، طوّرت في نفسه نبرة سخرية مريرة سوف تلازم أشعاره زمناً طويلاً، كما ستدفعه إلي الانتساب إلي الحزب الشيوعي التشيكوسلوفاكي منذ تأسيسه في عام .1921 ثمار هذا الطور تجلّت مباشرة في مجموعته الأولي (مدينة دامعة)، والتي يري النقّاد أنها (الأكثر بروليتارية) بين جميع أشعاره، رغم أنها تعرّضت لانتقادات حادّة من الجهات العقائدية التي استنكرت تفضيل سيفيرت مشاعر الحبّ علي واجبات الثورة. وكان سيفيرت يردّ بالقول إنّ هدف الثورة الأعلى هو إسباغ السعادة علي قلوب الكادحين، وليس أكثر من الحبّ قدرة علي استثارة تلك السعادة... حتى قبل انتصار الثورة! ومن المدهش أن المجموعة الأولي تلك كشفت قدرة سيفيرت علي تحقيق حالات شعورية بالغة الكثافة، عن طريق تبسيط موقف إنساني عادي، وإبرازه في شرط طبيعي مألوف للغاية. ولقد سُحر الكثير من الشعراء، ممّن يفوقون سيفيرت تجربة وسنّاً، بهذه الطاقة الفريدة علي مزج التعقيد (الإيقاعي والبلاغي) بالتبسيط (في مستوي الموضوع واللغة). وفي مطلع العشرينيات أصبح سيفيرت الرائد والمحرّض في حركة أدبية وفنّية أطلقت علي نفسها اسم (ديفييتسيل). والكلمة مشتقة من اسم زهرة برّية أو عشبة طبّية، وتعني حرفياً (القُوي التسع). وفي البيان التأسيسي قالت الحركة إن (الإبداع الإنساني يقف اليوم وجهاً لوجه أمام المهمة الكبرى في إعادة بناء العالم من جديد. = Jaroslav Seifert ; 23 September 1901 – 10 January 1986) was a Nobel Prize winning Czech writer, poet and journalist. Born in Žižkov, a suburb of Prague in what was then part of Austria-Hungary, his first collection of poems was published in 1921. He was a member of the Communist Party, the editor of a number of communist newspapers and magazines – Rovnost, Srsatec, and Reflektor – and the employee of a communist publishing house. During the 1920s he was considered a leading representative of the Czechoslovakian artistic avant-garde. He was one of the founders of the journal Devětsil. In March 1929, he and six other important communist writers left the Communist Party for signing a manifesto protesting against Bolshevik tendencies in the new leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. He subsequently worked as a journalist in the social-democratic and trade union press during the 1930s and 1940s. In 1949 Seifert left journalism and began to devote himself exclusively to literature. His poetry was awarded important state prizes in 1936, 1955, and 1968, and in 1967 he was designated National Artist. He was the official Chairman of the Czechoslovak Writer's Union for several years (1968–70). In 1977 he was one of the signatories of Charter 77 in opposition to the repressive regime of the time.[citation needed] Seifert was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1984. Due to bad health, he was not present at the award ceremony, and so his daughter received the Nobel Prize in his name. Even though it was a matter of great importance, there was only a brief remark of the award in the state-controlled media. He died in 1986, aged 84, and was buried at the municipal cemetery in Kralupy nad Vltavou (where his maternal grandparents originated from). His burial was marked by a high presence of secret police, who tried to suppress any hint of dissent on the part of mourners.[citation needed] == عاش طفولة صعبة لكن تفاصيلها غير معروفة مجهول الطفولة. |
كلود سيمون
هو كاتب فرنسي ولد في 10 أكتوبر 1913 في أنتاناناريفو لأب عسكري وتوفي في باريس في 6 يوليو 2005 . كان يهتم كذلك بالرسم والتصوير الفوتوغرافي. تحصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1985. == كلود سيمون Claude Simon (و.10 اكتوبر 1913-6 يوليو 2005) هو كاتب فرنسي ولد في أنتاناناريڤو عاصمة مدغشقر لأب عسكري وتوفي في باريس. كان يهتم كذلك بالرسم والتصوير الفوتوغرافي. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1985. كلود سيمون، واحد من أبرز كتاب الرواية الجديدة الفرنسية،توفيت والدته وهو فى العاشرة من العمر وفى العام التالى فقد والده على جبهة القتال فربته جدته فى منطقة بيربينيان جنوب فرنسا، ويعتبر الى جانب كتاب آخرين أمثال ألان روب گرييه وناتالي ساروت، من مؤسسي جماعة ادبية عرفت باسم الرواية الجديدة. وقد انضمت الى الجماعة في فترة قصيرة، الروائية مارگريت دوراس، كما مر بها ميشيل بوتور. وفى ١٩٣٦ انضم إلى الجمهوريين فى إسبانيا. انتسب إلى فرقة الخيالة عام ١٩٣٩ ووقع فى الأسر خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية وفى ١٩٤٠ تمكن من الفرار من معتقل فى ألمانيا وعندما وصل إلى فرنسا الحرة تحول إلى زراعة الكروم.[1] Claude Simon (10 October 1913 – 6 July 2005) was a French novelist and the 1985 Nobel Laureate in Literature. He was born in Antananarivo, Madagascar, and died in Paris, France. His parents were French, his father being a career officer who was killed in the First World War. He grew up with his mother and her family in Perpignan in the middle of the wine district of Roussillon. Among his ancestors was a general from the time of the French Revolution. After secondary school at Collège Stanislas in Paris and brief sojourns at Oxford and Cambridge he took courses in painting at the André Lhote Academy. He then travelled extensively through Spain, Germany, the Soviet Union, Italy and Greece. This experience as well as those from the Second World War show up in his literary work. At the beginning of the war Claude Simon took part in the battle of the Meuse (1940) and was taken prisoner. He managed to escape and joined the resistance movement. At the same time he completed his first novel, Le Tricheur ("The Cheat", published in 1946), which he had started to write before the war. He lived in Paris and used to spend part of the year at Salses in the Pyrenees. In 1961 Claude Simon received the prize of L'Express for La Route des Flandres and in 1967 the Médicis prize for Histoire. The University of East Anglia made him honorary doctor in 1973. Style and influences Simon is often identified with the nouveau roman movement exemplified in the works of Alain Robbe-Grillet and Michel Butor, and while his fragmented narratives certainly contain some of the formal disruption characteristic of that movement (in particular Histoire , 1967, Triptyque, 1973), he nevertheless retains a strong sense of narrative and character.[1] ThemesIn fact, Simon arguably has much more in common with his Modernist predecessors than with his contemporaries; in particular, the works of Marcel Proust and William Faulkner are a clear influence. Simon's use of self-consciously long sentences (often stretching across many pages and with parentheses sometimes interrupting a clause which is only completed pages later) can be seen to reference Proust's own style, and Simon moreover makes use of certain Proustian settings (in La Route des Flandres, for example, the narrator's captain de Reixach is shot by a sniper concealed behind a hawthorn hedge or haie d'aubépines, a reference to the meeting between Gilberte and the narrator across a hawthorn hedge in Proust's A la recherche du temps perdu). The Faulknerian influence is evident in the novels' extensive use of a fractured timelime with frequent and potentially disorienting analepsis (moments of chronological discontinuity), and of an extreme form of free indirect speech in which narrative voices (often unidentified) and streams of consciousness bleed into the words of the narrator. The ghost of Faulkner looms particularly large in 1989's L'Acacia, which uses a number of non-sequential calendar dates covering a wide chronological period in lieu of chapter headings, a device borrowed from Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury. Despite these influences, Simon's work is thematically and stylistically highly original. War is a constant and central theme (indeed it is present in one form or another in almost all of Simon's published works), and Simon often contrasts various individuals' experiences of different historical conflicts in a single novel; World War I and the Second World War in L'Acacia (which also takes into account the impact of war on the widows of soldiers), the French Revolutionary Wars and the Second World War in Les Géorgiques. In addition, many of the novels deal with the notion of family history, those myths and legends which are passed down through generations and which conspire in Simon's work to affect the protagonists' lives. In this regard, the novels make use of a number of leitmotifs which recur in different combinations between novels (a technique also employed by Marguerite Duras), in particular the suicide of an eighteenth-century ancestor and the death of a contemporary relative by sniper-fire. Finally, almost all of Simon's novels feature horses; Simon was himself an accomplished equestrian, and fought in a mounted regiment during WWII (the ridiculousness of mounted soldiers fighting in a mechanised war is a major theme of La Route des Flandres and Les Géorgiques). Simon's principal obsession, however, is with the ways in which humans experience time (another Modernist fascination). The novels often dwell on images of old-age, such as the decaying 'LSM' or the old woman (that 'flaccid and ectoplasmic Cassandra') in Les Géorgiques, which are frequently seen through the uncomprehending eyes of childhood. Simon's use of family history equally attempts to show how individuals exist in history—that is, how they might feel implicated in the lives and stories of their ancestors who died long ago = French writer, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1985. Simon described in several works with photographic objectivity his own family history. He became known as a major representative of the nouveau roman that emerged in the 1950s, although Simon's ideas of metaphor, history, and storytelling were rejected by the purists of the movement. "One never describes something that happened before the labor of writing, but really what is being produced . . . during this labor, in its very 'present,' and results not from the conflicts between the very vague initial project and the language, but on the contrary from a result infinitely richer than the intent. . . . Thus, no longer prove but reveal, no longer reproduce but produce, no longer express but discover." (from Simon's Nobel lecture)Claude Simon was born in Tananarive, on the island of Madagascar, off the east coast of Africa. At that time Madagascar was a French colony. Simon's father, Captain Louis Antoine Simon, was killed in 1914 in World War I. His childhood Simon spent in the city of Perpignan, near the Spanish border, where he was raised by his mother, Suzanne Denamiel in the strongly Catholic atmosphere of her family home. == Simon was born in Madagascar but brought up in south-west France. Soon after his birth his father was killed in World War I, and his mother died when he was II. He originally wanted to be a painter, but decided he was not good enough; fascination with the visual arts, however, still pervades his writing (Femmes, 1966, for instance, was written to accompany a set of paintings by Joan Miró). In 1936 he fought briefly for the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. In 1939 he was called up to serve in a cavalry regiment which, the following year, was annihilated by the Germans; he spent several months in a prisoner-of-war camp, then escaped and returned home. Here he finished his first novel, Le Tricheur, published 1945. This was followed by an autobiographical text, La Corde raide (1947), and two more novels, Gulliver (1952) and Le Sacre du printemps (1954). But it is Le Vent (1956) that is usually regarded as his first major novel; it marks his move to the more prestigious Minuit publishing house, where he met Robbe-Grillet, Butor, and Pinget. The influence of William Faulkner is strong here, as in all Simon's early writing, but Le Vent also inaugurates several typically Simonian themes and techniques: the absent, unknown, or rejected father; nature (here in the form of the wind) dominating and mocking human activity; and a narrative that is a hypothetical reconstruction of events on the basis of incomplete, disparate, and mainly second-hand accounts. The notion of man's subjection to the natural world is developed further in L'Herbe (1958): death is part of the natural cycle, and reality is always changing, as relentlessly but as imperceptibly as the grass grows. Simon's powers of visual description are much in evidence here. المصدر Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/claude-simon#ixzz2AhHkrIpS يتيم الاب في سن 1 حيث قتل اباه خلال الحرب العالمية الاولى عام 1914 وهو من مواليد 1913. يتيم الاب في سن الاولى ...1 .، ويتيم الام في السنة الـ 2 . لطيم. |
وولي سوينكا (و. 13 يوليو 1934) كاتب نيجيري حائز على جائزة نوبل للأداب عام 1986. يعده البعض أفضل كاتب مسرحي في أفريقيا قاطبة. ألقي القبض عليه لتزعمه مظاهرة احتجاج شعبية ضد حكومة الرئيس أوباسينجو؛ لفشلها في مكافحة الفساد والجرائم، ومطالبته بدستور جديد للدولة إلا أنه أفرج عنه. ولد عام 1934 بأبيوكوتا، درس في المدارس النايجيرية وجامعة إيبادان قبل الذهاب إلى ليدز. بعد الجامعة اكتسب خبرة مهنية حين عمل قارئ مسرحيات مسرح رويال كورت بلندن. بعد عودته إلى نيجيريا عام 1960 قاد محاولات لتطوير المسرح النيجيري بينما كان يدرس ويقوم بأبحاث في جامعات إيفي، وإيبادان حتى أودع السجن بعد اندلاع الحرب الأهلية النايجيرية. وقد وصف تجاربه هذه في "مات الرجل". عرضت مسرحياته في إفريقيا، وأوروبا، وأميركا، ومنها "الطريق" و"الأسد والجوهرة". إلى جانب مسرحياته، نشر أربع مجموعات شعرية. روايته الثانية صدرت عام 1973.
Akinwande Oluwole "Wole" Soyinka (born 13 July 1934) is a Nigerian writer, notable especially as a playwright and poet; he was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature, the first person in Africa and the diaspora to be so honoured. Early life and educationSoyinka was born into a Yoruba family in Abeokuta. After study in Nigeria and the UK, he worked with the Royal Court Theatre in London. He went on to write plays that were produced in both countries, in theatres and on radio. He took an active role in Nigeria's political history and its struggle for independence from Great Britain. In 1965, he seized the Western Nigeria Broadcasting Service studio and broadcast a demand for the cancellation of the Western Nigeria Regional Elections. In 1967 during the Nigerian Civil War, he was arrested by the federal government of General Yakubu Gowon and put in solitary confinement for two years.[1] Soyinka has strongly criticised many Nigerian military dictators, especially late General Sanni Abacha, as well as other political tyrannies, including the Mugabe regime in Zimbabwe. Much of his writing has been concerned with "the oppressive boot and the irrelevance of the colour of the foot that wears it".[citation needed] During the regime of General Sani Abacha (1993–1998), Soyinka escaped from Nigeria via the "Nadeco Route" on motorcycle. Living abroad, mainly in the United States, he was a professor first at Cornell University and then at Emory University in Atlanta, where in 1996 he was appointed Robert W. Woodruff Professor of the Arts. Abacha proclaimed a death sentence against him "in absentia". With civilian rule restored to Nigeria in 1999, Soyinka returned to his nation. He has also taught at Oxford, Harvard and Yale. From 1975 to 1999, he was a Professor of Comparative Literature at the Obafemi Awolowo University, then called the University of Ife. With civilian rule restored in 1999, he was made professor emeritus.[1] Soyinka has been a Professor of Creative Writing at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. In the fall of 2007 he was appointed Professor in Residence at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, California, US.[1] From a Remo family of Isara-Remo, Soyinka was born the second of six children, in the city of Abẹokuta, Ogun State in Nigeria, at that time a British dominion. Early careerHis father, Samuel Ayodele Soyinka (whom he called S.A. or "Essay"), was an Anglican minister and the headmaster of St. Peters School in Abẹokuta. Soyinka's mother, Grace Eniola Soyinka (whom he dubbed the "Wild Christian"), owned a shop in the nearby market. She was a political activist within the women's movement in the local community. She was also Anglican. As much of the community followed indigenous Yorùbá religious tradition, Soyinka grew up in an atmosphere of religious syncretism, with influences from both cultures. His father's position enabled him to get electricity and radio at home. His mother was one of the most prominent members of the influential Ransome-Kuti family: she was the daughter of Rev. Canon JJ Ransome-Kuti, and sister to Olusegun Azariah Ransome-Kuti and Oludotun Ransome-Kuti. Among Soyinka's cousins were the musician Fela Kuti, the human rights activist Beko Ransome-Kuti, politician Olikoye Ransome-Kuti and activist Yemisi Ransome-Kuti.[2] In 1940, after attending St. Peters Primary School in Abeokuta, Soyinka went to Abẹokuta Grammar School, where he won several prizes for literary composition. In 1946 he was accepted by Government College in Ibadan, at that time one of Nigeria’s elite secondary schools. After finishing his course at Government College in 1952, he began studies at University College in Ibadan (1952–1954), affiliated with the University of London. He studied English literature, Greek, and Western history. In the year 1953–1954, his second and last at University College, Ibadan, Soyinka began work on "Keffi's Birthday Threat," a short radio play for Nigerian Broadcasting Service. It was broadcast in July 1954. Whilst at university, Soyinka and six others founded the Pyrates Confraternity, an anti-corruption and justice-seeking student organisation, the first confraternity in Nigeria. Soyinka gives a detailed account of his early life in his memoir Aké: The Years of Childhood. Later in 1954, Soyinka relocated to England, where he continued his studies in English literature, under the supervision of his mentor Wilson Knight at the University of Leeds (1954–1957). He met numerous young, gifted British writers. Before defending his B.A., Soyinka began publishing and worked as an editor for the satirical magazine The Eagle. He wrote a column on academic life, often criticising his university peers. After graduating, he remained in Leeds with the intention of earning an M.A.. Soyinka intended to write new work to combine European theatrical traditions with those of his Yorùbá cultural heritage. His first major play, The Swamp Dwellers (1958) was followed a year later, by The Lion and the Jewel, a comedy that attracted interest from several members of London's Royal Court Theatre. Encouraged, Soyinka moved to London, where he worked as a play reader for the Royal Court Theatre. During the same period, both of his plays were performed in Ibadan. They dealt with the uneasy relationship between progress and tradition in Nigeria.[3] Civil war and imprisonmentIn 1957 his play The Invention was the first of his works to be produced at the Royal Court Theatre. At that time his only published works were poems such as "The Immigrant" and "My Next Door Neighbour", which were published in the Nigerian magazine Black Orpheus.[4] This was founded in 1957 by the German scholar Ulli Beier, who had been teaching at the University of Ibadan since 1950.[5] Soyinka received a Rockefeller Research Fellowship from University College in Ibadan, his alma mater, for research on African theatre, and he returned to Nigeria. He produced his new satire The Trials of Brother Jero. His work, A Dance of The Forest (1960), a biting criticism of Nigeria's political elites, won a contest that year as the official play for Nigerian Independence Day. On 1 October 1960, it premiered in Lagos as Nigeria celebrated its sovereignty. Also in 1960, Soyinka established the "Nineteen-Sixty Masks", an amateur acting ensemble to which he devoted considerable time over the next few years. Soyinka published works satirising the 'Emergency' in the Western Region of Nigeria, as his Yorùbá homeland was increasingly occupied and controlled by the federal government. The political tensions arising from recent post-colonial independence eventually led to a military coup and civil war (1967–1970). With the Rockefeller grant, Soyinka bought a Land Rover. He began travelling throughout the country as a researcher with the Department of English Language of the University College in Ibadan. In an essay of the time, he criticised Leopold Senghor's Négritude movement as a nostalgic and indiscriminate glorification of the black African past that ignores the potential benefits of modernisation. "A tiger does not shout its tigritude," he declared, "it acts."[citation needed] In December 1962, his essay "Towards a True Theater" was published. He began teaching with the Department of English Language at Obafemi Awolowo University in Ifẹ. Soyinka discussed current affairs with "négrophiles," and on several occasions openly condemned government censorship. At the end of 1963, his first feature-length movie, Culture in Transition, was released. In April 1964 The Interpreters, "a complex but also vividly documentary novel",[6] was published in London. That December, together with scientists and men of theatre, Soyinka founded the Drama Association of Nigeria. In 1964 he also resigned his university post, as a protest against imposed pro-government behaviour by authorities. A few months later, he was arrested for the first time, accused of underlying tapes during reproduction of recorded speech of the winner of Nigerian elections.[clarification needed] He was released after a few months of confinement, as a result of protests by the international community of writers. This same year he wrote two more dramatic pieces, Before the Blackout and the comedy Kongi’s Harvest. He also wrote The Detainee, a radio play for the BBC in London. At the end of the year, he was promoted to headmaster and senior lecturer in the Department of English Language at Lagos University. Soyinka's political speeches at that time criticised the cult of personality and government corruption in African dictatorships. In April 1965 his play Kongi’s Harvest was produced in revival at the International Festival of Negro Art in Dakar, Senegal. His play The Road was awarded the Grand Prix. In June 1965, Soyinka produced his play The Lion and The Jewel for Hampstead Theatre Club in London. After becoming chief of the Cathedral of Drama at the University of Ibadan, Soyinka became more politically active. Following the military coup of January 1966, he secretly and unofficially met with the military governor Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu in the Southeastern town of Enugu (August 1967), to try to avert civil war. As a result, he had to go into hiding. He was imprisoned for 22 months[7] as civil war ensued between the federal government and the Biafrans. Though refused materials such as books, pens, and paper, he still wrote a significant body of poems and notes criticising the Nigerian government.[8] Despite his imprisonment, in September 1967, his play The Lion and The Jewel was produced in Accra. In November The Trials of Brother Jero and The Strong Breed were produced in the Greenwich Mews Theatre in New York. He also published a collection of his poetry, Idanre and Other Poems. It was inspired by Soyinka’s visit to the sanctuary of the Yorùbá deity Ogun, whom he regards as his "companion" deity, kindred spirit, and protector.[8] In 1968, the Negro Ensemble Company in New York produced Kongi’s Harvest. While still imprisoned, Soyinka translated from Yoruba a fantastical novel by his compatriot D. O. Fagunwa, called The Forest of a Thousand Demons: A Hunter's Saga. |
يوسف ألكسندروفيتش برودسكي
(بالروسية: Ио́сиф Алекса́ндрович Бро́дский) (ولد في 24 مايو 1940 في لينينغراد - توفي 28 يناير 1996 في نيو يورك)، شاعر روسي حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1987، وقد تم تعيينه ملك شعراء الولايات المتحدة في سنة 1991. طفولته وشبابه ولد برودسكي في عائلة يهودية في لينينغراد. كان أبوه ألكسندر برودسكي (1903–1984) مصوراً صحفياً حربياً، وقد تسرح من الجيش في سنة 1950. كانت أمه، ماريا، تعمل محاسبة. عانى برودسكي خلال طفولته من الحرب وحصار لينينغراد والفقر في الفترة بعد الحرب ولم يكن يلتقي أباه إلا نادراً. في سنة 1942 انتقل هو وأمه من لينينغراد ثم عادا إليها بعد فك الحصار في سنة 1944. ترك برودسكي المدرسة دون أن يتم الصف الثامن وتقدم للمسابقة إلى معهد الملاحة لكنه لم يُقبل فيه فبدأ التدرب للعمل على فارزة في أحد مصانع لينينغراد، وذلك نظراً للمشاكل التي واجهته في المدرسة ولرغبته في دعم أسرته مالياً. خلال الفترة القادمة عمل في عدة مهن، منها ناظر منارة ومشرحاً في مشرحة، ومنذ 1957 في بعثات جيولوجية في البحر الأبيض وشرق سيبيريا وشمال ياقوتيا، وخلال هذه الفترة كان يقرأ قراءة عشوائية وبكثرة، بالدرجة الأولى الأدب الشعري والفلسفي والديني، ويحاول تعلم اللغتين الإنكليزية والبولونية. تعرف في سنة 1960 على آنا أخماتوفا. الملاحقات والمحاكمة والنفي بدأت ملاحقاته في سنة 1963، فاستدعي للتحقيق أكثر من مرة ووضع في مصحة عقلية مرتين.[1] وفي سنة 1964 وجهت إليه تهمة التطفل بحجة أنه لا يعمل، وحُكم عليه بأقصى عقوبة، وهي العمل في منطقة نائية مدة خمس سنوات، فنفي إلى محافظة أرخانغيلسك. ذكر برودسكي لاحقاً في إحدى مقابلاته الصحفية أن تلك الفترة كانت أجمل فترات حياته، وخلالها كان يدرس الشعر الإنكليزي، بما في ذلك شعر ويستن أودن. == Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky 24 May 1940 – 28 January 1996) was a Russian poet and essayist. Born in Leningrad in 1940, Brodsky ran afoul of Soviet authorities and was expelled from the Soviet Union in 1972, settling in America with the help of W. H. Auden and other supporters. He taught thereafter at universities including those at Yale, Cambridge and Michigan. Brodsky was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Literature "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity".[2] He was appointed United States Poet Laureate in 1991.[3] Early years Brodsky was born into a Jewish family in Leningrad. His father, Aleksandr Brodsky, was a professional photographer in the Soviet Navy and his mother, Maria Volpert Brodsky, was a professional interpreter whose work often helped to support the family. They lived in communal apartments, in poverty, marginalized by their Jewish status.[4] In early childhood Brodsky survived the Siege of Leningrad where he and his parents nearly died of starvation; an aunt of his did die of hunger.[ He later suffered from various health problems caused by the siege. Career and familyBrodsky commented that many of his teachers were anti-Semitic and that he felt like a dissident from an early age. He noted "I began to despise Lenin, even when I was in the first grade, not so much because of his political philosophy or practice ... but because of his omnipresent images."[6] As a young student Brodsky was "an unruly child" known for his misbehavior during classes. [7]At fifteen, Brodsky left school and tried to enter the School of Submariners without success. He went on to work as a milling machine operator.[4] Later, having decided to become a physician, he worked at the morgue at the Kresty prison, cutting and sewing bodies.[4] He subsequently held a variety of jobs in hospitals, in a ship's boiler room, and on geological expeditions. At the same time, Brodsky engaged in a program of self-education. He learned Polish so he could translate the works of Polish poets like Czesław Miłosz, and English so he could translate John Donne. On the way, he acquired a deep interest in classical philosophy, religion, mythology, and English and American poetry.[6] Denunciation In 1963, Brodsky's poetry was denounced by a Leningrad newspaper as "pornographic and anti-Soviet." His papers were confiscated, he was interrogated, twice put in a mental institution[10] and then arrested. He was charged with social parasitism[11] by the Soviet authorities in a trial in 1964, finding that his series of odd jobs and role as a poet were not a sufficient contribution to society.[4] [12] They called him "a pseudo-poet in velveteen trousers" who failed to fulfill his "constitutional duty to work honestly for the good of the motherland."[10] The trial judge asked "Who has recognized you as a poet? Who has enrolled you in the ranks of poets?" — "No one," Brodsky replied, "Who enrolled me in the ranks of the human race?"[6] Brodsky was not yet 24. For his "parasitism" Brodsky was sentenced to five years hard labor and served 18 months on a farm in the village of Norenskaya, in the Arctic Archangelsk region, three hundred and fifty miles from Leningrad. He rented his own small cottage, and though it was without plumbing or central heating, having one's own, private space was taken to be a great luxury at the time. [5]Basmanova, Bobyshev and Brodsky's mother, among others, visited. He wrote on his typewriter, chopped wood, hauled manure and at night read his anthologies of English and American poetry, including a lot of Auden and Robert Frost. Brodsky's close friend and biographer Lev Loseff writes that while confinement in the mental hospital and the trial were miserable experiences, the 18 months in the Arctic were among the best times of Brodsky's life. Brodsky’s mentor, Anna Akhmatova, laughed at the K.G.B.’s shortsightedness. “What a biography they’re fashioning for our red-haired friend!” she said. “It’s as if he’d hired them to do it on purpose.”[13] Brodsky's sentence was commuted in 1965 after protests by prominent Soviet and foreign cultural figures, including Evgeny Evtushenko, Dmitri Shostakovich, and Jean-Paul Sartre as well as Akhmatova [4] [9] Brodsky became a cause celebre in the West also when a secret transcription of trial minutes was smuggled out of the country, making him a symbol of artistic resistance in a totalitarian society, much like his mentor Akhmatova. His son, Andrei was born on the 8 October 1967, and Basmanova broke off the relationship. Andrei was registered under Basmanova's surname because Brodsky did not want his son to suffer from political attacks that he endured. [14] Marina Basmanova was threatened by the Soviet authorities which prevented her from marrying Brodsky or joining him when he was exiled from the country.[5][15] After the birth of their son, Brodsky continued to dedicate love poetry to Basmanova.[5] In 1989, Brodsky wrote his last poem to "M.B.," describing himself remembering their life in Leningrad: [edit] AmericaYour voice, your body, your name mean nothing to me now. No one destroyed them. It's just that, in order to forget one life, a person needs to live at least one other life. And I have served that portion.[5] Brodsky returned to Leningrad in December 1965 and continued to write over the next seven years, many of his works being translated into German, French and English and published abroad. Verses and Poems was published by Inter-Language Literary Associates in Washington in 1965, Elegy to John Donne and Other Poems was published in London in 1967 by Longmans Green, and A Stop in the Desert was issued in 1970 by Chekhov Publishing in New York. Only four of his poems were published in Leningrad anthologies in 1966 and 1967, most of his work appearing outside the Soviet Union or circulated in secret (samizdat) until 1987. Persecuted for his poetry and his Jewish heritage, he was denied permission to travel. In 1972, while Brodsky was being considered for exile, the authorities consulted mental health expert Andrei Snezhnevsky, a key proponent of the notorious pseudo-medical diagnosis of "paranoid reformist delusion".[16] This political tool allowed the state to lock up dissenters in psychiatric institutions indefinitely. Without examining him personally, Snezhnevsky diagnosed Brodsky as having "sluggishly progressing schizophrenia", concluding that he was "not valuable person at all and may be let go."[16] In 1971, Brodsky was twice invited to emigrate to Israel. When called to the Ministry of the Interior in 1972 and asked why he had not accepted, he stated that he wished to stay in the country. Within 10 days officials broke into his apartment, took his papers, and on 4 June 1972 put him on a plane for Vienna.[6] He never returned to Russia and never saw Basmanova again.[5]. Brodsky later wrote "The Last Judgement is the Last Judgement, but a human being who spent his life in Russia, has to be, without any hesitation, placed into Paradise."[17] [18] In Austria, he met Carl Proffer and Auden, who would both help in Brodsky's transit to America and prove influential to Brodsky's career. Proffer, of the University of Michigan and one of the co-founders of Ardis Publishers, became Brodsky's Russian publisher from this point on. Recalling his landing in Vienna, Brodsky commented "I knew I was leaving my country for good, but for where, I had no idea whatsoever. One thing which was quite clear was that I didn't want to go to Israel... I never even believed that they'd allow me to go. I never believed they would put me on a plane, and when they did I didn't know whether the plane would go east or west... I didn't want to be hounded by what was left of the Soviet Security Service in England. So I came to the States." [19] Although the poet was invited back after the fall of the Soviet Union, Brodsky never returned to his country.[6] [20] After a short stay in Vienna, Brodsky settled in Ann Arbor, with the help of poet Auden and Proffer and became poet in residence at the University of Michigan for a year. Brodsky went on to become a Visiting Professor at Queens College (1973–74), Smith College, Columbia University, and Cambridge University, later returning to the University of Michigan (1974–80). He was the Andrew Mellon Professor of Literature and Five College Professor of Literature at Mount Holyoke College, brought there by poet and historian Peter Viereck.[21] In 1978, Brodsky was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters at Yale University, and on 23 May 1979, he was inducted as a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters. He moved to New York's Greenwich Village in 1980 and In 1981, Brodsky received the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation's "genius" award.[4] He was also a recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence. In 1986, his collection of essays Less Than One won the National Book Critics Award for Criticism and he was given an honorary doctorate of literature from Oxford University.[10] In 1987, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature, the fifth Russian-born writer to do so. In an interview he was asked: "You are an American citizen who is receiving the Prize for Russian-language poetry. Who are you, an American or a Russian?" He responded: "I am Jewish – a Russian poet and an English essayist".[22] The Academy stated that they had awarded the prize for his "all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity." It also called his writing "rich and intensely vital," characterized by "great breadth in time and space." It was "a big step for me, a small step for mankind," he joked.[6] The prize coincided with the first legal publication in Russia of Brodsky's poetry as an exile.[23] In 1991, Brodsky became Poet Laureate of the United States. The Librarian of Congress said that Brodsky had "the open-ended interest of American life that immigrants have. This is a reminder that so much of American creativity is from people not born in America".[6] His inauguration address was printed in Poetry Review. Brodsky held an honorary degree from the University of Silesia in Poland and was an honorary member of the International Academy of Science. In 1995, Gleb Uspensky, a senior editor at the Russian publishing house Vagrius, asked Brodsky to return to Russia for a tour but he could not agree.[10] For the last ten years of his life, Brodsky was under considerable pressure from those that regarded him as a "fortune maker". He was a greatly honored professor, was on first name terms with the heads of many large publishing houses, and connected to the significant figures of American literary life. His friend Ludmila Shtern wrote that many Russian intellectuals in both Russia and America assumed his influence was unlimited, that a nod from him could secure them a book contract, a teaching post or a grant, that it was in his gift to assure a glittering career. A helping hand or a rejection of a petition for help could create a storm in Russian literary circles, which Shtern suggests became very personal at times. His position as a lauded émigré and Nobel Prize winner won him enemies and stoked resentment, the politics of which, she writes, made him feel "deathly tired" of it all towards the end.[24] In 1990, while teaching literature in France, Brodsky married a young student, Maria Sozzani, who has a Russian-Italian background; they had one daughter, Anna. يهودي روسي Marina Basmanova lived in fear of the Soviet authorities, until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991; only after this was their son Andrei Basmanov allowed to join his father in New York. In the 1990s, Brodsky invited Andrei to visit him in New York for three months, and they maintained a father-son relationship until Brodsky's death.[citation needed] Andrei married in the 1990s and had three children, all of whom were recognized and supported by Brodsky as his grandchildren; Marina Basmanova, Andrei, and Brodsky's grandchildren all live in Saint Petersburg. Andrei gave readings of his father's poetry in a documentary about Brodsky. The film contains Brodsky's poems dedicated to Marina Basmanova and written between 1961 and 1982. [25] Brodsky died of a heart attack aged 55, in his New York City apartment on January 28, 1996. He had had open-heart surgery in 1979 and later two bypass operations, remaining in frail health since that time. He was buried in the Episcopalian section at Isola di San Michele cemetery in Venice, Italy.[10] In 1997, a plaque was placed on his house in St Petersburg (Leningrad) with his portrait in relief, and the words "In this house from 1940 to 1972 lived the great Russian poet Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky".[26] Brodsky's close friend, the Nobel laureate Derek Walcott, memorialized him in his collection The Prodigal (2004). لا يعرف متى مات ولديه لكن طفولتة كارثية. مأزوم. |
نجيب محفوظ روائي مصري حائز على جائزة نوبل في الأدب. وُلد في 11 ديسمبر 1911، وتوفي في 30 أغسطس 2006. كتب نجيب محفوظ منذ بداية الأربعينيات واستمر حتى 2004. تدور أحداث جميع رواياته في مصر، وتظهر فيها ثيمة متكررة هي الحارة التي تعادل العالم. من أشهر أعماله الثلاثية وأولاد حارتنا التي مُنعت من النشر في مصر منذ صدورها وحتى وقتٍ قريب. بينما يُصنف أدب محفوظ باعتباره أدباً واقعياً، فإن مواضيع وجودية تظهر فيه.[1] محفوظ أكثر أديبٍ عربي حولت أعماله إلى السينما والتلفزيون.سُمي نجيب محفوظ باسمٍ مركب تقديراً من والده عبد العزيز إبراهيم للطبيب أبوعوف نجيب باشا محفوظ الذي أشرف على ولادته التي كانت متعسرة. حياته وُلد نجيب محفوظ عبد العزيز إبراهيم أحمد الباشا في القاهرة. والده الذي كان موظفاً لم يقرأ كتاباً في حياته بعد القرآن غير حديث عيسى بن هشام لأن كاتبه المويلحي كان صديقاً له، وفاطمة مصطفى قشيشة، ابنة الشيخ مصطفى قشيشة من علماء الأزهر.[وكان نجيب محفوظ أصغر إخوته، ولأن الفرق بينه وبين أقرب إخوته سناً إليه كان عشر سنواتٍ فقط عومل كأنه طفلٌ وحيد وميثولوجيآ (أي متأثر بما يحكية القدماء). كان عمره 7 أعوامٍ حين قامت ثورة 1919 التي أثرت فيه وتذكرها فيما بعد في بين القصرين أول أجزاء ثلاثيته. التحق بجامعة القاهرة في 1930 وحصل على ليسانس الفلسفة، شرع بعدها في إعداد رسالة الماجستير عن الجمال في الفلسفة الإسلامية ثم غير رأيه وقرر التركيز على الأدب. انضم إلى السلك الحكومي ليعمل سكرتيراً برلمانياً بـ وزارة الأوقاف (1938 - 1945)، ثم مديراً لمؤسسة القرض الحسن في الوزارة حتى 1954. وعمل بعدها مديراً لمكتب وزير الإرشاد، ثم انتقل إلى وزارة الثقافة مديراً للرقابة على المصنفات الفنية. وفي 1960 عمل مديراً عاماً لمؤسسة دعم السينما، ثم مستشاراً للمؤسسة العامة للسينما والإذاعة والتلفزيون. آخر منصبٍ حكومي شغله كان رئيس مجلس إدارة المؤسسة العامة للسينما (1966 - 1971)، وتقاعد بعده ليصبح أحد كتاب مؤسسة الأهرام.[2] تزوج نجيب محفوظ في فترة توقفه عن الكتابة بعد ثورة 1952 من السيدة عطية الله إبراهيم، وأخفى خبر زواجه عمن حوله لعشر سنوات متعللاً عن عدم زواجه بانشغاله برعاية أمه وأخته الأرملة وأطفالها. في تلك الفترة كان دخله قد ازداد من عمله في كتابة سيناريوهات الأفلام وأصبح لديه من المال ما يكفي لتأسيس عائلة. ولم يُعرف عن زواجه إلا بعد عشر سنواتٍ من حدوثه عندما تشاجرت إحدى ابنتيه أم كلثوم وفاطمة مع زميلة لها في المدرسة، فعرف الشاعر صلاح جاهين بالأمر من والد الطالبة، وانتشر الخبر بين المعارف.[3] مسيرته الأدبية بدأ نجيب محفوظ الكتابة في منتصف الثلاثينيات، وكان ينشر قصصه القصيرة في مجلة الرسالة. في 1939، نشر روايته الأولى عبث الأقدار التي تقدم مفهومه عن الواقعية التاريخية. ثم نشر كفاح طيبة ورادوبيس منهياً ثلاثية تاريخية في زمن الفراعنة. وبدءاً من 1945 بدأ نجيب محفوظ خطه الروائي الواقعي الذي حافظ عليه في معظم مسيرته الأدبية برواية القاهرة الجديدة، ثم خان الخليلي وزقاق المدق. جرب محفوظ الواقعية النفسية في رواية السراب، ثم عاد إلى الواقعية الاجتماعية مع بداية ونهاية وثلاثية القاهرة. فيما بعد اتجه محفوظ إلى الرمزية في رواياته الشحاذ، وأولاد حارتنا التي سببت ردود فعلٍ قوية وكانت سبباً في التحريض على محاولة اغتياله. كما اتجه في مرحلة متقدمة من مشواره الأدبي إلى مفاهيم جديدة كالكتابة على حدود الفنتازيا كما في روايته (الحرافيش، ليالي ألف ليلة) وكتابة البوح الصوفي والأحلام كما في عمليه (أصداء السيرة الذاتية، أحلام فترة النقاهة) واللذان اتسما بالتكثيف الشعري وتفجير اللغة والعالم، وتعتبر مؤلّفات محفوظ من ناحية بمثابة مرآة للحياة الاجتماعية والسياسية في مصر، ومن ناحية أخرى يمكن اعتبارها تدويناً معاصراً لهم الوجود الإنساني ووضعية الإنسان في عالم يبدو وكأنه هجر الله أو هجره الله، كما أنها تعكس رؤية المثقّفين على اختلاف ميولهم إلى السلطة.[4] أولاد حارتنا توقف نجيب محفوظ عن الكتابة بعد الثلاثية، ودخل في حالة صمت أدبي، انتقل خلاله من الواقعية الاجتماعية إلى الواقعية الرمزية. ثم بدأ نشر روايته الجديدة أولاد حارتنا في جريدة الأهرام في 1959. وفيها استسلم نجيب لغواية استعمال الحكايات الكبري من تاريخ الإنسانية في قراءة اللحظة السياسية والاجتماعية لمصر ما بعد الثورة ليطرح سؤال على رجال الثورة عن الطريق الذي يرغبون في السير فيه (طريق الفتوات أم طريق الحرافيش ؟)، وأثارت الرواية ردود أفعالٍ قوية تسببت في وقف نشرها والتوجيه بعدم نشرها كاملة في مصر، رغم صدورها في 1967 عن دار الآداب اللبنانية. جاءت ردود الفعل القوية من التفسيرات المباشرة للرموز الدينية في الرواية، وشخصياتها أمثال: الجبلاوي، أدهم، إدريس، جبل، رفاعة، قاسم، وعرفة. وشكل موت الجبلاوي فيها صدمة عقائدية لكثير من الأطراف الدينية. أولاد حارتنا واحدة من أربع رواياتٍ تسببت في فوز نجيب محفوظ بجائزة نوبل للأدب، كما أنها كانت السبب المباشر في التحريض على محاولة اغتياله. وبعدها لم يتخل تماماً عن واقعيته الرمزية، فنشر ملحمة الحرافيش في 1977، بعد عشر سنواتٍ من نشر أولاد حارتنا كاملة. كما أنه قد رفض نشرها بعد ذلك حرصا على وعد قطعه للسيد كمال أبو المجد مندوب الرئيس عبد الناصر بعدم نشر الرواية داخل مصر .[5] التقدير النقدي مع أنه بدأ الكتابة في وقتٍ مبكر، إلا أن نجيب محفوظ لم يلق اهتماماً حتى قرب نهاية الخمسينيات، فظل مُتجاهلاً من قبل النُقاد لما يُقارب خمسة عشر عاماً قبل أن يبدأ الاهتمام النقدي بأعماله في الظهور والتزايد، رغم ذلك، كتب سيد قطب عنه في مجلة الرسالة في 1944، وكان أول ناقد يتحدث عن رواية القاهرة الجديدة، واختلف مع صلاح ذهني بسبب رواية كفاح طيبة.[6] محاولة اغتياله في 21 سبتمبر 1950 بدأ نشر رواية أولاد حارتنا مسلسلةً في جريدة الأهرام، ثم توقف النشر في 25 ديسمبر من العام نفسه بسبب اعتراضات هيئات دينية على "تطاوله على الذات الإلهية". لم تُنشر الرواية كاملة في مصر في تلك الفترة، واقتضى الأمر ثمان سنين أخرى حتى تظهر كاملة في طبعة دار الآداب اللبنانية التي طبعتها في بيروت عام 1967.[7] واعيد نشر أولاد حارتنا في مصر في عام 2006 عن طريق دار الشروق في أكتوبر 1995 طُعن نجيب محفوظ في عنقه على يد شابٍ قد قرر اغتياله لاتهامه بالكفر والخروج عن الملة بسبب روايته المثيرة للجدل. الجدير بالذكر هنا أن طبيعة نجيب محفوظ الهادئه كان لها أثر كبير في عدم نشر الروايه في طبعة مصرية لسنوات عديدة، حيث كان قد ارتبط بوعد مع حسن صبري الخولي "الممثل الشخصي للرئيس الراحل جمال عبد الناصر" بعدم نشر الرواية في مصر إلا بعد أخذ موافقة الأزهر. فطُبعت الرواية في لبنان من اصدار دار الاداب عام 1962 ومنع دخولها إلى مصر رغم أن نسخا مهربة منها وجدت طريقها إلى الاسواق المصرية.[8] لم يمت نجيب محفوظ كنتيجة للمحاولة، وفيما بعد أُعدم الشابان المشتركان في محاولة الاغتيال رغم تعليقه بأنه غير حاقدٍ على من حاول قتله، وأنه يتمنى لو أنه لم يُعدم.. وخلال إقامته الطويلة في المستشفى زاره محمد الغزالي الذي كان ممن طالبوا بمنع نشر أولاد حارتنا وعبد المنعم أبو الفتوح القيادي في حركة الإخوان المسلمين وهي زيارة تسببت في هجوم شديد من جانب بعض المتشددين على أبو الفتوح [7]. وفاته تُوفي نجيب محفوظ في بدايه 30 أغسطس 2006 إثر قرحة نازفة بعد عشرين يوماً من دخوله مستشفى الشرطة في حي العجوزة في محافظة الجيزة لإصابته بمشاكل في الرئة والكليتين. وكان قبلها قد دخل المستشفى في يوليو من العام ذاته لإصابته بجرح غائر في الرأس إثر سقوطه في الشارع. == Early life and educationNaguib Mahfouz (Arabic: نجيب محفوظ Nagīb Maḥfūẓ, IPA: [næˈɡiːb mɑħˈfuːzˤ]; 11 December 1911 – 30 August 2006) was an Egyptian writer who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature. He is regarded as one of the first contemporary writers of Arabic literature, along with Tawfiq el-Hakim, to explore themes of existentialism.[1] He published 34 novels, over 350 short stories, dozens of movie scripts, and five plays over a 70-year career. Many of his works have been made into Egyptian and foreign films. Born into a lower middle-class Muslim family in the Gamaleyya quarter of Cairo, Mahfouz was named after Professor Naguib Pasha Mahfouz (1882–1974), the renowned Coptic physician who delivered him. [Civil serviceMahfouz was the seventh and the youngest child in a family that had five boys and two girls. The family lived in two popular districts of the town, in el-Gamaleyya, from where they moved in 1924 to el-Abbaseyya, then a new Cairo suburb; both provided the backdrop for many of Mahfouz's writings. His father, whom Mahfouz described as having been "old-fashioned", was a civil servant, and Mahfouz eventually followed in his footsteps. In his early years, Mahfouz read extensively and was influenced by Hafiz Najib, Taha Hussein and Salama Moussa.[2] His mother often took him to museums and Egyptian history later became a major theme in many of his books.[3] The Mahfouz family were devout Muslims and Mahfouz had a strict Islamic upbringing. In an interview, he elaborated on the stern religious climate at home during his childhood. He stated that "You would never have thought that an artist would emerge from that family." The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 had a strong effect on Mahfouz, although he was at the time only seven years old. From the window he often saw British soldiers firing at the demonstrators, men and women. "You could say ... that the one thing which most shook the security of my childhood was the 1919 revolution", he later said. After completing his secondary education, Mahfouz was admitted to King Fouad I University (now the University of Cairo), where he studied philosophy, graduating in 1934. By 1936, having spent a year working on an M.A., he decided to become a professional writer. Mahfouz then worked as a journalist at er-Risala, and contributed to el-Hilal and Al-Ahram. The major Egyptian influence on Mahfouz's thoughts on science and socialism in the 1930s was Salama Moussa, the Fabian intellectual. Mahfouz left academia and joined the Egyptian civil service, in which he continued till 1972. He served in the Ministry of Mortmain Endowments, then as Director of Censorship in the Bureau of Art, as Director of the Foundation for the Support of the Cinema, and finally as a consultant to the Ministry of Culture.[4] MarriageMahfouz remained a bachelor until the age of 43. The reason for his late marriage was that he laboured under the conviction that with its numerous restrictions and limitations, marriage would hamper his literary future.[2] In 1954, he married an Egyptian woman, Atiya, with whom he had two daughters, Faten and Umm Kalthum.[5] NovelsHe published 34 novels, over 350 short stories, dozens of movie scripts and five plays over a 70-year career. Many of his works have been made into Egyptian films. He was a board member of the publisher Dar el-Ma'aref. Many of his novels were serialized in Al-Ahram, and his writings also appeared in his weekly column, "Point of View". Before the Nobel Prize only a few of his novels had appeared in the West.[citation needed] Clash with fundamentalistsMahfouz did not shrink from controversy outside of his work. As a consequence of his outspoken support for Sadat's Camp David peace treaty with Israel in 1978, his books were banned in many Arab countries until after he won the Nobel Prize. Like many Egyptian writers and intellectuals, Mahfouz was on an Islamic fundamentalist "death list". He defended Salman Rushdie after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini condemned Rushdie to death in 1989, but also criticized his Satanic Verses as "insulting" to Islam. Mahfouz believed in freedom of expression and although he did not personally agree with Rushdie's work, he did not believe that there should be a fatwa condemning him to death for it. In 1989, after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's fatwa calling for Salman Rushdie and his publishers to be killed, Mahfouz called Khomeini a terrorist.[6] Shortly after Mahfouz joined 80 other intellectuals in declaring that "no blasphemy harms Islam and Muslims so much as the call for murdering a writer."[7] Attempted assassinationThe appearance of The Satanic Verses brought back up the controversy surrounding Mahfouz's novel Children of Gebelawi. Death threats against Mahfouz followed, including one from the "blind sheikh," Egyptian theologian Omar Abdul-Rahman. Mahfouz was given police protection, but in 1994 Islamic extremists almost succeeded in assassinating the 82-year-old novelist by stabbing him in the neck outside his Cairo home.[8] Death and funeralHe survived, permanently affected by damage to nerves in his right hand. After the incident Mahfouz was unable to write for more than a few minutes a day and consequently produced fewer and fewer works. Subsequently, he lived under constant bodyguard protection. Finally, in the beginning of 2006, the novel was published in Egypt with a preface written by Ahmad Kamal Aboul-Magd. After the threats, Mahfouz stayed in Cairo with his lawyer Nabil Mounir Habib. Mahfouz and Mounir would spend most of their time in Mounir's office; Mahfouz used Mounir's library as a reference for most of his books. Mahfouz stayed with Mounir until his death.[citation needed] Prior to his death, Mahfouz was the oldest living Nobel Literature laureate and the third oldest of all time, trailing only Bertrand Russell and Halldor Laxness. At the time of his death, he was the only Arabic-language writer to have won the Nobel Prize. In July 2006, Mahfouz sustained an injury to his head as a result of a fall. He remained ill until his death on 30 August 2006 in a Cairo hospital.[9] In his old age, he became nearly blind, and though he continued to write, he had difficulties in holding a pen or a pencil. Prior to his death, he suffered from a bleeding ulcer, kidney problems, and cardiac failure. He was accorded a state funeral with full military honors on 31 August 2006. His funeral took place in the Al-Rashdan Mosque in Nasr City in Cairo. الطفل السابع في العائلة وعومل وكأنه طفل وحيد حيث الفرق بينه وبين اكبر اخوته عشر سنوات. تأثر كثيرا بما رأه من قتل للمتظاهرين في الشوارع ابان الثورةة وعمره 7 سنوات لكن يبدو ان اهم عنصر مؤثر فيه مرض الصرع الذي تقول بعض المصادر انه كان يعاني منه. مأزوم. |
كاميلو خوسيه ثيلا (11 مايو 1916 - 17 يناير 2002)، أديب وشاعر إسباني. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1989. في الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية حارب إلى جانب فرانسيسكو فرانكو ولكنه أصبح أحد منتقديه فيما بعد Camilo José Cela y Trulock, 1st Marquis of Iria Flavia (Spanish pronunciation: [kaˈmilo xoˈse ˈθela]; 11 May 1916 – 17 January 2002) was a Spanish novelist and short story writer associated with the Generation of '36 movement. BiographyHe offered his services as an informer for Franco's regime and moved voluntarily from Madrid to Galicia during the Civil War in order to join the Francoist forces there. [1] He was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Literature "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability".[2] Cela published his first novel, La Familia de Pascual Duarte (The Family of Pascual Duarte), when he was 26, in 1942. Pascual Duarte has trouble finding validity in conventional morality and commits a number of crimes, including murders, for which he feels nothing. In this sense he is similar to Meursault in Albert Camus's novel The Stranger. This novel is also of particular importance as it played a large part in shaping the direction of the post-war Spanish novel. He published two travel books Viaje a la Alcarria (Journey to La Alcarria, 1948), and Del Miño al Bidasoa (From Minho to Bidasoa, 1952). Cela's best known work, La Colmena (The Hive) was published in 1951, featuring more than 300 characters and a style showing the influence of both Spanish realism (best exemplified by Miguel de Cervantes and Benito Pérez Galdós) and contemporary English and French-language authors, such as Joyce, Dos Passos, and Sartre. Cela's typical style—a sarcastic, often grotesque, form of realism—is exemplified in La Colmena. It should be also noted that, as with some of his other works in this period, La Colmena was first published in Argentina, as Franco's Roman Catholic Church-affiliated government banned it because of the perceived immorality of its content. Official censors expelled him from the Press Association, meaning his name could no longer appear in the printed media.[3] Nevertheless, Cela remained loyal to the Franco regime, even working as a spy for the Spanish secret police and reporting on the activities of dissident groups.[4] From the late 1960s, with the publication of San Camilo 1936, Cela's work became increasingly experimental. In 1988, for example, he wrote Cristo versus Arizona (Christ versus Arizona), which tells the story of the duel in the OK Corral in a single sentence that is more than a hundred pages long. In 1957 he was appointed a member of the Real Academia Española. Cela was also created Marquis of Iria Flavia by King Juan Carlos I. He was appointed Royal Senator in the Constituent Cortes, where he exerted some influence in the wording of the Spanish Constitution of 1978. In 1989, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability.[5] In his later years he was infamous for his scandalous outbursts: he boasted in an TVE interview with Mercedes Milá about his capability to absorb a litre of water via his anus, offering to demonstrate.[6] He had already scandalized Spanish society with his Diccionario secreto ("Secret Dictionary", 1969–1971), a dictionary of slang and taboo words. He described the Spanish Cervantes Prize as "covered with shit". Subsequently, he was awarded the prize in 1995. In 1994, he was awarded the Premio Planeta. Some question the objectivity of the awards, and winners on occasion have refused to accept it.[citation needed] In recognition of his contributions in literature, Cela was ennobled on 17 May 1996 by King Juan Carlos I, who gave Cela the hereditary title of Marqués de Iria Flavia (English: Marquis of Iria Flavia) in the nobility of Spain. On his death the marquisate passed to his son Camilo José Cela Conde. Death Cela died from heart disease on 17 January 2002 at the Hospital Cemtro in Madrid, aged 85. He was buried in the parish cemetery of Santa María de Adina] His will was contested because he favoured his widow and second younger wife, Marina Castaño, over his son Camilo José Cela Conde from a previous marriage == Camilo José Cela was born in Iria-Flavia into a large middle-class family. Cela's mother, Camila Emmanuela Trulock y Bertorini, was of British origin. Camilo Cela y Fernandez, his father, worked as a customs official and was a part-time author. In 1925 the family moved to Madrid, where Cela studied medicine, philosophy and law at the University of Madrid. His first poem, 'Amor immenso', was published in Fábula de la Plata. At the age of twenty, Cela's studies were interrupted by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War (1936-39). He served as a corporal with Franco's army in the Twenty-fourth Regiment of the Infantry of Bailén, a noteworthy choice of a side in the war because literary history knows more writers who were against Franco, starting from Hemingway, Orwell, and García Lorca. (Another Spanish Nobel winner, Jacinto Benavente, sympathized Franco.) Cela witnessed cruelties against civilians. His active duty was curtailed in 1939 by an injury: in a battle, he was hit in the chest by a sharpnel of a grenade. Later Cela used his experiences in many of his stories. After resuming his studies, Cela finally graduating at age 27. In 1944 he married María del Rosario Conde Picavea; they had one son, who became an anthropologist. The marriage ended in 1989. Just before the Nobel Prize Cela had met Marina Castaño, a radio journalist, who was 40 years his junior. Cela considered her as his muse. They married in 1991 and at the same time Cela lost touch with several old friends. لا يعرف متى مات والديه ويبدو ان اهم عناصر التأثير في حياته هو مشاركته في الحرب الاهلية واصابته في تلك الحرب. مجهول الطفولة. |
أُكتافيو باث
(بالإسبانية: Octavio Paz) شاعر و أديب و سياسي مكسيكي ولد في مدينة المكسيك، 31 مارس 1914. حصل على http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...PrizeMedal.jpg جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1990 ليكون بذلك أول شاعر وأديب مكسيكي يفوز بهذه الجائزة. عرف بمعارضته الشديدة للفاشية، وعمل دبلوماسيًّا لبلاده في عدة دول. تشعب نشاطه في عدة مجالات، فإلى جانب كونه شاعراً فقد كتب أيضاً العديد من الدراسات النقدية والتاريخية والمقالات السياسية. مولده ونشأته ولد أكتافيو باث عام 1914 في إحدى ضواحي مدينة مكسيكو العاصمة لأب مكسيكي وأم من جنوب إسبانيا. كان والده محامياً وسياسياً مؤيداً لثورة زاباتا التي اندلعت سنة 1910، ولكنه كان مدمناً للخمر ولقي حتفه في حادث قطار. أما أمه فكانت منذ طفولته تحثه على الدراسة، وفيما بعد على كتابة الشعر وتشجعه على تحقيق طموحاته الأدبية رغم أنها كانت أمية. بدايته مع الشعر نشر باث أول أشعاره وهو في السابعة عشرة من عمره، ثم التقى بالشاعر التشيلي بثبلو نيرودا وتأثر بشعره. وفي عام 1936 شجعه نيرودا على زيارة إسبانيا لحضور مؤتمر الأدباء بمدينة فالنسيا، وكانت الحرب الأهلية الإسبانية على أشدها في ذلك الوقت. [عدل] عمله بالسلك الدبلوماسي التحق باث بالسلك الدبلوماسي عام 1945 وعمل به لمدة 23 عاماً، وعين سفيراً لبلاده في كل من فرنسا وسويسرا والهند واليابان، وكانت له صلات وثيقة بأقطاب الحياة الثقافية في كل البلدان التي عمل بها. إلا أن باث استقال من السلك الدبلوماسي سنة 1968 احتجاجاً على سياسة حكومته تجاه الطلبة عندما قامت السلطات في المكسيك باستخدام العنف في قمع مظاهرات الطلبة مما أدى إلى مصرع حوالي ثلاثمائة طالب. ومنذ ذلك الوقت تفرغ باث للعمل في الصحافة. مؤلفاته شملت كتابات أكتافيو باث الشعر والفن والدين والتاريخ والسياسة والنقد الأدبي، ونشرت له خمسة دواوين شعرية صدر أولها سنة 1949 وآخرها سنة 1987. ومن أهم أعماله التي كرتها الأكاديمية السويدية عندما منح جائزة نوبل كتاب "متاهة العزلة" El laberinto de la soledad الذي صدر سنة 1961 وحاول فيه باث أن يتحرى عن شخصية الإنسان المكسيكي ويسبر أغوارها، ومن أشهر أعماله أيضاص "حرية تحت كلمة"، وفيه برزت القضايا التي سيطرت على فكره فيما بعد وهي الحب والزمن والوحدة، وذلك بالإضافة إلى عدد من الأهمال المهمة مثل "فصل من العنف" و"فلامنورا". == Octavio Paz Lozano (Spanish pronunciation: [okˈtaβjo pas loˈsano]; March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomat, and the winner of the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1990 Nobel Prize for Literature. Later lifeEarly life and writings Paz was born to Octavio Paz Solórzano and Josefina Lozano. His father was an active supporter of the Revolution against the Díaz regime. Paz was raised in the village of Mixcoac (now a part of Mexico City) by his mother Josefina (daughter of Spanish immigrants), his aunt Amalia Paz, and his paternal grandfather Ireneo Paz, a liberal intellectual, novelist, publisher and former supporter of President Porfirio Díaz. He studied at Colegio Williams. Because of his family's public support of Emiliano Zapata, they were forced into exile after Zapata's assassination. They served their exile in the United States. Paz was introduced to literature early in his life through the influence of his grandfather's library, filled with classic Mexican and European literature.[1] During the 1920s, he discovered the European poets Gerardo Diego, Juan Ramón Jiménez, and Antonio Machado, Spanish writers who had a great influence on his early writings.[2] As a teenager in 1931, under the influence of D. H. Lawrence, Paz published his first poems, including "Cabellera". Two years later, at the age of 19, he published Luna Silvestre ("Wild Moon"), a collection of poems. In 1932, with some friends, he founded his first literary review, Barandal. By 1939, Paz considered himself first and foremost a poet.[citation needed] In 1935, Paz abandoned his law studies and left for Yucatán to work at a school in Mérida for sons of peasants and workers.[3] There, he began working on the first of his long, ambitious poems, "Entre la piedra y la flor" ("Between the Stone and the Flower") (1941, revised in 1976), influenced by T. S. Eliot, which describes the situation of the Mexican peasant under the greedy landlords of the day.[4] In 1937, Paz was invited to the Second International Writers Congress in Defense of Culture in Spain during the country's civil war, showing his solidarity with the Republican side and against fascism. Upon his return to Mexico, Paz co-founded a literary journal, Taller ("Workshop") in 1938, and wrote for the magazine until 1941. In 1938 he also met and married Elena Garro, now considered one of Mexico's finest writers. They had one daughter, Helena. They were divorced in 1959. In 1943, Paz received a Guggenheim fellowship and began studying at the University of California at Berkeley in the United States, and two years later he entered the Mexican diplomatic service, working in New York for a while. In 1945, he was sent to Paris, where he wrote El Laberinto de la Soledad ("The Labyrinth of Solitude"), a groundbreaking study of Mexican identity and thought. In 1952, he travelled to India for the first time and, in the same year, to Tokyo, as chargé d'affaires, and then to Geneva, in Switzerland. He returned to Mexico City in 1954, where he wrote his great poem "Piedra de sol" ("Sunstone") in 1957 and Libertad bajo palabra (Liberty under Oath), a compilation of his poetry up to that time. He was sent again to Paris in 1959, following the steps of his lover, the Italian painter Bona Tibertelli de Pisis. In 1962 he was named Mexico's ambassador to India. In India, Paz completed several works, including El mono gramático (The Monkey Grammarian) and Ladera este (Eastern Slope). While in India, he came into contact with a group of writers called the Hungry Generation and had a profound influence on them. In 1963, he broke up with Bona and married Marie-José Tramini, a French woman who would be his wife for the rest of his life. In October 1968, he resigned from the diplomatic corps in protest of the Mexican government's massacre of student demonstrators in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco.[5] He sought refuge in Paris for a while and returned to Mexico in 1969, where he founded his magazine Plural (1970–1976) with a group of liberal Mexican and Latin American writers. From 1970 to 1974, he lectured at Harvard University, where he held the Charles Eliot Norton professorship. His book Los hijos del limo ("Children of the Mire") was the result of those lectures. After the Mexican government closed Plural in 1975, Paz founded Vuelta, a publication with a focus similar to that of Plural, and continued to edit that magazine until his death. He won the 1977 Jerusalem Prize for literature on the theme of individual freedom. In 1980, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Harvard, and in 1982, he won the Neustadt Prize. Once good friends with novelist Carlos Fuentes, Paz became estranged from him in the 1980s in a disagreement over the Sandinistas, whom Paz opposed and Fuentes supported.[6] In 1988, Paz's magazine Vuelta carried an attack by Enrique Krauze on the legitimacy of Fuentes's Mexican identity, opening a feud between Fuentes and Paz that lasted until the latter's death.[7] A collection of his poems (written between 1957 and 1987) was published in 1990. In 1990, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.[8] In India he met the Hungryalist poets and was of immense help to them during their 35 month long trial.[citation needed] He died of cancer in 1998. Guillermo Sheridan, who was named by Paz as director of the Octavio Paz Foundation in 1998, published a book, Poeta con paisaje (2004) with several biographical essays about the poet's life up to 1968. يتيم الاب وهو صغير |
نادين غورديمير
هي كاتبة من جنوب أفريقيا ولدت في سبرينجز يوم 20 نوفمبر 1923 تحصلت على جائزة نوبل في الأدب سنة 1991 عن أعمالها المناهضة للتمييز العنصري في بلادها. ولدت في عائلو برجوازية لأب يهودي وأم إنجليزية وتربت في بيئة دينية مسيحية. كما كبرت في بيئة التفرقة العنصرية التي كانت ترى تفوق العرق الأبيض على نظيره الأسود ولكنها لم تكن تحمل التفرقة العنصرية والمشاكل العرقية في بلدها. كتبت أول قصة لها في سنة التاسعة وكانت عندهت متأثرة بعملية تفتيش قامت بها الشرطة في بيت خادمتها السوداء. في 26 أكتوبر 2006 اعتدى عليها ثلاثة لصوص حاولوا سرقتها مما أصابها بجروح طفيفة. من أعمالها Nadine Gordimer (born 20 November 1923) is a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature, when she was recognised as a woman "who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity".[1] Gordimer's writing has long dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa. Under that regime, works such as July's People were banned. She was active in the anti-apartheid movement, joining the African National Congress during the days when the organization was banned. She has recently been active in HIV/AIDS causes. Biography Gordimer was born near Springs, Gauteng, an East Randmining town outside Johannesburg, the daughter of Jewish immigrants. Her father, Isidore Gordimer, was a watchmaker from Lithuania near the Latvian border,[2] and her mother, Hannah "Nan" (Myers) Gordimer, was from London, England ] Gordimer's early interest in racial and economic inequality in South Africa was shaped in part by her parents. Her father's experience as a Jewish refugee in czarist Russia helped form Gordimer's political identity, but he was neither an activist nor particularly sympathetic toward the experiences of black people under apartheid. Conversely, Gordimer saw activism by her mother, whose concern about the poverty and discrimination faced by black people in South Africa ostensibly led her to found a crèche for black children. Gordimer also witnessed government repression firsthand when yet a teenager; the police raided her family home, confiscating letters and diaries from a servant's room. Gordimer was educated at a Catholic convent school, but was largely home-bound as a child because her mother, for "strange reasons of her own," did not put her into school (apparently, she feared that Gordimer had a weak heart). Home-bound and often isolated, she began writing at an early age, and published her first stories in 1937 at the age of fifteen.[5] Her first published work was a short story for children, "The Quest for Seen Gold," which appeared in the Children's Sunday Express in 1937; "Come Again Tomorrow," another children's story, appeared in Forum around the same time. At the age of 16, she had her first adult fiction published.[6] ==Gordimer studied for a year at the University of the Witwatersrand, where she mixed for the first time with fellow professionals across the color bar. She also became involved in the Sophiatown renaissance.[6] She did not complete her degree, but moved to Johannesburg in 1948, where she has lived ever since. While taking classes in Johannesburg, Gordimer continued to write, publishing mostly in local South African magazines. She collected many of these early stories in Face to Face, published in 1949. In 1951, the New Yorker accepted Gordimer's story "A Watcher of the Dead",[7] beginning a long relationship, and bringing Gordimer's work to a much larger public. Gordimer, who has said she believes the short story is the literary form for our age,[5] has continued to publish short stories in the New Yorker and other prominent literary journals. Gordimer's first publisher, Lulu Friedman, was the wife of the Parliamentarian Bernard Friedman and it was at their house that Gordimer met other anti-apartheid writers[8] Gordimer's first novel, The Lying Days, was published in 1953. In 1954, she married Reinhold Cassirer, a highly respected art dealer who established the South African Sotheby's and later ran his own gallery; their "wonderful marriage"[4] lasted until his death from emphysema in 2001. It was her second marriage and his third. Their son, Hugo, was born in 1955, and is today a filmmaker in New York, with whom Gordimer has collaborated on at least two documentaries. Hugo Cassirer later married Sarah Buttrick, and had three children: Kate, Roland, and Conrad. Gordimer also has a daughter, Oriane (born 1950), by her first marriage, in 1949 to Gerald Gavron, a local dentist; they were divorced within three years Nadine Gordimer was born into a well-off family in Springs, Transvaal, an East Rand mining town outside Johannesburg. It was the setting for Gordimer's first novel, The Lying Days (1953). Her father, Isidore Gordimer, was a Jewish jeweler who had emigrated from Lithuania at the age of thirteen. Nan Myers, her mother, was of British descent. Gordimer was educated in a convent school. She spent a year at Witwaterstrand University, Johannesburg without taking a degree. After an unsuccessful first marriage, Gordimer was married again in 1954 to Reinhold Cassirer, a business man with no literary pretensions. "I never see a thing my wife writes until she's finished," he once said. "I had to wait two years to see A World of Strangers." Often kept at home by a mother who imagined she had a weak heart, Gordimer began writing from the age of nine. Her first piece of writing was a laudatory poem on President Kruger. Gordimer's first published story, 'Come Again Tomorrow,' appeared in the children's section of the Johannesburg magazine Forum when she was only fourteen. Though she was a slow writer, by her twenties Gordimer had had stories published in many of the local magazines. "It took me years to develop my own style. One week I would try to copy Hemingway after reading him; then I would imitate another writer whose work I admired." (Conversations with Nadine Gordimer, edited by Nancy Topping Bazin and Marilyn Dallman Seymour, 1990, p. 4). In 1951 the New Yorker accepted a story, publishing her ever since. From her early childhood Gordimer witnessed how the white minority increasingly weakened the rights of the black majority. In her first collection of short stories, Face to Face (1949), which is not listed in some of her biographies, Gordimer revealed the psychological consequences of a racially divided society. The novel The Lying Days (1953) was based largely on the author's own life and depicted a white girl, Helen, and her growing disaffection toward the narrow-mindlessness of a small-town life. Other works in the 1950s and 1960s include A World of Strangers (1958), Occasion for Loving (1963), and The Late Bourgeois World (1966). In these novels Gordimer studied the master-servant relations, spiritual and sexual paranoias of colonialism, and the shallow liberalism of her privileged white compatriots. Occasion for Loving was concerned with the "line in a statute book" – South Africa's cruel racial law. In the story an illicit love affair between a black man and a white woman ends bitterly. Ann Davis is married to a gentle Jew called Boaz Davis, a dedicated scholar who has travelled all over the country in search of African music. Gideon Shibalo, a talented painter, is black, he has a marriage and several affairs behind. The liberal Mrs Jessie Stilwell is a reluctant hostess to the law-breaking lovers. Boaz, the cuckold, is on the side of the struggling South African black majority, and Ann plays with two men's emotions.
والدها يهودي وامها انجليزية. لا يعرف متى مات والديها. عاشت في عزلة في طفولتها لاعتقاد والدتها ان لها قلب ضعيف. شاهدت التصرفات العنصرية وتأثرت بها. مأزومة. |
دريك والكوت
(23 يناير 1930 في سانت لوسيا) هو شاعر وكاتب. حصل عام 1992 على جائزة نوبل للآداب. عمل محاضرًا في عدة جامعات في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، عين عام 1981 أستاذًا للغة الإنجليزية في جامعة بوسطن الأمريكية. == Derek Alton Walcott, OBE OCC (born 23 January 1930) is a Saint Lucian poet and playwright. He received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Literature.[1] He is currently Professor of poetry at the University of Essex. [ Early lifeHis works include the Homeric epic poem, Omeros (1990).[2] Robert Graves wrote that Walcott "handles English with a closer understanding of its inner magic than most, if not any, of his contemporaries”.[3] In 2011, Walcott received the T. S. Eliot Prize for his book of poetry, White Egrets. Walcott was born and raised in Castries, Saint Lucia, in the West Indies with a twin brother, the future playwright Roderick Walcott, and a sister, Pamela Walcott. His family was of mixed race and ethnicity; he had two white grandfathers and two black grandmothers. His family is of African and European descent, reflecting the complex colonial history of the island which he explores in his poetry. His mother, a teacher, loved the arts and often recited poetry around the house. His father, who painted and wrote poetry, died at age 31 from mastoiditis while his wife was pregnant with the twins Derek and Roderick, who were born after his death. Walcott's family was part of a minority Methodist community, who felt overshadowed by the dominant Catholic culture of the island established during French colonial rule. As a young man Walcott trained as a painter, mentored by Harold Simmons, whose life as a professional artist provided an inspiring example for him. Walcott greatly admired Cézanne and Giorgione and sought to learn from them.[6] Walcott studied as a writer, becoming “an elated, exuberant poet madly in love with English” and strongly influenced by modernist poets such as T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound. He had an early sense of a vocation as a writer. In the poem "Midsummer" (1984), he wrote: "Forty years gone, in my island childhood, I felt that the gift of poetry had made me one of the chosen, that all experience was kindling to the fire of the Muse."[6] At 14, Walcott published his first poem, a Miltonic, religious poem in the newspaper, The Voice of St Lucia. An English Catholic priest condemned the Methodist-inspired poem as blasphemous in a response printed in the newspaper.[6] By 19, Walcott had self-published his two first collections with the aid of his mother, who paid for the printing: 25 Poems (1948) and Epitaph for the Young: XII Cantos (1949). He sold copies to his friends and covered the costs.[7] He later commented, The influential Barbadian poet Frank Collymore critically supported Walcott's early work.] Career With a scholarship, he studied at the University of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica.[8] After graduation, Walcott moved to Trinidad in 1953, where he became a critic, teacher and journalist.[8] Walcott founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop in 1959 and remains active with its Board of Directors.[7] [edit] Oxford Professor of Poetry candidacyExploring the Caribbean and its history in a colonialist and post-colonialist context, his collection In a Green Night: Poems 1948-1960 (1962) attracted international attention.[2] His play Dream on Monkey Mountain (1970) was produced on NBC-TV in the United States the year it was published. In 1971 it was produced by the Negro Ensemble Company off-Broadway in New York City; it won an Obie Award that year for "Best Foreign Play".[9] The following year, Walcott won an OBE from the British government for his work.[10] He was hired as a teacher by Boston University in the United States, where he founded the Boston Playwrights' Theatre in 1981. That year he also received a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in the United States. Walcott taught literature and writing at Boston University for more than two decades, publishing new books of poetry and plays on a regular basis and retiring in 2007. He became friends with other poets, including the Russian Joseph Brodsky, who lived and worked in the US after being exiled in the 1970s, and the Irish Seamus Heaney, who also taught in Boston. His book-length work, Omeros (1990), was modelled on the epics of Homer and sang the history of St. Lucia. Walcott was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1992, the first Caribbean writer to receive the honor. The Nobel committee described his work as “a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment.”[2] His later poetry collections include Tiepolo’s Hound (2000), illustrated with copies of his watercolors;[11] The Prodigal (2004), and White Egrets (2010), which received the T.S. Eliot Prize.[2][8] In 2009, Walcott began a three-year distinguished scholar-in-residence position at the University of Alberta. In 2010, he became Professor of Poetry at the University of Essex.[12] In 2009, Walcott was a leading candidate for the position of Oxford Professor of Poetry. He withdrew his candidacy after reports of documented accusations against him of sexual harassment from 1981 and 1996.[13] (The latter case was settled by Boston University out of court.)[14] When the media learned that pages from an American book on the topic were sent anonymously to a number of Oxford academics, its interest was further aroused in the university decisions.[15][16] ThemesRuth Padel, also a chief candidate, was elected to the post. Within days, The Telegraph reported that she had alerted journalists to the harassment cases.[17][18] Under severe media and academic pressure, Padel resigned.[17][19] Padel was the first woman to be elected to the Oxford post, and journalists including Libby Purves, Yasmin Alibhai Brown, the American Macy Halford and the Canadian Suzanne Gardner attributed the criticism of her to misogyny[20][21] and a gender war at Oxford. They said that a male poet would not have been so criticized, as she had reported published information, not rumor.[22][23] Numerous respected poets, including Seamus Heaney and Al Alvarez, published a letter of support for Walcott in the Times Literary Supplement, and criticized the press furore.[24] Other commentators suggested that both poets were casualties of the media interest in an internal university affair, because the story "had everything, from sex claims to allegations of character assassination".[25] Simon Armitage and other poets expressed regret at Padel's resignation.[26][27] Methodism and spirituality have played a significant role from the beginning in Walcott's work. He commented, "I have never separated the writing of poetry from prayer. I have grown up believing it is a vocation, a religious vocation." He describes the experience of the poet: He notes that Walcott has said his writing was influenced by the work of the American poets, Robert Lowell and Elizabeth Bishop, who were also friends.[6] He has published more than twenty plays, the majority of which have been produced by the Trinidad Theatre Workshop, and have also been widely staged elsewhere. Many of them address, either directly or indirectly, the liminal status of the West Indies in the post-colonial period. Through poetry he also explores the paradoxes and complexities of this legacy. In his 1970 essay, "What the Twilight Says: An Overture," discussing art and theatre in his native region (from Dream on Monkey Mountain and Other Plays), Walcott reflects on the West Indies as colonized space. He discusses the problems for an artist of a region with little in the way of truly indigenous forms, and with little national or nationalist identity. He states: “We are all strangers here... Our bodies think in one language and move in another". The epistemological effects of colonization inform plays such as Ti-Jean and his Brothers. Mi-Jean, one of the eponymous brothers, is shown to have much information, but to truly know nothing. Every line Mi-Jean recites is rote knowledge gained from the coloniser; he is unable to synthesize it or apply it to his life as a colonised person. Walcott notes of growing up in West Indian culture: Walcott identifies as "absolutely a Caribbean writer", a pioneer, helping to make sense of the legacy of deep colonial damage.[6] In such poems as "The Castaway" (1965) and in the play Pantomime (1978), he uses the metaphors of shipwreck and Crusoe to describe the culture and what is required of artists after colonialism and slavery: both the freedom and the challenge to begin again, salvage the best of other cultures and make something new. These images recur in later work as well. He writes, "If we continue to sulk and say, Look at what the slave-owner did, and so forth, we will never mature. While we sit moping or writing morose poems and novels that glorify a non-existent past, then time passes us by."[6] Walcott's work weaves together a variety of forms, including the folk tale, morality play, allegory, fable and ritual featuring emblematic and mythological characters. His epic book-length poem Omeros (1990), is an allusive, loose reworking of Homeric story and tradition into a journey within the Caribbean and beyond to Africa, New England, the American West, Canada, and London, with frequent reference to the Greek Islands. His odysseys are not the realm of gods or warriors, but are peopled by everyday folk. Composed in terza rima and organized by rhyme and meter, the work explores the themes that run through Walcott's oeuvre: the beauty of the islands, the colonial burden, fragmentation of Caribbean identity, and the role of the poet in salving the rents among them.[5] The poet Joseph Brodsky, a friend of Walcott, commented: Walcott noted that he, Brodsky, and the Irish poet Seamus Heaney, who all taught in the United States, were a band of poets "outside the American experience." يتم الاب قبل الولادة |
توني موريسون
(بالإنكليزية: Toni Morrison) روائية أمريكية-إفريقية مولودة في أوهايو في 18 فبراير 1931، فازت بجائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 1993 عن مُجمل أعمالها، وجائزة بوليتزر عن روايتها محبوبة. من رواياتها الأخرى: أكثر العيون زرقة، نشيد سليمان، صولا، وطفل القطران. تُرجمت أعمالها إلى مختلف لغات العالم، ومن بينها العربية. حياتها المبكرة ومهنتها ولدت توني موريسون في لورين – اوهايو وكانت الطفلة الثانية من بين اربع اطفال في العائلة. كانت موريسون تقرأ باستمرار ومن كتابها المفضلين جين اوستن وليو تولستوي، وكان والدها يروي لها العديد من الحكايات الشعبية عن مجمتمع السود بطرية السرد القصصي والتي ستؤثر لاحقا على أسلوبها في الكتابة. في عام 1949 التحقت موريسون بجامعة هاوارد وفي عام 1953 حصلت على بكلوريوس في الادب الإنكليزي، وفي عام 1955 نالت شهادة الماجستير من جامعة كورنيل.بعد أن نالت الماجستير عملت في جامعة Texas Southern University in Houston, Texas للمدة (1955-1957) ثم عادت لللعمل في جامعة هاوارد ، تزوجت من المهندس المعماري الجامايكي هارولد موريسون في عام 1958 وتطلقت منه عام 1964 بعد أن انجبت منه طفلين بعد الطلاق انتقلت إلى Syracuse ثم إلى New York لتعمل محررة كتب منهجية ثم محررة في المقر الرئيسي لدار النشر راندوم هاوس Random House وهنا لعبت دوري حيوي في دفع ادب السود إلى الواجهة. مهنة الكتابة بدأت موريسون كتابة الروايات الخيالية عندما كانت مشتركة مع مجموعة من الكتاب والشعراء في جامعة هاوارد الذين كانوا يلتقون ويناقشون اعمالهم في أحد المرات ذهبت مورسون إلى الاجتماع وهي تحمل قصة قصيرة عن فتاة سوداء تتوق للحصول على عيون زرقاء وقد طورت هذه القصة فيما بعد لتصبح روايتها الأولى التي تحمل عنوان العين الأكثر زرقة نشرتها عام 1970 كتبت موريسون هذه الرواية في الوقت الذي كانت تربي طفليها وتعمل في جامعة هاوارد، في عام 2000 اختيرت هذه الرواية كواحدة من مختارات نادي اوبرا للكتاب. في عام 1975 رشحت روايتها sula التي كتبتها عام 1973 إلى جائزة الكتاب الوطنية، اما روايتها الثالثة نشيد سليمان فقد اختيرت كتاب الشهر وهي أول رواية لكاتب اسود يتم اختيارها بعد رواية الكاتب ريتشارد التي اختيرت عام 1940 وقد حصلت أيضا على جازة النقاد الوطنية. في عام 1987 أصبحت روايتها beloved نقطة حرجة في تاريخ نجاحها عندما فشلت في الفوز بجائزة الكتاب الوطنية وجائزة النقاد الوطنية مما حدا بعدد من الكتاب إلى الاحتجاج ضد اغفال مورسون، ولكن بعد مدة قصيرة فازت هذه الرواية بجائزة Pulitzer Prize for fiction وجائزة الكتاب الأمريكي وفي نفس السنة عملت موريسون كاستاذ زائر في Bard College.في عام 1998 تحولت هذه الرواية إلى فلم يحمل نفس الاسم من بطولة اوبرا وينفري ودان كلوفر، ثم استخدمت موريسون قصة حياة ماركريت كارنر في نص ابرالي الف الموسيقى له الفنان ريتشارد دانيبلور. كما رشحت، The New York Times Book Review هذه الرواية في عام 2006 كأفضل رواية أمريكية نشرت خلال الخمس وعشرون سنة الماضية. في عام 1993 حصلت موريسون على جائزة نوبل للاداب وجاء في كلمة المؤسسة المانحة للجائزة " تميزت روايات موريسون بقوة البصيرة والمضمون الشاعري الذي يمنح الواقع الأمريكي ملامحه الاساسية ". حاليا هي اخر أمريكية حصلت على هذه الجائزة. ساهمت موريسون باثراء واغناء التراث الادبي الأمريكي ولهذا منحتها مؤسسة الكتاب الوطنية في عام 1996 ميدالية المساهمة المتميزة في الاداب الأمريكية. على الرغم من أن رواياتها ركزت على النساء السود الا انها ترفض ان يوصف نتاجها الادبي بانه ادب يختص بالحركة النسوية. بالإضافة إلى رواياتها، ساهمت موريسون مع ابنها Slade الذي يعمل رسام وموسيقي في تاليف كتب للاطفال، وقد توفي Salade في 22 ديسمبر عام 2010. == Toni Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931) is an American novelist, editor, and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed characters. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon and Beloved. She also was commissioned to write the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner, first performed in 2005. She won the Nobel Prize in 1993 and in 1987 the Pulitzer Prize for Beloved. On 29 May 2012, she received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Early life and careerToni Morrison was born in Lorain, Ohio, to Ramah (née Willis) and George Wofford. She is the second of four children in a working-class family. As a child, Morrison read fervently; among her favorite authors were Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy. Morrison's father told her numerous folktales of the black community (a method of storytelling that would later work its way into Morrison's writings).[3] In 1949 Morrison entered Howard University, where she received a B.A. in English in 1953. She earned a Master of Arts degree in English from Cornell University in 1955, for which she wrote a thesis on suicide in the works of William Faulkner and Virginia Woolf. After graduation, Morrison became an English instructor at Texas Southern University in Houston, Texas (1955–57), then returned to Howard to teach English. She became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. In 1958 she married Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect and fellow faculty member at Howard University. They had two children, Harold and Slade, and divorced in 1964. After the divorce she moved to Syracuse, New York, where she worked as a textbook editor. A year and a half later, she went to work as an editor at the New York City headquarters of Random House. She also taught at Yale University and Bard College during these years.[4] As an editor, Morrison played a vital role in bringing black literature into the mainstream, editing books by authors such as Henry Dumas,[5] Toni Cade Bambara, Angela Davis, and Gayl Jones.[6] Writing careerMorrison began writing fiction as part of an informal group of poets and writers at Howard who met to discuss their work. She went to one meeting with a short story about a black girl who longed to have blue eyes. She later developed the story as her first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970). She wrote it while raising two children and teaching at Howard.[4] In 2000 it was chosen as a selection for Oprah's Book Club.[7] In 1975 her novel Sula (1973) was nominated for the National Book Award. Her third novel, Song of Solomon (1977), brought her national attention. The book was a main selection of the Book-of-the-Month Club, the first novel by a black writer to be so chosen since Richard Wright's Native Son in 1940. It won the National Book Critics Circle Award. In 1987 Morrison's novel Beloved became a critical success. When the novel failed to win the National Book Award as well as the National Book Critics Circle Award, a number of writers protested over the omission.Shortly afterward, it won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction and the American Book Award. That same year, Morrison took a visiting professorship at Bard College. Beloved was adapted into the 1998 film of the same name starring Oprah Winfrey and Danny Glover. Morrison later used Margaret Garner's life story again in the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner, with music by Richard Danielpour. In May 2006, The New York Times Book Review named Beloved the best American novel published in the previous twenty-five years. In 1993 Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Her citation reads: Toni Morrison, "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality." She is currently the last American to have been awarded the honor. Shortly afterward, a fire destroyed her Rockland County, New York home.[2][9] Later lifeIn 1996 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities.[10] Morrison's lecture, entitled "The Future of Time: Literature and Diminished Expectations,"[11] began with the aphorism, "Time, it seems, has no future." She cautioned against the misuse of history to diminish expectations of the future.[12] Morrison was honored with the 1996 National Book Foundation's Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, which is awarded to a writer "who has enriched our literary heritage over a life of service, or a corpus of work."[13] Although her novels typically concentrate on black women, Morrison does not identify her works as feminist.[14] She has stated that she thinks "it's off-putting to some readers, who may feel that I'm involved in writing some kind of feminist tract. I don't subscribe to patriarchy, and I don't think it should be substituted with matriarchy. I think it's a question of equitable access, and opening doors to all sorts of things."[14] In addition to her novels, Morrison has also co-written books for children with her younger son, Slade Morrison, who worked as a painter and musician. Slade died on December 22, 2010, aged 45.[15] In 2002, Morrison was invited to serve as the first Mentor in Literature in the inaugural cycle of the Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative, an international philanthropic programme that pairs masters in their disciplines with emerging talents for a year of one-to-one creative exchange. Out of a very gifted field of candidates, Morrison chose young Australian novelist Julia Leigh as her protégée. Other literature mentors for the initiative include Mario Vargas Llosa (2004), Tahar Ben Jelloun (2006), Wole Soyinka (2008), Hans Magnus Enzensberger (2010) and Margaret Atwood (2012). Morrison taught English at two branches of the State University of New York. In 1984 she was appointed to an Albert Schweitzer chair at the University at Albany, The State University of New York. From 1989 until her retirement in 2006, Morrison held the Robert F. Goheen Chair in the Humanities at Princeton University.[3] PoliticsThough based in the Creative Writing Program at Princeton, Morrison did not regularly offer writing workshops to students after the late 1990s, a fact that earned her some criticism. Rather, she has conceived and developed the prestigious Princeton Atelier, a program that brings together talented students with critically acclaimed, world-famous artists. Together the students and the artists produce works of art that are presented to the public after a semester of collaboration. In her position at Princeton, Morrison used her insights to encourage not merely new and emerging writers, but artists working to develop new forms of art through interdisciplinary play and cooperation. At its 1979 commencement ceremonies, Barnard College awarded her its highest honor, the Barnard Medal of Distinction. Oxford University awarded her an honorary Doctor of Letters degree in June 2005. In November 2006, Morrison visited the Louvre Museum in Paris as the second in its "Grand Invité" program to guest-curate a month-long series of events across the arts on the theme of "The Foreigner's Home." Inspired by her curatorship, Morrison returned to Princeton in Fall 2008 to lead a small seminar, also entitled "The Foreigner's Home." In May 2010, Morrison appeared at PEN World Voices for a conversation with Marlene van Niekerk and Kwame Anthony Appiah about South African literature, and specifically, van Niekerk's novel, Agaat.[16] In May 2011, Morrison received an Honorable Doctor of Letters Degree from Rutgers University during commencement where she delivered a speech of the "pursuit of life, liberty, meaningfulness, integrity, and truth". On March 15, 2012, she established a residency at Oberlin College.[17] She is currently a member of the editorial board of The Nation magazine. In writing about the impeachment in 1998, Morrison wrote that, since Whitewater, Bill Clinton had been mistreated because of his "Blackness": The phrase "our first Black president" was adopted as a positive by Bill Clinton supporters. When the Congressional Black Caucus honored the former president at its dinner in Washington D.C. on September 29, 2001, for instance, Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX), the chair, told the audience that Clinton "took so many initiatives he made us think for a while we had elected the first black president."[19] In the context of the 2008 Democratic Primary campaign, Morrison stated to Time magazine: "People misunderstood that phrase. I was deploring the way in which President Clinton was being treated, vis-à-vis the sex scandal that was surrounding him. I said he was being treated like a black on the street, already guilty, already a perp. I have no idea what his real instincts are, in terms of race."[20] In the Democratic primary contest for the 2008 presidential race, Morrison endorsed Senator Barack Obama over Senator Hillary Clinton,[21] though expressing admiration and respect for the latter == Toni Morrison was born Chloe Anthony Wofford in Lorain, Ohio, where her parents had moved to escape the problems of southern racism. Her family were migrants, sharecroppers on both sides. Morrison grew up in the black community of Lorain. She spent her childhood in the Midwest and read voraciously, from Jane Austen to Tolstoy. Morrison's father, George Wofford, was a welder, and told her folktales of the black community, transferring his African-American heritage to another generation. In 1949 she entered Howard University in Washington, D.C., America's most distinguished black college. There she changed her name from "Chloe" to "Toni", explaining once that people found "Chloe" too difficult to pronounce. She continued her studies at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Morrison wrote her thesis on suicide in the works of William Faulkner and VirginiaWoolf, receiving her M.A. in 1955 من اصول افريقية. عائلة فقيرة. وهي مازومة كونها عاشت طفولتها في ظل نظام عنصري اضطر والديها للانتقال الى مكان يجنبهم العنصرية. لا يعرف متى مات والديها. مأزومة. |
كنزابورو أوي هو أديب ياباني متحصل على جائزة نوبل للآداب لسنة 1994. ولد في 31 يناير ? 1931 وتربي في محافظة إهيمه في جزيرة منطقة شيكوكو . عندما تحصل على جائزة نوبل أعلن توقفه عن الكتابة معلنا بأن ابنه من ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة أصبح صوته. رشح للحصول على وسام الثقافة إلا أنه رفضه. Kenzaburō Ōe (大江 健三郎, Ōe Kenzaburō?, born January 31, 1935) is a Japanese author and a major figure in contemporary Japanese literature. His works, strongly influenced by French and American literature and literary theory, deal with political, social and philosophical issues including nuclear weapons, nuclear power, social non-conformism and existentialism. Ōe was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1994 for creating "an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today".[1] Life Ōe was born in Ōse (大瀬村, Ōse-mura?), a village now in Uchiko, Ehime Prefecture on the island of Shikoku in Japan. He was the third son of seven children. Ōe's grandmother taught him art and oral performance. His grandmother died in 1944, and later that year, Ōe's father died in the Pacific War. Ōe's mother took over his father's role as educator. The books she bought him - The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Wonderful Adventures of Nils—left him with an impression Ōe says "he will carry to the grave". After attending local school, Ōe transferred to a high school in Matsuyama. At the age of 18, he made his first trip to Tokyo and in the following year began studying French Literature at Tokyo University under the direction of Professor Kazuo Watanabe, a specialist on François Rabelais. He began publishing stories in 1957 while still a student, strongly influenced by contemporary writing in France and the United States. He married in February 1960. His wife, Yukari, was the daughter of film director Mansaku Itami and sister of film director Juzo Itami. The same year he met Mao Zedong on a trip to China. He also went to Russia and Europe the following year, visiting Sartre in Paris. Ōe now lives in Tokyo. He has three children; the eldest son, Hikari, has been brain-damaged since his birth in 1963, and his disability has been a recurring motif in Ōe's writings since. In 2004, Ōe lent his name and support to those opposing proposed changes in the post-war Japanese constitution of 1947. His views were seen as controversial by those who wanted Japan to abandon the constitutional impediment to "the threat or use of force as a means of settling international disputes", which is explicitly renounced in Article 9.[2] In 2005, two retired Japanese military officers sued Ōe for libel for his 1970 essay, Okinawa Notes, in which he had written that members of the Japanese military had coerced masses of Okinawan civilians into committing suicide during the Allied invasion of the island in 1945. In March 2008, the Osaka District Court dismissed all charges against Ōe. In this ruling, Judge Toshimasa Fukami stated, "The military was deeply involved in the mass suicides". In a news conference following the trial, Ōe said, "The judge accurately read my writing." Oe has been involved with pacifist and anti-nuclear campaigns and written books about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, he urged Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda to “halt plans to restart nuclear power plants and instead abandon nuclear energy”.[4] Kenzabu Oe has said that Japan has an "ethical responsibility" to abandon nuclear power in the aftermath of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, just as the country renounced war under the postwar Constitution. During a 2012 press conference at the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan, Oe called for "an immediate end to nuclear power generation and warned that Japan would suffer another nuclear catastrophe if it tries to resume nuclear power plant operations".Kenzaburo Oe participated the nuclear energy demonstration in Tokyo's Yoyogi Park in February 2012 with thousands of people. 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, which caused zero deaths, were among the most severe nuclear accidents of the world. قتل الاب في الحرب وعمره 9 سنوات كما ماتت جدته التي كان لها تأثير كبير عليه في تلك السنة. يتيم الاب في سن الـ 9. |
شيموس جستين هيني
(بالأيرلندية: Seamus Justin Heaney، واللفظ /ˈʃeɪməs ˈhiːni/) هو شاعر أيرلندي ولد سنة 1939م في أيرلندا الشمالية. هو الابن الأكبر لتسعة أطفال لعائلة كاثوليكية في مجتمع زراعي. تحصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1995. بدأ شيموس هيني بكتابة الشعر حين كان طالباً في الجامعة وكان شعره في الغالب انعكاساً لتجاربه الشخصية وانعكاساً للوضع في مسقط رأسه أيرلندا الشمالية. == Seamus Heaney (/ˈʃeɪməs ˈhiːni/; born 13 April 1939) is an Irish poet, playwright, translator, lecturer and recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born at Mossbawn farmhouse between Castledawson and Toomebridge, he now resides in Dublin.[2][3] As well as the Nobel Prize in Literature, Heaney has received the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize (1968), the E. M. Forster Award (1975), the PEN Translation Prize (1985), the Golden Wreath of Poetry (2001), T. S. Eliot Prize (2006) and two Whitbread Prizes (1996 and 1999).[4][5] He has been a member of Aosdána since its foundation and has been Saoi since 1997. He was both the Harvard and the Oxford Professor of Poetry and was made a Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres in 1996. Heaney's literary papers are held by the National Library of Ireland. On 6 June 2012, he was awarded the Lifetime Recognition Award from the Griffin Trust For Excellence In Poetry. Robert Lowell called him "the most important Irish poet since Yeats" and many others, including the academic John Sutherland, have echoed the sentiment that he is "the greatest poet of our age". Early life Heaney was born on 13 April 1939, at the family farmhouse called Mossbawn, between Castledawson and Toomebridge in Northern Ireland; he was the first of nine children. In 1953, his family moved to Bellaghy, a few miles away, which is now the family home. His father, Patrick Heaney, was the eighth child of ten born to James and Sarah Heaney. Patrick was a farmer, but his real commitment was to cattle-dealing, to which he was introduced by the uncles who had cared for him after the early death of his own parents Heaney's mother, Margaret Kathleen McCann, came from the McCann family, whose uncles and relations were employed in the local linen mill, and whose aunt had worked as a maid for the mill owner's family. The poet has commented on the fact that his parentage thus contains both the Ireland of the cattle-herding Gaelic past and the Ulster of the Industrial Revolution; he considers this to have been a significant tension in his background. Heaney initially attended Anahorish Primary School, and when he was twelve years-old, he won a scholarship to St. Columb's College, a Roman Catholic boarding school situated in Derry. Heaney's brother, Christopher, was killed in a road accident at the age of four, while Heaney was studying at St. Columb's. The poems "Mid-Term Break" and "The Blackbird of Glanmore" focus on his brother's death. Career1957–1969 For more details on on this part of Heaney's career, see his collections, Death of a Naturalist and Door into the Dark. In 1957, Heaney travelled to Belfast to study English Language and Literature at Queen's University Belfast. During his time in Belfast, he found a copy of Ted Hughes's Lupercal, which spurred him to write poetry. "Suddenly, the matter of contemporary poetry was the material of my own life," he has said. He graduated in 1961 with a First Class Honours degree. During teacher training at St Joseph's Teacher Training College in Belfast (now merged with St Mary's, University College), Heaney went on a placement to St Thomas' secondary Intermediate School in west Belfast. The headmaster of this school was the writer Michael McLaverty from County Monaghan, who introduced Heaney to the poetry of Patrick Kavanagh.With McLaverty's mentorship, Heaney first started to publish poetry, beginning in 1962. Hillal describes how McLaverty was like a foster father to the younger Belfast poet. In the introduction to McLaverty's Collected works, Heaney summarised the poet's contribution and influence: "His voice was modestly pitched, he never sought the limelight, yet for all that, his place in our literature is secure."[12] Heaney's poem Fosterage, in the sequence Singing School from North (1975) is dedicated to him. In 1963, Heaney became a lecturer at St Joseph's and in the spring of 1963, after contributing various articles to local magazines, he came to the attention of Philip Hobsbaum, then an English lecturer at Queen's University. Hobsbaum was to set up a Belfast Group of local young poets (to mirror the success he had with the London group) and this would bring Heaney into contact with other Belfast poets such as Derek Mahon and Michael Longley. In August 1965 he married Marie Devlin, a school teacher and native of Ardboe, County Tyrone. (Devlin is a writer herself and, in 1994, published Over Nine Waves, a collection of traditional Irish myths and legends.) Heaney's first book, Eleven Poems, was published in November 1965 for the Queen's University Festival. In 1966, Faber and Faber published his first major volume, called Death of a Naturalist. This collection met with much critical acclaim and went on to win several awards, the Gregory Award for Young Writers and the Geoffrey Faber Prize.[10] Also in 1966, he was appointed as a lecturer in Modern English Literature at Queen's University Belfast and his first son, Michael, was born. A second son, Christopher, was born in 1968. That same year, with Michael Longley, Heaney took part in a reading tour called Room to Rhyme, which led to much exposure for the poet's work. In 1969, his second major volume, Door into the Dark, was published. = Biography of Seamus Heaney His family didn’t have the funds to send him to college, but a scholarship allowed him to attend college and live on campus. He learned Latin and Irish while in school, both of which he would later use in his career. While attending college, Heaney's brother died. He would later write several poems about his brother's death. Heaney moved to the Queen’s University of Belfast in 1957, and majored in English Literature. After graduating in 1961, he went to the St. Joseph’s Teacher Training College where he learned the skills to become a teacher. While completing a placement program at St. Thomas’ Secondary Intermediate School he met Michael MacLaverty. MacLaverty broadened his horizons by showing him poetry of other poets that he’d never read before. من عائلة فقيرة. والده كان يعمل في تربية الماشية. لكن واضح ان اهم حدث اثر فيه هو موت اخاه بحادث بينما كان عمر ذلك الاخ 4 سنوات وهذا يعني بأن هذا الموت حدث في طفولة الشاعر. ايضا هناك المدرسة الداخلية ثم الجامعة التي انتقل اليها ليسكن بعيدا عن العائلة. مأزوم. |
فيسوافا شيمبورسكا
هي شاعرة وباحثة ومترجمة بولندية ولدت في 2 يوليو 1923. حصلت على نوبل للأدب عام 1996. توفيت في 1 فبراير 2012. حياتها فيسوافا شيمبورسكا هي شاعرة وباحثة ومترجمة بولندية ولدت في 2 يوليو 1923. تناولت أعمال شيبمورسكا موضوعين أساسيين هما الحرب والإرهاب ونافست مبيعات أعمالها في بولندا أهم الأدباء رغم أنها صرحت في قصيدة لها تدعي " شيء مثل الشعر" أن إثنين من كل ألف شخص يهتمان فعلياً بالفنون. حصلت شيموبرسكا علي جائزة نوبل في الآداب عام 1996 لأن أشعارها استطاعت بدقة متناهية أن تجسد الحقائق الذاتية والتاريخية في صورة تشرذمات بشرية. تستخدم شيبمورسكا دائماً أساليب أدبية مثل الطباق والسخرية والتناقدات والتصريح المقتضب لإلقاء الضوء علي الوساوس والمواضيع الفلسفية. قصائد شيبمورسكا القصيرة غالباً ما تستحضر إشكاليات وجودية كبيرة تلمس من خلالها مواضيع ذات قيمة أخلاقية وتعكس حالة الإنسان كفرد وكعضو في المجتمع. يتميز أسلوب شيبمورسكا بالاقتضاب ويتميز بالتأمل في بواطن الأشياء وبروحه الفكاهية. جنت شيبمورسكا صيتها كشاعرة من مجموعة ليست كبيرة من الأعمال فلا يتجاوز عدد قصائدها إلي اليوم المئتين وخمسين. يوصفها من يتعامل معها بالخجل ويقدرها الجميع في الأوساط الأدبية البولندية. تحول بعض إنتاجها إلي أعمال موسيقي وترجمت كتاباتها إلي لغات أوروبية بالإصافة إلي اللغات العبرية والعربية واليابانية والصينية. استمرت شيبمورسكا في دراستها عن طريق الدروس الخصوصية وقت اندلاع الحرب العالمية الثانية وعملت في السكك الحديدية وقاومت بشدة فكرة انتقالها إلي ألمانيا لتعمل بنظام للمهاجرين يشبه السخرة. في تلك الفترة بدأت عملها كفنانة فكانت ترسم الصور الموضحة للكتب التعليمية باللغة الإنجليزية. في عام 1945، درست شيبمورسكا اللغة والأدب البولندي ثم غيرت مجال دراستها إلي علم الاجتماع. في الجامعة بدأت تظهر موهبتها ككاتبة في الأوساط المحلية وفي نفس العام نشرت أولى قصائدها "أبحث عن العالم" في إحدى الجرائد اليومية واستمرت في نشر قصائدها في مختلف الجرائد والمجلات. في عام 1948 اضطرت شيبمورسكا إلى ترك دراستها دون الحصول علي شهادتها بسبب ظروف مادية صعبة وفي نفس العام تزوجت من آدم فلودك ولم يدم زواجهما سوى ستة أعوام، وفي تلك الفترة كانت تعمل مساعدة في مجلة تعليمية تصدر مرتين كل شهر وأيضاً رسامة. في عام 1953 في الفترة الستالينية في بولندا شاركت في التشهير بالرهبان الكاثوليك الذي حكم عليهم النظام الاشتراكي الحاكم بالإعدام دون سبب حقيقي ولكن الحكم لم ينفذ علي أية حال بسبب موت ستالين. كان من المفترض لأول كتبها أن ينشر في عام 1949 ولكن الرقابة لم تصرح به زاعمة أنه لا يتماشي مع المناخ الاشتراكي وبالرغم من ذلك استمرت شيبمورسكا في مديح لينين وستالين والشيوعية في كتاباتها مثل قصيدتها التي سمتها "لينين" في أول مجموعة شعرية لها وكانت تدعي "و هذا الذي نحيا من أجله". انضمت شيبمورسكا لحزب العمال البولنديين المتحدين ولكنها ككثير من المفكرين البولنديين تخلت عن أفكارها الشيوعية ولكنها لم تترك الحزب حتي عام 1966.في عام 1957، ربطتها علاقة صداقة بصحفي في جريدة كولتورا التي تنشر في باريس وشاركت فيها واهتمت في تلك الفترة بالتصدي للمحاولات الشيوعية للتصدي لحرية الرأي. في عام 1953، انضمت لفريق مجلة متخصصة النقد الأدبي كانت تسمي "الحياة الأدبية" وعملت بها حتي عام 1983 وخلال عام أصبح لها عمود خاص للنقد الأدبي اسمه "قراءة غير ملزمة" والكثير من أبحاثها في تلك الفترة نشر في صورة كتب. شاركت في العديد من المجلات الأخرى وكانت تركز جهودها على معارضة النظام الحاكم. == Wisława Szymborska-Włodek [viˈswava ʂɨmˈbɔrska] (2 July 1923 – 1 February 2012) was a Polish poet, essayist, translator and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Prowent, which has since become part of Kórnik, she later resided in Kraków until the end of her life. She was described as a "Mozart of Poetry".[1][2] In Poland, Szymborska's books have reached sales rivaling prominent prose authors: although she once remarked in a poem, "Some Like Poetry" ("Niektórzy lubią poezję"), that no more than two out of a thousand people care for the art.[3] Szymborska was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality".[4][5] She became better known internationally as a result of this. Her work has been translated into English and many European languages, as well as into Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese and Chine. Life Wisława Szymborska was born on 2 July 1923 in Prowent, Poland (present-day Bnin, Kórnik, Poland), the daughter of Wincenty and Anna (née Rottermund) Szymborski. Her father was at that time the steward of Count Władysław Zamoyski, a Polish patriot and charitablepatron. After the death of Count Zamoyski in 1924, her family moved to Toruń, and in 1931 to Kraków, where she lived and worked until her death in early 2012. When World War II broke out in 1939, she continued her education in underground classes. From 1943, she worked as a railroad employee and managed to avoid being deported to Germany as a forced labourer. It was during this time that her career as an artist began with illustrations for an English-language textbook. She also began writing stories and occasional poems. Beginning in 1945, she began studying Polish literature before switching to sociology at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków.[2] There she soon became involved in the local writing scene, and met and was influenced by Czesław Miłosz. In March 1945, she published her first poem "Szukam słowa" ("Looking for words") in the daily newspaper, Dziennik Polski. Her poems continued to be published in various newspapers and periodicals for a number of years.[2][6] In 1948, she quit her studies without a degree, due to her poor financial circumstances; the same year, she married poet Adam Włodek, whom she divorced in 1954 (they remained close until Włodek's death in 1986).[2] The union was childless. Around the time of her marriage she was working as a secretary for an educational biweekly magazine as well as an illustrator. DeathHer first book was to be published in 1949, but did not pass censorship as it "did not meet socialist requirements". Like many other intellectuals in post-war Poland, however, Szymborska adhered to the People's Republic of Poland's (PRL) official ideology early in her career, signing an infamous political petition from 8 February 1953, condemning Polish priests accused of treason in a show trial.[7][8][9] Her early work supported socialist themes, as seen in her debut collection Dlatego żyjemy (That is what we are living for), containing the poems "Lenin" and "Młodzieży budującej Nową Hutę" ("For the Youth who are building Nowa Huta"), about the construction of a Stalinist industrial town near Kraków.[2] She became a member of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party. Like many communist intellectuals initially close to the official party line, Szymborska gradually grew estranged from socialist ideology and renounced her earlier political work.[2] Although she did not officially leave the party until 1966, she began to establish contacts with dissidents.[2] As early as 1957, she befriended Jerzy Giedroyc, the editor of the influential Paris-based emigré journal Kultura, to which she also contributed. In 1964, she opposed a Communist-backed protest to The Times against independent intellectuals, demanding freedom of speech instead.[10] In 1953, Szymborska joined the staff of the literary review magazine Życie Literackie (Literary Life), where she continued to work until 1981 and from 1968 ran her own book review column, called Lektury Nadobowiązkowe.[2] Many of her essays from this period were later published in book form. From 1981–83, she was an editor of the Kraków-based monthly periodical, NaGlos (OutLoud). In the 1980s, she intensified her oppositional activities, contributing to the samizdat periodical Arka under the pseudonym "Stańczykówna", as well as to the Paris-based Kultura. The final collection published while Szymborska was still alive, Dwukropek, was chosen as the best book of 2006 by readers of Poland's Gazeta Wyborcza.[2] She also translated French literature into Polish, in particular Baroque poetry and the works of Agrippa d'Aubigné. In Germany, Szymborska was associated with her translator Karl Dedecius, who did much to popularize her works there. Wisława Szymborska died 1 February 2012 at home in Kraków, aged 88.[11] Her personal assistant, Michał Rusinek, confirmed the information and said that she "died peacefully, in her sleep".[1][12] She was surrounded by friends and relatives at the time.[2] Foreign Minister Radek Sikorski described her death on Twitter as an "irrepairable loss to Poland's culture".[2] She was working on new poetry right until her death, though she was unable to arrange her final efforts for a book in the way she would have wanted. Her last poetry will be published later in 2012. Themes Szymborska frequently employed literary devices such as irony, paradox, contradiction and understatement, to illuminate philosophical themes and obsessions. Many of her poems feature war and terrorism.[13] In "Calling out to the Yeti" (1957), she compared Joseph Stalin to the abominable snowman.[1][2] She wrote from unusual points of view, such as a cat in the newly empty apartment of its dead owner.[2] Her reputation rests on a relatively small body of work, fewer than 350 poems. When asked why she had published so few poems, she said: "I have a trash can in my home". == Recurring themes of her work include war, torture, death and the passage of time, and though highly contemplative, she never manoeuvered away from the subject at hand. Born outside Poznań in 1923, her family soon moved to Kraków where she would quietly spend the rest of her life. During Nazi occupation Szymborska secretly attended an underground secondary school and after the war studied literature and sociology at Jagiellonian University, dropping out before getting a degree due to financial problems. It was during this time that she first began publishing her poetry and had a short-lived six year marriage with fellow poet Adam Włodek. Like many of her contemporaries, Szymborska’s early work adhered to official Soviet ideology and her first two collections – 1952’s Dlatego Żyjemy (That’s What We Are Living For) and 1954’s Pytanie Zadawanie Sobie (Questions Put to Myself) – later become known as her Stalinist period. By 1957 she had denounced her early work, and was later involved in the Solidarity movement to overthrow Poland’s communist government, writing under a pseudonym in the underground and foreign presses during martial law لا يعرف متى مات والديها والقليل من التفاصيل متوفرة عن طفولتها. مجهولة الطفولة. |
داريو فو
هو أديب ومسرحي إيطالي ولد قرب فاريزي يوم 24 مارس 1926 متحصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1997 == Dario Fo (born 24 March 1926) is an Italian satirist, playwright, theatre director, actor, composer and recipient of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature. His dramatic work employs comedic methods of the ancient Italian commedia dell'arte, a theatrical style popular with the working classes. Fo's works are characterised by criticisms of organised crime, political corruption, political murders, most of the Catholic Church doctrine and conflict in the Middle East. His plays often depend on improvisation, commedia dell'arte style. His plays, especially Mistero Buffo, have been translated into 30 languages and, when performed outside Italy, they are often modified to reflect local political and other issues. Fo encourages directors and translators to modify his plays as they see fit, as he finds this in accordance to the commedia dell'arte tradition of on-stage improvisation. Fo currently owns and operates a theatre company with his wife, actress Franca Rame. Upon awarding him the 1997 Nobel Prize in Literature, the committee highlighted Fo as a writer "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden".[1] Early life Fo was born in Sangiano, in the province of Varese, near the eastern shore of Lago Maggiore. His father, Felice, was a stationmaster for the Italian state railway, and the family frequently moved when Felice was transferred to new postings. Felice was also an amateur actor and a socialist. Fo learned storytelling from his maternal grandfather and Lombard fishers and glassblowers. In 1940, Fo moved to Milan to study architecture at the Brera Academy, but World War II intervened. His family was active in the anti-fascist Resistance and reputedly he helped his father to smuggle refugees and Allied soldiers to Switzerland. His father helped smuggle Jewish scientists to safety in Switzerland. Near the end of the war, Fo was conscripted into the army of the Republic of Salò, but he escaped and hid for the remainder of the war in an attic. After the war Fo continued his architectural studies in Milan. Initially he commuted from Lago Maggiore, but soon his family moved to Milan. There Fo became involved in the piccoli teatri (small theatres) movement, in which he began to present improvised monologues. In 1950 he began to work for Franco Parenti's theatre company, and gradually abandoned his work as an assistant architect. 1950s In 1951, Fo met Franca Rame, daughter of a theatrical family, when they were working in the revue Sette giorni a Milano, and they eventually became engaged. In 1951 he was invited to perform a radio play Cocorico on RAI (Italian national radio). He made 18 satirical monologues where he adapted biblical tales as political satire. Scandalized authorities cancelled the show. In 1953, Fo wrote and directed a satirical play Il dito nell'occhio. After initial success both government and Church authorities censored his work and the theatre company had trouble finding theatres in which to perform it. Rame and Fo were married on 24 June 1954. They had a son, Jacopo (born 31 March 1955), who also became a writer. In 1955, Fo and Rame worked in movie production in Rome. Fo became a screenwriter and worked for many productions, including those of Dino De Laurentiis. Rame worked in Teatro Stabile of Bolzano. In 1956 Fo and Rame were together in the Carlo Lizzani's film Lo svitato. Other movies followed. In 1959, the couple returned to Milan and founded the Compagnia Dario Fo-Franca Rame. Fo wrote scripts, acted, directed, and designed costumes and stage paraphernalia. Rame took care of the administration. The company débuted in Piccolo Teatro and then initiated its first annual nationwide tour.[citation needed] |
جوزيه دي سوزا ساراماغو
(بالبرتغالية José de Sousa Saramago) (16 نوفمبر 1922 - 18 يونيو 2010) روائي حائز على جائزة نوبل للأدب وكاتب مسرحي وصحفي برتغالي. مؤلفاته، التي يمكن اعتبار بعضها أمثولات، تستعرض عادة أحداثا تاريخية من وجهة نظر مختلفة تتمركز حول العنصر الإنساني. حاز ساراماغو على جائزة نوبل للآداب عام 1998. في سنوات حياته الأخيرة، منذ 1992، قطن في لانزاروت في جزر الكناري[1]. محتويات سيرته ولد يوم 16 نوفمبر 1922 في أزينهاغا (وسط البرتغال) لعائلة من فقراء المزارعين، عام 1924 انتقلت عائلته للسكن في لشبونة.
توفي في 18 يونيو 2010 عن عمر يناهز 87 عاما في بيته القائم في لانزاروت في جزر الكناري حيث أقام منذ سنة 1992. من أعماله
José de Sousa Saramago, 16 November 1922 – 18 June 2010) was a Portuguese novelist, poet, playwright, journalist and recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature. His works, some of which can be seen as allegories, commonly present subversive perspectives on historic events, emphasizing the human factor. Harold Bloom has described Saramago as "a permanent part of the Western canon".[2] Awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature,[3] more than two million copies of Saramago's books have been sold in Portugal alone and his work has been translated into 25 languages.[4][5] He founded the National Front for the Defence of Culture (Lisbon, 1992) with Freitas-Magalhães and others. A proponent of libertarian communism,[6] Saramago came into conflict with some groups, such as the Catholic Church. Saramago was an atheist who defended love as an instrument to improve the human condition. In 1992, the Portuguese government, under Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, ordered the removal of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ from the European Literary Prize's shortlist, claiming the work was religiously offensive. Disheartened by this political censorship of his work, Saramago went into exile on the Spanish island of Lanzarote, upon which he resided until his death in 2010.[8]the time of his death, Saramago was married to Spanish journalist Pilar del Rio, and had a daughter from a previous marriage.[9] The European Writers’ Parliament came about as a result of a joint proposal by Saramago and Orhan Pamuk; Saramago was expected to speak as the guest of honour at the EWP however he died before its opening ceremony in 2010.[10] Early and middle life Saramago was born in 1922 into a family of landless peasants in Azinhaga, Portugal, a small village in Ribatejo Province some hundred kilometers northeast of Lisbon.[ His parents were José de Sousa and Maria de Piedade. "Saramago", a wild herbaceous plant known in English as the wild radish, was his father's family's nickname, and was accidentally incorporated into his name upon registration of his birth.[8] In 1924, Saramago's family moved to Lisbon, where his father started working as a policeman. A few months after the family moved to the capital, his brother Francisco, older by two years, died. He spent vacations with his grandparents in Azinhaga. When his grandfather suffered a stroke and was to be taken to Lisbon for treatment, Saramago recalled, "He went into the yard of his house, where there were a few trees, fig trees, olive trees. And he went one by one, embracing the trees and crying, saying good-bye to them because he knew he would not return. To see this, to live this, if that doesn't mark you for the rest of your life," Saramago said, "you have no feeling."[11] Although Saramago was a good pupil, his parents were unable to afford to keep him in grammar school, and instead moved him to a technical school at age 12. After graduating, he worked as a car mechanic for two years. Later he worked as a translator, then as a journalist. He was assistant editor of the newspaper Diário de Notícias, a position he had to leave after the democratic revolution in 1974.[8] [Later life and international acclaimAfter a period of working as a translator he was able to support himself as a writer. Saramago married Ilda Reis in 1944. Their only child, Violante, was born in 1947.[8] In 1986 he met the Spanish journalist Pilar del Rio. They married in 1988 and remained together until his death in June 2010. Pilar Del Río is the official translator of Saramago's books into Spanish. Saramago did not achieve widespread recognition and acclaim until he was sixty, with the publication of his fourth novel, Memorial do Convento (literally, Memoir of the Convent). A baroque tale set during the Inquisition in 18th-century Lisbon, it tells of the love between a maimed soldier and a young clairvoyant, and of a renegade priest's heretical dream of flight. The novel's translation in 1988 as Baltasar and Blimunda, by Giovanni Pontiero, brought Saramago to the attention of an international readership.[8][12] This novel won the Portuguese PEN Club Award. He became a member of the Portuguese Communist Party in 1969 and remained so until the end of his life.[13] Saramago was also an atheist[14] and self-described pessimist.[15] His views have aroused considerable controversy in Portugal, especially after the publication of The Gospel According to Jesus Christ.[16] Members of the country's Catholic community were outraged by Saramago's representation of Jesus and particularly God as fallible, even cruel human beings. Portugal's conservative government, then led by prime minister Cavaco Silva, would not allow Saramago's work to compete for the European Literary Prize, arguing لا يعرف متى مات والديه لكن اهم حدث في حياته على ما يبدو موت اخاه وهو في سن 4 سنه. مجهول الطفولة. |
غونتر غراس (بالألمانية: Günter Grass) ولد في 16 أكتوبر1927 في مدينة دانتسيغ (ضمت إلى بولندا بعد الحرب العالمية التانية). شارك غونتر غراس سنة 1944 في الحرب العالمية الثانية كمساعد في سلاح الطيران الألماني. وبعد انتهاء الحرب وقع سنة 1946 في أسر القوات الأمريكية إلى أن أطلق سراحه في نفس السنة. يعد غونتر غراس أحد أهم الأدباء الألمان في فترة ما بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية, حاز على جائزة نوبل للآداب سنة 1999. وهو يعيش اليوم بالقرب من مدينة لوبيك في شمال ألمانيا. دراسته الأكاديمية درس غونتر غراس فن النحت في مدينة دوسلدورف الألمانية لمدة سنتين (1947ـ 1948) ثم أتم دراسته الجامعية في مجمع الفنون في دوسلدورف وجامعة برلين (1946ـ 1956) حيث أكمل دراسته العليا في جامعة برلين للفنون لغاية سنة 1956. مسيرته الأدبية والكتابية نالت روايته الطبل والصفيح Die Blechtrommel شهرة عالمية كبيرة وترجم هذا العمل الادبي إلى لغات عالمية كثيرة من بينها العربية أيضا. وهذه الرواية هي جزء من ثلاثيته المعروفة بـ "ثلاثية داينتسيغ"Danziger Trilogie وتضم أيضا الروايتين "القط والفأر" Katz und Maus (1961) و"سنوات الكلاب"Hundejahre (1963) ومن رواياته المشهورة هناك أيضا "مئويتي" Mein Jahrhundert (1999) و"مشية السرطان"Im Krebsgang (2002). حصل غراس في سنة 1999 على جائزة نوبل للآداب عن دوره في إثراء الأدب العالمي وخصوصا في ثلاثيته الشهيرة "ثلاثية داينتسيغ" بالإضافة إلى جوائز محلية كثيرة منها جائزة كارل فون اوسيتسكي Carl von Ossietzky سنة 1967 وجائزة الأدب من قبل مجمع بافاريا للعلوم والفنون سنة 1994.وفي سنة 2005 حصل على شهادة الدكتوراه الفخرية من جامعة برلين. فيما يلي لائحة لأهم كتاباته الادبية: الكتابات السردية
Günter Wilhelm Grass (born 16 October 1927) is a German novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, sculptor and recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is widely regarded as Germany's most famous living writer.[1][2][3][4] Early lifeGrass was born in the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland). In 1945, he came to West Germany as a homeless refugee, though in his fiction he frequently returns to the Danzig of his childhood. Grass is best known for his first novel, The Tin Drum (1959), a key text in European magic realism, and the first part of his Danzig Trilogy, which also includes Cat and Mouse and Dog Years. His works are frequently considered to have a left-wing political dimension and Grass has been an active supporter of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The Tin Drum was adapted into a film, which won both the 1979 Palme d'Or and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The Swedish Academy, upon awarding him the Nobel Prize in Literature, noted him as a writer "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history".] Grass was born in the Free City of Danzig on 16 October 1927, to Wilhelm Grass (1899–1979), a Protestant ethnic German, and Helene (Knoff) Grass (1898–1954), a Roman Catholic of Kashubian-Polish origin. Grass was raised a Catholic. His parents had a grocery store with an attached apartment in Danzig-Langfuhr (now Gdańsk Wrzeszcz). He has one sister, who was born in 1930. Grass attended the Danzig Gymnasium Conradinum. In 1943 he became a Luftwaffenhelfer, then he was conscripted into the Reichsarbeitsdienst. In November 1944, shortly after his seventeenth birthday, he volunteered for submarine service with the Kriegsmarine, "to get out of the confinement he felt as a teenager in his parents' house" which he considered stuffy Catholic lower middle class. However, he was not accepted by the Navy and instead was drafted into the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg.[ He saw combat with the Panzer Division from February 1945 until he was wounded on 20 April 1945. He was captured in Marienbad and sent to an American prisoner-of-war camp. Danzig had been captured by the Soviet Army and was then annexed by Poland, which expelled its German population. Grass could not return home and found refuge in western Germany. His military service became the subject of debate in 2006, after he disclosed in an interview and a book that he had been conscripted into the Waffen-SS while a teenager in late 1944.[ At that point of the war, youths could be conscripted into the Waffen-SS instead of the regular Armed Forces (Wehrmacht), although Grass' division functioned like a regular Panzer division. In 1946 and 1947 he worked in a mine and received training in stonemasonry. For many years he studied sculpture and graphics, first at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, then at the Berlin University of the Arts. Grass worked as an author, graphic designer, and sculptor, traveling frequently. He married in 1954 and since 1960 has lived in Berlin as well as part-time in Schleswig-Holstein. Divorced in 1978, he remarried in 1979. From 1983 to 1986 he held the presidency of the Berlin Academy of the Arts مأزوم بسبب مشاركته في الحرب وهو في سن 17 ثم اصابته بجراح ثم وقوعه في الاسر ثم غربته عن مكان مولده ولجوءه الى المانيا الغربية. مأزوم. |
جاو كسينغجيان هو كاتب ورسام فرنسي من أصل صيني ويكتب باللغة الصينية ولد سنة 1940 في غنرهو في الصين. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب سنة 2000. غادر الصين بعد مظاهرات ساحة تيانانمن سنة 1988 إلى فرنسا حيث حصل على اللجوء السياسي وفي سنة 1998 حصل على الجنسية الفرنسية == [Early years in Jiangxi and JiangsuGao Xingjian (Chinese: 高行健; Mandarin: [káu ɕĭŋ tɕiɛ̂n]; born January 4, 1940) is a Chinese émigré novelist, playwright, and critic who in 2000 was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature “for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity.”[1] He was also renowned as a stage director and as an artist. In 1997, Gao was granted French citizenship. He is a noted translator (particularly of Samuel Beckett and Eugène Ionesco), screenwriter, stage director, and a celebrated painter. Gao's drama is considered to be fundamentally absurdist in nature and avant-garde in his native China. His prose works tend to be less celebrated in China but are highly regarded elsewhere in Europe and the West. He once burnt a suitcase packed with manuscripts during the Cultural Revolution to avoid persecution.[ Early life Gao's original home town is Taizhou, Jiangsu. Born in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China in 1940, Gao has been a French citizen since 1997. In 1992 he was awarded the Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government. Gao's father was a clerk in the Bank of China, and his mother was a member of the Young Men's Christian Association. His mother was once a playactress of Anti-Japanese Theatre during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Under his mother's influence, Gao enjoyed painting, writing and theatre very much when he was a little boy. During his middle school years, he read lots of literature translated from the West, and he studied sketching, ink and wash painting, oil painting and clay sculpture under the guidance of painter Yun Zongying (simplified Chinese: 郓宗嬴; traditional Chinese: 鄆宗嬴; pinyin: Yùn Zōngyíng). Years in Beijing and AnhuiIn 1950, his family moved to Nanjing, the capital city of Jiangsu Province. In 1952, Gao entered the Nanjing Number 10 Middle School (later renamed Jinling High School) which was the Middle School attached to Nanjing University. In 1957 Gao graduated, and, following his mother's advice, chose Beijing Foreign Studies University (BFSU) instead of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, although he was thought to be talented in art. In 1962 Gao graduated from the Department of French, BFSU, and then he worked for the Chinese International Bookstore (中國國際書店). During the 1970s, because of the Down to the Countryside Movement, he went to and stayed in the countryside and did farm labour in Anhui Province. He taught as a Chinese teacher in Gangkou Middle School, Ningguo county, Anhui Province for a short time. In 1975, he was allowed to go back to Beijing and became the group leader of French translation for the magazine Construction in China (《中國建設》). In 1977 Gao worked for the Committee of Foreign Relationship, Chinese Association of Writers. In May 1979, he visited Paris with a group of Chinese writers including Ba Jin. In 1980, Gao became a screenwriter and playwright for the Beijing People's Art Theatre. Gao is known as a pioneer of absurdist drama in China, where Signal Alarm (《絕對信號》, 1982) and Bus Stop (《車站》, 1983) were produced during his term as resident playwright at the Beijing People's Art Theatre from 1981 to 1987. Influenced by European theatrical models, it gained him a reputation as an avant-garde writer. His other plays, The Primitive (1985) and The Other Shore (《彼岸》, 1986), all openly criticised the government's state policies. In 1986 Gao was misdiagnosed with lung cancer, and he began a 10-month trek along the Yangtze, which resulted in his novel Soul Mountain (《靈山》). The part-memoir, part-novel, first published in Taipei in 1989 and in English in 2000 by HarperCollins Australia, mixes literary genres and utilizes shifting narrative voices. It has been specially cited by the Swedish Nobel committee as "one of those singular literary creations that seem impossible to compare with anything but themselves." The book details his travels from Sichuan province to the coast, and life among Chinese minorities such as the Qiang, Miao, and Yi peoples on the fringes of Han Chinese civilization. Years in Europe and Paris By 1987, Gao had shifted to Bagnolet, a city adjacent to Paris, France. The political Fugitives (1989), which makes reference to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, resulted in all his works being banned from performance in China. == لا يعرف الكثير عن طفولته ولا يعرف متى مات والديه لكنه مأزوم بسبب سجنة لمدة 6 سنوات مع الاشغال الشاقة. مأزوم |
فيديادر سوراجبراساد نيبول
، روائي بريطاني ولد في عام 1932 في "شاغواناس" قرب مرفأ أسبانيا في ترينيداد إلى أسرة هندوسية هاجرت من الهند. كان جده يعمل في قطع قصب السكر، وكان والده يزاول مهنة الصحافة والكتابة. في سن الثامنة عشرة غادر نيبول إلى إنكلترا حيث تحصل شهادة في الأدب عام 1953 من جامعة أوكسفورد. وهو يقيم منذ تلك الفترة في إنكلترا لكنه يخصص قسطا كبيرا من وقته لرحلات إلى آسيا وإفريقيا وأميركا. كرس حياته للكتابة الأدبية، وعمل في منتصف الخمسينات صحافيا لصالح هيئة الإذاعة البريطانية بي.بي.سي.. نشر له العديد من الروايات وكتب الرحلات منها:
Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad "V. S." Naipaul, TC (born 17 August 1932) is an Trinidadian-British writer of Indo-Trinidadian heritage of Bhumihar Brahmin[1] known for his novels focusing on the legacy of the British Empire's colonialism. He has also written works of non-fiction, such as travel writing and essays. Personal lifeIn 2001, Naipaul was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.[2] He has been awarded numerous other literary prizes, including the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize (1958), the Somerset Maugham Award (1960), the Hawthornden Prize (1964), the WH Smith Literary Award (1968), the Booker Prize (1971), the Jerusalem Prize (1983) and the David Cohen Prize for a lifetime's achievement in British Literature (1993). J. M. Coetzee, writing in The New York Review of Books in 2001, described Naipaul as "a master of modern English prose".[3] In 2008, The Times ranked Naipaul seventh on their list of "the 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[4] Naipaul was born in Chaguanas, Trinidad and Tobago, to parents of Indian descent. He is the son, older brother, uncle, and cousin of published authors Seepersad Naipaul, (Seepersad Naipaul (1906—1953) was a writer of Indo-Trinidadian heritage). ReligionShiva Naipaul, Neil Bissoondath, and Vahni Capildeo, respectively. His current wife is Nadira Naipaul, a former Pakistani journalist. Naipaul was married to Englishwoman Patricia Hale for 41 years, until her death from cancer in 1996. According to an authorised biography by Patrick French, the two shared a close relationship when it came to Naipaul's work—Pat was a sort of unofficial editor for Naipaul—but the marriage was not a happy one in other respects. Naipaul regularly visited prostitutes in London, and later had a long-term abusive affair with another married woman, Margaret Gooding, which his wife was aware of. Prior to Hale's death, Naipaul proposed to Nadira Naipaul, a divorced Pakistani journalist, born Nadira Khannum Alvi. They were married two months after Hale's death, at which point Naipaul also abruptly ended his affair with Gooding. Nadira Naipaul had worked as a journalist for the Pakistani newspaper, The Nation, for ten years before meeting Naipaul. She was divorced twice before her marriage to Naipaul and has two children from a previous marriage, Maliha Naipaul and Nadir. She is the sister of Maj Gen (Retd) Amir Faisal Alvi, a former chief of the Special Service Group – Pakistan Army, who was later assassinated during the War in North-West Pakistan.[8] Naipaul insists that his writing transcends any particular ideological outlook, remarking that "to have a political view is to be prejudiced. I don't have a political view." His supporters often perceive him as offering a mordant critique of many left-liberal pieties while his detractors, such as cultural critic Edward Said and poet Derek Walcott accuse him of being a neo-colonial apologist.[9] He has also excoriated Tony Blair as a "pirate" at the head of "a socialist revolution", a man who was "destroying the idea of civilisation in this country" and had created "a plebeian culture".[10] In his book dealing with the influence of Islam on non-Arab Muslims, Beyond Belief: Islamic excursions among the converted peoples, Naipaul states the following about Islam:[11] The cruelty of Islamic fundamentalism is that it allows to only one people—the Arabs, the original people of the Prophet—a past, and sacred places, pilgrimages and earth reverences. These sacred Arab places have to be the sacred places of all the converted peoples. Converted peoples have to strip themselves of their past; of converted peoples nothing is required but the purest faith (if such a thing can be arrived at), Islam, submission. It is the most uncompromising kind of imperialism. In March 2002, Salman Rushdie denounced Naipaul for supporting the RSS, VHP and BJP led Indian government on the anti-Muslim 2002 Gujarat riots: Rushdie said Naipaul was "a fellow traveller of fascism and [he] disgraces the Nobel award".[12]. Naipaul has mentioned some negative aspects of Islam in his works, such as nihilism among fundamentalists.[citation needed] He has been quoted describing the bringing down of the Babri Mosque as a "creative passion," and the invasion of Babur in the 16th century as a "mortal wound."[citation needed] He views Vijayanagar, which fell in 1565, as the 'last bastion of native Hindu civilisation'.[citation needed] He bitingly condemned Pakistan in Among the Believers.[citation needed] WomenNaipaul attracted media controversy with statements about women he made in a May 2011 interview at the Royal Geographic Society, expressing his view that women's writing was inferior to men's, and that there was no female writer whom he would consider his equal. Naipaul stated that women's writing was "quite different", reflecting women's "sentimentality, the narrow view of the world". He had previously criticised leading female Indian authors writing about the legacy of colonialism for the "banality" of their work. من اصل هندي. عائلته سكنت ترنداد وهاجر هو وهو في سن 18 الى لندن للدراسة ومات ابوه وعمره 21 سنة. يتيم الاب في سن الـ 21 . |
ايمري كيرتيش هو روائي مجري ولد في بودابست في 9 نوفمبر 1929 حصل على جائزة نوبل للآداب في سنة 2002 وذلك ل "نتاجه الذي يروي تجربة الفرد الهشة في مواجهة تعسف التاريخ الوحشي" على حسب قول الأكاديمية السويدية. اعتقل عام 1944 وهو في الخامسة عشرة في معسكر أوشفيتز، ثم في بوخنفالد، قبل أن يفرج عنه عام 1945.من أعماله
Imre Kertész (Hungarian: [ˈimrɛ ˈkɛrteːs]; born 9 November 1929) is a Hungarian author of Jewish descent, Holocaust concentration camp survivor, and recipient of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Literature, "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history". Born in Budapest, Hungary, he resides in Berlin with his wife. Background During World War II, Kertész was deported at the age of 14 with other Hungarian Jews to the Auschwitz concentration camp, and was later sent to Buchenwald. His best-known work, Fatelessness (Sorstalanság), describes the experience of 15-year-old György (George) Köves in the concentration camps of Auschwitz, Buchenwald and Zeitz. Some have interpreted the book as quasi-autobiographical, but the author disavows a strong biographical connection. In 2005, a film based on the novel, for which he wrote the script, was made in Hungary.[3] Although sharing the same title, the film is more autobiographical than the book: it was released internationally at various dates in 2005 and 2006. Kertész's writings translated into English include Kaddish for a Child Not Born (Kaddis a meg nem született gyermekért) and Liquidation (Felszámolás). Kertész initially found little appreciation for his writing in Hungary and moved to Germany. Kertész started translating German works into Hungarian[ — such as The Birth of Tragedy by Nietzsche, the plays of Dürrenmatt, Schnitzler and Tankred Dorst, the thoughts of Wittgenstein — and he did not publish another novel until the late 1980s.[3] He continues to write in Hungarian and submits his works to publishers in Hungary. He criticized Steven Spielberg's depiction of the Holocaust in his 1993 film Schindler's List as kitsch, saying: "I regard as kitsch any representation of the Holocaust that is incapable of understanding or unwilling to understand the organic connection between our own deformed mode of life and the very possibility of the Holocaust == Hungarian novelist, essayist, and translator, the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2002. In his semiautobiographical novels Kertész has analyzed the experience of the individual during barbaric times, especially exemplified in the Holocaust. Kertész early prose exhibit existentialist traits but his works are difficult to classify within any stylistic trend. مجري من اتباع الديانة اليهودية."Auschwitz must have been hanging in the air for a long, long time, centuries, perhaps like a dark fruit slowly ripening in the sparkling rays of innumerable ignominious deeds, waiting to finally drop on one's head." (in Kaddish for a Child not Born, 1990) Imre Kertész was born in Budapest into a family of Jewish descent. According to an anectote, he received at the age of ten a diary as a birthday present, but its white pages scared him. In his youth Kertész experienced the horrors of the Nazi system. Germans occupied Hungary in 1944 and began exterminating Jews and Gypsies. Kertész was deported together with 7,000 Hungarian Jews from Budapest to Auschwitz. There he spent a few days and was then transferred to Buchenwald and Zeitz. "I am a nonbelieving Jew", Kertész has said in an interview. "Yet as a Jew I was taken to Auschwitz." In the factory of death Kertész suddenly realized that he could be killed anywhere at any time. This existentialist moment became crucial for him as a writer. In 1945 Kertész was liberated by the Allied forces. After returning to Hungary, he was employed as a journalist by Világosság, a Budapest newspaper. When the newspaper adopted orthodox Communist ideology, Kertész was dismissed. For a while he worked in a factory. Between 1951 and 1953 Kertész served in the army, and then devoted himself entirely to writing. During the Hungarian uprising of 1956, some 200,000 people fled to the West. Literary life did not return to normality until 1963. Like a number of dissident writers in European countries under Communist dictatorship, Kertész supported himself as a translator, focusing on such German-language writers as Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Elias Canetti, Joseph Roth, and Arthur Schnitzler, and such thinkers as Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. For the theatre he wrote musicals and other light pieces. Kertész did not have a typewriter. He first wrote with a pencil, then with a ballpoint pen لا يعرف متى مات والديه لكنه سجن وعمره 14 سنه في مراكز الاعتقال النازية والتي اسماها بمصعن الموت. مأزوم. |
جون ماكسويل كويتزي هو روائي من جنوب أفريقيا ولد متحصل على جائزة نوبل للآداب سنة 2003 ليصبح ثاني كاتب جنوب أفريقي يفوز بالجائزة بعد نادين غورديمير . ولد كويتزي عام 1940 في كيب تاون وبدأ حياته الروائية سنة 1974 . نشأ في بيت يتحدث الإنجليزية رغم اصوله الهولندية وهو يتحدث اللغتين بطلاقة . هو أول كاتب يفوز بجائزة بوكر الادبية البريطانية المرموقة مرتين. درس في جامعة أديليد (en) الأسترالية وهو يدرس الآن في جامعة شيكاغو .من أعماله
John Maxwell "J. M." Coetzee (February 1940) is a novelist, essayist, linguist, translator and recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. Of South African origin, he is now an Australian citizen and lives in Adelaide, South Australia. Prior to receiving the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature, Coetzee twice won the Booker Prize. Early life Coetzee was born in Cape Town, Cape Province, Union of South Africa, on 9 February 1940 to parents of Afrikaner descent. His father was an occasional lawyer, government employee and sheep farmer, and his mother a schoolteacher. The family spoke English at home, but Coetzee spoke Afrikaans with other relatives. Coetzee is descended from early Dutch immigrants dating to the 17th century, and also has Polish ancestry from his maternal great-grandfather, Baltazar Dubiel. Coetzee spent most of his early life in Cape Town and in Worcester in Cape Province (modern-day Western Cape) as recounted in his fictionalized memoir, Boyhood (1997). The family moved to Worcester when Coetzee was eight after his father lost his government job due to disagreements over the state's apartheid policy. Coetzee attended St. Joseph's College, a Catholic school in the Cape Town suburb of Rondebosch, and later studied mathematics and English at the University of Cape Town, receiving his Bachelor of Arts with Honours in English in 1960 and his Bachelor of Arts with Honours in Mathematics in 1961. Coetzee married Philippa Jubber in 1963 and divorced in 1980. He had a daughter, Gisela (born 1968), and a son, Nicolas (born 1966), from the marriage.[10] Nicolas died in 1989 at the age of 23 in an accident. On 6 March 2006, Coetzee became an Australian citizen. Academic and literary career Coetzee relocated to the United Kingdom in 1962, where he worked as a computer programmer, staying until 1965[ He worked for IBM in London. In 1963, while working in the UK, he was awarded a Master of Arts degree from the University of Cape Town for a dissertation on the novels of Ford Madox Ford.[4] His experiences in England were later recounted in Youth (2002), his second volume of fictionalized memoirs. Coetzee went to the University of Texas at Austin, in the United States, on the Fulbright Program in 1965. He received a PhD in linguistics there in 1969. His PhD thesis was on computer stylistic analysis of the works of Samuel Beckett.[4] In 1968, he began teaching English literature at the State University of New York at Buffalo where he stayed until 1971.[4] It was at Buffalo that he started his first novel, Dusklands.[4] In 1971, Coetzee sought permanent residence in the United States, but it was denied due to his involvement in anti-Vietnam-War protests. In March 1970, Coetzee had been one of 45 faculty members who occupied the university's Hayes Hall and were subsequently arrested for criminal trespass. He then returned to South Africa to teach English literature at the University of Cape Town. He was promoted to Professor of General Literature in 1983 and was Distinguished Professor of Literature between 1999 and 2001.[4] Upon retiring in 2002, Coetzee relocated to Adelaide, Australia, where he was made an honorary research fellow at the English Department of the University of Adelaide,[14] where his partner, Dorothy Driver,[9] is a fellow academic.[16] He served as professor on the Committee on Social Thought at the University of Chicago until 2003.[17] In addition to his novels, he has published critical works and translations from Dutch and Afrikaans.[18] In June 2011, he gave a reading from his new book at the University of York, UK, though no title or release date was made available. Its title has since been revealed as The Childhood of Jesus, due for release March 2013, and concerning the early life of Jesus, particularly his struggles to free himself from the iron-fisted discipline of his long-suffering parents, get the girl, earn a decent wage, and find his place in an unforgiving world[ Public image Coetzee is known as reclusive and avoids publicity to such an extent that he did not collect either of his two Booker Prizes in person.[ Author Rian Malan has said that: Coetzee is a man of almost monkish self-discipline and dedication. He does not drink, smoke or eat meat. He cycles vast distances to keep fit and spends at least an hour at his writing-desk each morning, seven days a week. A colleague who has worked with him for more than a decade claims to have seen him laugh just once. An acquaintance has attended several dinner parties where Coetzee has uttered not a single word. As a result of his reclusive nature, signed copies of Coetzee's fiction are highly sought after.[ Recognising this, he was a key figure in the establishment of Oak Tree Press's First Chapter Series, a series of limited edition signed works by literary greats to raise money for the child victims and orphans of the African HIV/AIDS crisis. == John Maxwell Coetzee was born in Cape Town, South Africa, on 9 February 1940, the elder of two children. His mother was a primary school teacher. His father was trained as an attorney, but practiced as such only intermittently; during the years 1941–45 he served with the South African forces in North Africa and Italy. Though Coetzee's parents were not of British descent, the language spoken at home was English. Coetzee received his primary schooling in Cape Town and in the nearby town of Worcester. For his secondary education he attended a school in Cape Town run by a Catholic order, the Marist Brothers. He matriculated in 1956. Coetzee entered the University of Cape Town in 1957, and in 1960 and 1961 graduated successively with honours degrees in English and mathematics. He spent the years 1962–65 in England, working as a computer programmer while doing research for a thesis on the English novelist Ford Madox Ford. == South-African novelist, critic, and translator, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2003. The violent history and politics of his native country, especially apartheid, has provided Coetzee much raw material for his work, but none of his books have been censored by the authorities. Often he has examined the effects of oppression within frameworks derived from postmodernist thought. Coetzee's reflective, unaffected and precise style cannot be characterized as experimental, but in his novels he has methodically broken the conventions of narration.
John Maxwell Coetzee, a descendant from 17th-century Dutch settlers, was born in Cape Town. His father was a lawyer and his mother a schoolteacher. In his memoir, Boyhood (1997), Coetzee portrayed himself as a sickly, bookish boys, who adored his freedom-loving mother: "I will not be a prisoner in this house, she says. I will be free." At home Cotzee spoke English and with other relatives Afrikaans – his parents wanted to be English. Coetzee studied both mathematics and literature at the University of Cape Town. After graduating, he moved to England, where he worked as an applications programmer (1962-63) in London. His evening Coetzee spent in the British Museum, "reading Ford Madox Ford, and the rest of the time tramping the cold streets of London seeking the meaning of life," as he later said. From London he moved to Bracknell, Berkshire, where he worked as a systems programmer for a computer company لا شك انه عاش طفولة كارثية بسبب الوضع في جنوب افريقيا. لا يعرف متى مات والديه. درس في مدرسة داخلية متزمة. يعتبر حياته مثال لما يحصل كنتيجة للاستعمار والتمييز العنصري. مأزوم. |
الفريدي يلينيك (بالألمانية: Elfriede Jelinek) هي روائية نمساوية ولدت في مقاطعة ميورزيشلا في جنوب النمسا يوم 20 أكتوبر 1946 لأب يهودي ناج من معسكر اعتقال نازي وام كاثوليكية. تحصلت على تعليم ديني في المدرسة الكاثوليكية، وبدأت في العام 1960 دراستها الموسيقية فتعلمت العزف على عدة آلات موسيقية: الاورغن، كالمزمار والقيثار والكمان وغيرها، ومن ثم واصلت دراستها في التأليف الموسيقي في معهد فيينا للموسيقى ودرست كذلك تاريخ الفن وعلم المسرح إلى جانب دراساتها الموسيقية.في عام 1967 بدأت يلينيك بنشر أعمالها الإبداعية التي أبرزتها ككاتبة ومحرضة سياسية وفي عام 1974 انتمت الكاتبة إلى الحزب الشيوعي النمساوي ولكنها خرجت منه عام 1991. في سنة 2004 منحت جائزة نوبل للأداب «لأن جريان موسيقاها يتوالف من تيار الأصوات الموسيقية والأصوات المضادة في رواياتها واعمالها الدرامية مع الحماس اللغوي غير المألوف الذي يميز نتاجها الأدبي، الذي يكشف اللامعقول في الكليشيهات الاجتماعية وقوتها المستعبدة» كما عللت الأكاديمية السويدية. تتحدث روايتها عن المرأة ووضعيتها في المجتمع النمساوي وتوصف ككاتبة مدافعة عن حرية المرأة. عندما نمحت جائزة نوبل استقال أحد أعضاء الأكاديمية[1] ،منذ 1983, محتجا على منحها الجائزة وذلك ل «ان لغتها الادبية بسيطة، ونصوصها كتل كلامية محشوة، لا أثر لبنية فنية فيها، نصوص خالية من الافكار، لكنها مليئة بالكليشيهات والخلاعة العني» من أعمالها
Elfriede Jelinek (German: [ɛlˈfʀiːdə ˈjɛlinɛk]; born 20 October 1946) is an Austrian playwright and novelist. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2004 for her "musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that, with extraordinary linguistic zeal, reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power." Biography Jelinek was born on 20 October 1946 in Mürzzuschlag, Styria, Austria, the daughter of Olga Ilona (née Buchner), a personnel director, and Friedrich Jelinek. She was raised in Vienna by her Romanian-German Catholic mother and Czech Jewish father (whose surname "Jelinek" means "little deer" in Czech).[ Her father was a chemist, who managed to avoid persecution during the Second World War by working in strategically important industrial production. However, several dozen family members became victims of the Holocaust. Her mother, with whom she shared the household even as an adult, and with whom she had a difficult relationship, was from a formerly prosperous Vienna family. As a child, Elfriede suffered from what she considered an over-restrictive education in a Roman Catholic convent school in Vienna. Her mother planned a career for her as a musical wunderkind. Elfriede was instructed in piano, organ, guitar, violin, viola and recorder from an early age. Later, she went on to study at the Vienna Conservatory, where she graduated with an organist diploma. Jelinek also studied art history and drama at the University of Vienna. However, she had to discontinue her studies due to an anxiety disorder that prevented her from following courses. Jelinek started writing poetry at a young age. She made her literary debut with the collection Lisas Schatten in 1967. She married Gottfried Hüngsberg on 12 June 1974; she has no children. لا يعرف متى مات والديها. درست في مدرسة كاثوليكية كتزمتة ويبدو ان ذلك تسبب لها بمشاكل نفسية لاحقا. والدها يهودي وامها كاثوليكية. مأزومة. |
هارولد بنتر (10 أكتوبر 1930 - 24 ديسمبر 2008)[1] (بالإنكليزية:Harold Pinter) كاتب مسرحي بريطاني ولد في لندن لأبوين يهوديين من الطبقة العاملة. بدأ حياته المهنية كممثل. ومسرحيته الأولى "الغرفة" قُدمت في جامعة بريستول عام 1957 م. عمله المسرحي الثاني والذي يعدّ الآن من أفضل أعماله "حفلة عيد الميلاد"، قُدم في عام 1958 م، وواجه فشلاً تجاريًا رغم ترحيب النقاد بها. لكنها قدمت مرة أخرى بعد نجاح مسرحيته "الناظر" 1960م، والتي جعلته مسرحيا مهما، وهذه المرة استقبلت بشكل جيد. مسرحياته الثلاثة الأولى وعمل آخر له، وهو "العودة إلى البيت" في عام 1964 م، جعلت عمله يصنف على أنه من كوميديا التهديد. حيث تبدأ المواقف بشكل برئ جدًا ثم تتطور بطريقة عبثية لأن الشخصيات في المسرحية تتصرف بطريقة غير مفهومة، لا للجمهور ولا حتى لبقية الشخصيات. اعتبر هذا الأمر تأثيرا واضحا لصموئيل بيكيت على بنتر، وقد صار الرجلان صديقين من يومها. في عقد السبعينات تفرغ بنتر للإخراج أكثر، وعمل كمساعد مخرج في المسرح الوطني عام 1973 مم وأصبحت مسرحياته أكثر قصرا ومحملة بصور الاضطهاد والقمع. وفي عام 2005 م أعلن بنتر اعتزاله الكتابة وتفرغه للحملات السياسية. لبنتر نشاط سياسي مميز دفاعا عن الحقوق والحريات بغض النظر عن المواقف الرسمية لبلاده. في عام 1985 م كان مع المسرحي الأمريكيآرثر ميللر في زيارة إلى تركيا، وهناك تعرّف على أنواع التعذيب والقمع التي يتعرض لها المعارضون. وفي حفل رسمي في السفارة الأمريكية أقيم على شرف ميللر، تقدم بنتر ليلقي كلمة عن أنواع التعذيب والإذلال الجسدي التي يتعرض لها المعارضون للنظام الذي كانت الحكومة الأمريكية تدعمه. أدى الأمر إلى طرده من الحفل وخرج ميللر متضامنا معه من الحفل الذي أقيم على شرفه. وظهر أثر زيارته لتركيا في مسرحية "لغة الجبل" 1988 م. عارض بنتر مشاركة بلاده لغزو أفغانستان كما عارض حرب العراق، ونعت الرئيس الأمريكي جورج بوش "بالمجرم الجماعي"، وقارن بينه وبين هتلر، ووصف رئيس الوزراء البريطاني السابق توني بلير "بالأبله". في 13 أكتوبر عام 2005م، أعلنت الأكاديمية السويدية فوز هارولد بنتر بجائزة نوبل للأداب لعام 2005 م، معللة ذلك "بأن أعماله تكشف الهاوية الموجودة خلف قوى الاضطهاد في غرف التعذيب المغلقة". Harold Pinter, CH, CBE (10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) was a Nobel Prize-winning English playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. One of the most influential modern British dramatists, his writing career spanned more than 50 years. His best-known plays include The Birthday Party (1957), The Homecoming (1964), and Betrayal (1978), each of which he adapted to film. His screenplay adaptations of others' works include The Servant (1963), The Go-Between (1970), The French Lieutenant's Woman (1981), The Trial (1993), and Sleuth (2007). He also directed or acted in radio, stage, television, and film productions of his own and others' works. Pinter was born and raised in Hackney, east London, and educated at Hackney Downs School. He was a sprinter and a keen cricket player, acting in school plays and writing poetry. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art but did not complete the course. He was fined for refusing National Service as a conscientious objector. Subsequently, he continued training at the Central School of Speech and Drama and worked in repertory theatre in Ireland and England. In 1956 he married actress Vivien Merchant and had a son, Daniel born in 1958. He left Merchant in 1975 and married author Antonia Fraser in 1980. Pinter's career as a playwright began with a production of The Room in 1957. His second play, The Birthday Party, closed after eight performances, but was enthusiastically reviewed by critic Harold Hobson. His early works were described by critics as "comedy of menace". Later plays such as No Man's Land (1975) and Betrayal (1978) became known as "memory plays". He appeared as an actor in productions of his own work on radio and film. He also undertook a number of roles in works by other writers. He directed nearly 50 productions for stage, theatre and screen. Pinter received over 50 awards, prizes, and other honours, including the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2005 and the French Légion d'honneur in 2007. Despite frail health after being diagnosed with oesophageal cancer in December 2001, Pinter continued to act on stage and screen, last performing the title role of Samuel Beckett's one-act monologue Krapp's Last Tape, for the 50th anniversary season of the Royal Court Theatre, in October 2006. He died from liver cancer on 24 December 2008. Early life and education - Pinter was born on 10 October 1930, in Hackney, east London, as the only child of lower middle class English parents of Jewish Eastern European ancestry: - his father, Jack Pinter (1902–1997) was a ladies' tailor; - his mother, Frances (née Moskowitz; 1904–1992), a housewife. Pinter believed an aunt's erroneous view that the family was Sephardic and had fled the Spanish Inquisition; thus, for his early poems, Pinter used the pseudonym Pinta and at other times used variations such as da Pinto. Later research by Antonia Fraser, Pinter's second wife, revealed the legend to be apocryphal; three of Pinter's grandparents came from Poland and the fourth from Odessa, so the family was Ashkenazic. Pinter's family home in London is described by his official biographer Michael Billington as "a solid, red-brick, three-storey villa just off the noisy, bustling, traffic-ridden thoroughfare of the Lower Clapton Road".[ In 1940 and 1941, after the Blitz, Pinter was evacuated from their house in London to Cornwall and Reading.[5] Billington states that the "life-and-death intensity of daily experience" before and during the Blitz left Pinter with profound memories "of loneliness, bewilderment, separation and loss: themes that are in all his works."[6] Pinter discovered his social potential as a student at Hackney Downs School, a London grammar school, between 1944 and 1948. "Partly through the school and partly through the social life of Hackney Boys' Club ... he formed an almost sacerdotal belief in the power of male friendship. The friends he made in those days—most particularly Henry Woolf, Michael (Mick) Goldstein and Morris (Moishe) Wernick—have always been a vital part of the emotional texture of his life."[ A major influence on Pinter was his inspirational English teacher Joseph Brearley, who directed him in school plays and with whom he took long walks, talking about literature.[8] According to Billington, under Brearley's instruction, "Pinter shone at English, wrote for the school magazine and discovered a gift for acting."[9][10] In 1947 and 1948, he played Romeo and Macbeth in productions directed by Brearley.[11] At the age of 12, Pinter began writing poetry, and in spring 1947, his poetry was first published in the Hackney Downs School Magazine.[12] In 1950, his poetry was first published outside of the school magazine in Poetry London, some of it under the pseudonym "Harold Pinta".[13][14] طفولة مأزومة. من ابوين يهوديين. بريطاني من اصول بةلندية ومن اتباع الديانة اليهدودية. مأزوم. |
أورخان باموق
، روائي تركي فاز بجائزة نوبل للأداب، لعام 2006. من مواليد إسطنبول في 7 يونيو عام 1952 وهو ينتمي لأسرة تركية مثقفة. درس العمارة والصحافة قبل أن يتجه الي الأدب والكتابة كما يعد أحد أهم الكتاب المعاصرين في تركيا وترجمت اعماله الي 34 لغة حتي الآن، ويقرأه الناس في أكثر من 100 دولة. في فبراير 2003 صرح باموق لمجلة سويسرية بأن "مليون أرمني و30 ألف كردي قتلوا على هذه الأرض، لكن لا أحد غيري يجرؤ على قول ذلك". تمت ملاحقته قضائيا أمام القضاء التركي بسبب "إهانة الهوية التركية"،ولشخصية شبه مقدسة عند الأتراك وهي شخصية (مصطفى كمال أتاتورك) وهما جريمتين يعاقب عليهما القانون بحسب الفقرة 301, وقد عفى من الملاحقة القضائية أخيرا في نهاية 2006. بجانب تصريحاته حول "مذابح" الأرمن والأكراد، كان باموق أول كاتب في العالم الإسلامي يدين الفتوى الإيرانية التي تبيح دم الكاتب سلمان رشدي بسبب كتاباته المسيئة للإسلام. حصل على جائزة نوبل للآداب عام 2006م. في فبراير 2007 وبعد مقتل أحد الصحفيين الاتراك من اصل ارمينى لكتاباتة التي تندد بمذابح الارمن تلقى أورخان باموق تهديدات بالقتل واخبرتة السلطات الأمنية ان هذة التهديدات جدية فقام بسحب ما يقارب المليون دولار وسافر هاربا إلى الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. اختير كعضو في لجنة تحكيم مهرجان كان السينمائي لعام 2007. أعماله
أورهان باموق روائي "خطير". بعضهم يصف كتابته بالفلسفية، وآخرون بالتاريخية، وثمة من يربطها بالفانتازيا البورخيسية الحديثة. لكنها في الواقع خليط من كل ذلك، وأكثر. وخطورته اولاً في لغته الهذيانية، الضبابية عمداً، المهجّنة بين حدّي العقلانية والهلوسة. لغةٌ هي سلسلة من المتاهات والتعرّجات والدورات والمنعطفات والمنحدرات التي لا تؤدي إلى مكان، أو التي تؤدي بالأحرى إلى اللإمكان، حتى اننا نتساءل: هل ثمة غاية سيدركها الكاتب بعد كل هذا الترحال، وما عساها تكون؟ وباموق خطير كذلك لأنه يدفعنا قرّاء إلى الحافة. يعكس المعادلة فيمتحن قدراتنا بدلاً من أن يكون هو الممتَحَن. يدفعنا إلى التكهن والابتكار. "يورطنا" في صناعة القصّة، فنشعر أحياناً كما لو أن روايته تبحث عن معانيها بمعزل عنه، كما لو انها تنكتب للتو أمام أعيننا. وبنا. وهو خطير بخاصة في ذاك الأسلوب المغناطيسي المربك، المتحدّي الذي يحضّ به الإنسان على النظر إلى داخله، على البحث عن هويته وحقيقته، وعلى طرح "الاسئلة الكبرى" حول ثنائيات الشرق والغرب، التشابه والاختلاف، الجماعة والفرد، الواقع والخيال، المعنى والعبث، اليقين والالتباس، وسواها من التناقضات والتشابكات التي تصوغ الكيان والشخصية والخصوصية. لهذه الأسباب وسواها، لا مبالغة في القول ان أورهان باموق، المولود في إسطنبول عام ،1952 هو من أبرز محدثي الرواية التركية وأكثرهم جرأة وأوسعهم انتشاراً واستحقاقاً لانتشاره، أذ ترجمت أعماله (*) إلى ما يزيد على عشرين لغة إلى الآن. وأعلنت بلدية مدينة دبلن قبل نحو اسبوعين منحه جائزة ايمباك Impac الأدبية الدولية لسنة 2003 لروايته الأخيرة "أحمر هو اسمي". نشأ باموق في مدينة إسطنبول في كنف عائلة بورجوازية، وتابع بدايةً دراسات في الهندسة المعمارية قبل أن ينتقل إلى الصحافة، ومنها إلى الكتابة، وحاز جوائز أدبية عديدة في تركيا وخارجها. وتثير كتبه في الواقع ردود فعل متطرفة، من الإدانة القصوى إلى التكريس المطلق. ففي حين يتهمه المثقفون الإسلاميون مثلاً باستغلال الموضوعات الدينية والتاريخية، التي غالباً ما تشكّل قماشة رواياته، باسم الحداثة الغربية، لا ينفك العلمانيون يلومونه على انتقاده الصريح لايديولوجيا الدولة. ورفض الكاتب أخيراً قرار الحكومة التركية تكريمه عبر منحه لقب "فنان دولة" الذي يعتبر أهم لقب ثقافي في البلاد، مستنكراً انتهاكها بعض حقوق الإنسان وسجنها الكتّاب وتقييدها حرية التعبير. إلا أن تمرّد باموق غير استعراضي عامة، ورغم أن للسياسة حضوراً مضمراً في قلمه، لكنّ الأدب هو بطله الأكبر. مما لا شك فيه ان للتأثيرات الغربية في الحياة التركية التقليدية، و"الهوس" التركي بالوجه الأوروبي وتنازع البلاد بين هويتين وانتماءين، حضوراً بارزاً وأساسياً في روايات باموق، وهو يستخدم التناقضات والازدواجيات والتضادات من كل نوع لخدمة هذا الحضور. لكنه إذ يرفض نزعة الثقافة التركية إلى "تغريب" نفسها بتجاهلها التقاليد والجذور، انما يفعل ليؤكد ان "مفهومي الشرق والغرب غير موجودين حقاً، بل هما وجهان للحضارة نفسها". اما الهوية فهي الذاكرة في رأيه، أو الماضي الذي يروم الانتصار على النسيان وبناء المستقبل، فيقول في هذا الصدد: "اذا حاولتم قمع الذاكرة، لا مفرّ من أن يعود شيء منها إلى السطح. أنا هو ما يعود". بذلك يتضح لنا ان باموق يبغي في الدرجة الأولى، من خلال مزجه هذا بين الذاكرة والمستقبل، بين الأسرار الصوفية والحكايات الإسلامية التقليدية والأدب الشعبي واللغة التجريبية الما بعد حداثوية، لا أن يروي قصة الصدام بين الشرق والغرب، بل ان يصوّر على الارجح علاقة الشغف التي تربطهما، شغف ملتهب إلى حد يدفعنا إلى التساؤل هل يمكن الثقافات ان تتبادل الهوى مثل الأفراد. كانت بدايات أورهان باموق في الواقعية الكلاسيكية، لكن تجربته الروائية تطورت في ايقاع سريع ومكثف منذ كتابه الثاني "البيت الصامت" (1983)، لتدخل في لعبة الترميز والمرايا، وهي لعبة مألوفة لدى كتّاب الفانتازيا الكبار من أمثال ايتالو كالفينو ووليم غاس وخورخي لويس بورخيس، فضلاً عن الحضور الواضح لتأثيرات فوكنر في كتابته. هكذا نشهد في جملة طبقات متراصة ومتشابكة من المعاني والأسرار، كما لو ان تحت كل حقيقة تكمن حقيقة أخرى على نحو متراكب يذكّر بالدمى الروسيــة. كتابــة صعبة، مجازية، معقّدة، "مذنبة" بامتياز في ذهنيتها إذ لا شيء من العفوية فيها، بــل يمكــن القول انها جولة مصارعة مع الكلمات، وان بدت للوهلة الأولى "بسيطة" وتلقائية: "وتسألون كيف أحببته؟ أحببته كما احببت شبح ذاتي العاجزة البائسة حين تراءت لي في الحلم، أحببته بالخزي نفسه الذي يخنق ذلك الشبح وبسخطه وإثمه وحنينه، بالعار الذي يجتاح الروح لدى رؤية حيوان بري يحتضر متألماً، أو بالغيظ الذي توقظه انانية ولد مدلل. وربما أحببته خاصة بالاشمئزاز السخيف والسرور السخيف اللذين تثيرهما فيّ معرفتي لذاتي". انها لغة تخاطب القارئ وتمنحه كما ذكرنا امتياز "وجهة النظر" وتحمّله وزر هذا التدخل على حد سواء. ولطالما ردّد باموق في حواراته انه يرغب في ابتكار كتابة تعكس نسيج الحياة في مدينة إسطنبول. ويمكن القول انه نجح في ذلك على نحو بارع، لأن كتابته، مثل مدينته، تتأرجح في توازن دقيق بين الشكل والفوضى، بين التخطيط وانعدام التناسق، بين سحر الماضي وغزو الاسمنت، وأيضاً، وخاصة، بين وجهيها الشرقي والغربي. أما على صعيد رواية "أحمر هو اسمي" الفائزة بجائزة إيمباك، فهي جدارية تاريخية - فلسفية - فنية - دينية - بوليسية تتضافر فيها قصص الاغتيالات والمؤامرات والدسائس بين رسامي المنمنمات الإسلامية في البلاط العثماني في القرن السادس عشر، مع قصص الغيرة والحنين والأحقاد والحب الممنوع. انها حكاية فنان تركي قُتل إذ كان يرسم لوحة بأسلوب غربي، ولذلك فإن اللون الاحمر فيها هو لون الدم والجريمة بقدر ما هو لون الجنة التي تنتظر روح الفنان بعد الموت، انه الاحمر المتوهج "على اجنحة الملائكة وعلى شفاه النساء"، بقدر ما هو ذلك النازف "من جروح القتلى والرؤوس المقطوعة". انما يمكن القول انها في شكل رئيسي رواية حول الفن ودوره في المجتمع والاخلاق والدين، إذ تتضمن شبه دراسة عن المنمنمات الإسلامية وتاريخها والتأثيرات الصينية التي جلبها المغول إليها. رواية حافلة بالمناقشات حول الشكل والأسلوب، وبقصص عن كبار رسامي المنمنمات وعن العالم مرئياً من وجهة نظرهم، فضلاً عن بعدها الفلسفي، كتطرّقها إلى معنى العمى من خلال الرسام الذي يدرك العظمة بعد فقدان بصره لأن الصور والألوان محفورة في ذاكرته. وهي بالتالي رواية ذات نفس شمولي، بلا زمان ولا مكان، وإن كانت تُبرز صورة تركيا القديمة الجديدة، الخالدة العابرة. وجدير بالذكر ان باموق الذي كان يحلم في صغره بأن يكون رساماً، يصف بعض اللوحات بلغة تحاذي الشعر. وتحمل الرواية كذلك بعض تفاصيل طفولته من خلال شخصيــة اورهـــان، أي انها تملك عناصر السيرة الذاتية، وكل ذلك متشابك مثل البازل. ويضم الكتاب أيضاً خريطة وعرضاً لأبرز الأحداث في تاريخ الفن الإسلامي. يقول أورهان باموق ان كتابة روايته هذه استغرقته ستة أعوام. وهي رواية على غرار "اسم الوردة" لأمبرتو إيكو، يتداخل فيها الخيال الأدبي والأجواء الأسطورية مع الاستطرادات الفلسفية، فتتحاذى فيها المكائد الدنيئة مع الحساسية الفنية الراقية. وهي مكتوبة من زوايا مختلفة وبأصوات متعددة تتناوب على عرض القصة، كصوت الفنان القتيل الذي يخاطبنا من قعر البئر، أو الكلب أو الشجرة أو حتى اللون الاحمر. ومن خلال تعدد الأصوات هذا، يتيح باموق للقارئ ان يتعاطف مع وجهات نظر كل الشخصيات أو ان يفهمها على الأقل، حتى تلك المدانة منها، كوجهة نظر الشيطان مثلاً. وهذا التركيب يخدم حبكة القصة والجدال الثقافي الذي تتضمنه على حد سواء. إلا أن بعض النقاد يلومون باموق على ايقاعه المغالي في البطء وعلى التفاصيل والأحاجي المتعبة التي تضيّع القارئ أحياناً، وتصيبه بشيء من "الاحباط الفكري". أما الكاتب فيتبرأ من هذه التهمة ملقياً تبعيتها على مزاجية شخصياته نفسها، مؤكداً خوفه من اليوم الذي "سيتحالف فيه ابطاله وقرّاؤه ضده". يقول اورهان باموق على لسان احدى شخصياته في مطلع روايته "حياة جديدة": "ذات يوم قرأت كتاباً، ومذاك تغيّرت حياتي كلها". هذا الدافع تحديداً أو بالأحرى هذه النتيجة هي ما يحضنا اليوم على دعوتكم إلى قراءته، أو إلى اعادة اكتشافه. == عائلة تشبه رواياته ولدَ أورهان باموك عام 1952 وكَبرَ في عائلة مشابهة لتلك التي يَصِفُها في رواية (جودت بك واولاده) أو(الكتاب الأسود) في أحدى الضواحي الارستفراطية العتيقة من اسطنبول. منذ طفولتِه حتى عُمرِ 22 عاماً كرّسَ حياته بشكل كبير لصِباغَة حُلِمَ أن يُصبحُ فناناً. بعد التَخَرُّج مِنْ المدرسة الامريكية في إسطنبول، دَرسَ الهندسة المعماريةَ في جامعةِ إسطنبول لثلاث سَنَواتِ، لكنه فضل التَخلّى عن طموحَه أَنْ يُصبحَ مهندساً معمارياً. ليكمل دراسته في الصحافةِ مِنْ الجامعةِ نفسها. عمل باموك في الصحافة منذ أن كان عمره 23 عاماً، بعدها اتخذ القرار الذي اوصله الى مجد نوبل عندما تخلى عن كل شئ من أجل الكلمات، فصار مكانه المفضل شقته حيث يبدا العمل منذ العاشرة صباحاً وحتى السابعة مساء كل يوم. وكما توقع يوناس اكلسون الناشر لدى دار بونييه، احدى ابرز دور النشر في السويد، ان الشيء الوحيد الواضح جدا هو ان ادب الشهادة الواقعية يلاقي نجاحا كبيرا. لكن بالنسبة اليه فان الشاعر السوري ادونيس والتركي اورهان باموك هما من الاوفر حظا ايضا معبرا ايضا عن رغبته في ان ينال الياباني هاروكي موراكامي الجائزة. وقال لوكالة الصحافة الفرنسية قبل يوم من اعلان الجائزة غالبا ما نعتقد ان الكتاب القادمين من مختلف المناطق التي تشهد حروبا يمكن ان ينالوا الجائزة. == Ferit Orhan Pamuk (generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk; born on 7 June 1952) is a Turkish novelist, screenwriter, academic and recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is becoming the second youngest person to receive the award in its history.[ One of Turkey's most prominent novelists,[2] his work has sold over eleven million books in sixty languages,[3] making him the country's best-selling writer. Early lifeBorn in Istanbul, Pamuk is Robert Yik-Fong Tam Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University, where he teaches comparative literature and writing.[5] His novels include The White Castle, The Black Book, The New Life, My Name Is Red and Snow. As well as the Nobel Prize in Literature (the first Nobel Prize to be awarded to a Turkish citizen), Pamuk is the recipient of numerous other literary awards. My Name Is Red won the 2002 Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger, 2002 Premio Grinzane Cavour and 2003 International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award. The European Writers' Parliament came about as a result of a joint proposal by Pamuk and José Saramago.[6] In 2005, Pamuk was put on trial in Turkey after he made a statement regarding the Armenian Genocide and mass killing of Kurds in the Ottoman Empire. His intention, according to the author himself, had been to highlight issues relating to freedom of speech (or lack thereof) in the country of his birth. The ensuing controversy featured the burning of Pamuk's books at rallies. He has also been the target of assassination attempts.[7] Pamuk was born in Istanbul in 1952 and grew up in a wealthy yet declining upper-class family; an experience he describes in passing in his novels The Black Book and Cevdet Bey and His Sons, as well as more thoroughly in his personal memoir Istanbul. He was educated at Robert College secondary school in Istanbul and went on to study architecture at the Istanbul Technical University since it was related to his real dream career, painting.[8] He left the architecture school after three years, however, to become a full-time writer, and graduated from the Institute of Journalism at the University of Istanbul in 1976. From ages 22 to 30, Pamuk lived with his mother, writing his first novel and attempting to find a publisher. He describes himself as a Cultural Muslim who associates the historical and cultural identification with the religion while not believing in a personal connection to God. = In 2006 Pumak was awarded te the Nobel Prize for Literature. His acceptance speech, given in Turkish, viewed the relations between Eastern and Western Civilizations: What literature needs most to tell and investigate today are humanity's basic fears: the fear of being left outside, and the fear of counting for nothing, and the feelings of worthlessness that come with such fears; the collective humiliations, vulnerabilities, slights, grievances, sensitivities, and imagined insults, and the nationalist boasts and inflations that are their next of kin.... Whenever I am confronted by such sentiments, and by the irrational, overstated language in which they are usually expressed, I know they touch on a darkness inside me. We have often witnessed peoples, societies and nations outside the Western world—and I can identify with them easily— succumbing to fears that sometimes lead them to commit stupidities, all because of their fears of humiliation and their sensitivities. I also know that in the West—a world with which I can identify with the same ease—nations and peoples taking an excessive pride in their wealth, and in their having brought us the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and Modernism, have, from time to time, succumbed to a self-satisfaction that is almost as stupid. —Orhan Pamuk, Nobel Lecture (translation by Maureen Freely == عاش مع والدته منذ سن 22 وهو ما يشير الى غياب والده والاغلب انه يتيم الاب رغم عدم وجود معلومة تشير الى ذلك. يتيم الاب قبل سن 22 . |
دوريس ليسينغ
(بالإنجليزية: Doris Lessing؛ ولدت في 22 أكتوبر 1919م تحت اسم دوريس ماي تايلر بالإنجليزية: Doris May Tayler) هي كاتبة وروائية بريطانية، حازت على جائزة نوبل للآداب عام 2007، وتعتبر السيدة الحادية عشر التي تحوز على الجائزة في فئة الأدب، وأكبر الفائزين عمراً في هذه الفئة . النشأة ولدت ليسينغ في مدينة كرمانشاه في بلاد فارس (إيران حالياً)، حيث عمل أباها هناك كموظف في البنك الفارسي الملكي. انتقلت العائلة بعد ذلك إلى مستعمرة بريطانية في روديشيا الجنوبية (زيمبابوي حالياً) عام 1925م، حيث امتلكت مزرعة، إلا أنها لم تدر أرباحاً بعكس توقعات العائلة. إرتادت ليسينغ مدرسة دومينيكان كوفينت الثانوية حتى بلغت الثالثة عشرة من العمر، حيث أكملت تعليمها بنفسها بعد ذلك . ولما بلغت الخامسة عشر من عمرها، استقلت عن منزل أسرتها وعملت كممرضة، وبدأت من ذلك الوقنت قراءاتها في مجالي السياسة وعلم الاجتماع، وكان ذلك أيضا حين بدأت أول محاولاتها في الكتابة. في عام 1937 انتقلت ليسينغ إلى مدينة سايسبوري، حيث اشتغلت كعاملة تليفونات، وسرعان ما تزوجت للمرة الأولى، وكان ذلك من فرانك وسدوم، الذي انجبت منه طفلين، قبل أن تنتهي تلك الزيجة عام 1943. انضمت ليسينغ بعد طلاقها إلى نادي كتب اليسار، وهو أحد نوادي الكتب الشيوعية، والذي تعرفت فيه على جوتفريد ليسينغ، والذي سرعان ما أصبح زوجها الثاني بمجرد التحاقها بالمجموعة، وانجبت منه طفلا واحدا قبل أن تنتهي تلك الزيجة أيضا، وذلك في 1949. اتجهت ليسينغ من فورها إلى لندن، ساعية وراء أحلامها الشيوعية ومشوارها الأدبي. وقد تركت طفليها الأولين من زواجها الأول مع أبيهما في جنوب أفريقيا وأصطحبت معها الابن الأصغر. ولقد علقت ليسينغ على ذلك فيما بعد بأن قالت أنها شعرت في ذلك الوقت بأنه لا خيار أمامها، كما قالت: "لطالما ظننت أن ما فعلته هو أمر في غاية الشجاعة. فلا شيء أكثر إملالا لامرأة مثقفة من أن تقضي وقتها بلا نهاية مع أطفالا صغار. فلقد شعرت أني لست أصلح الناس لتربيتهم، وأني لو كنت قد استمررت، لانتهى بي الأمر كمدمنة للخمر أو كإنسانة محبطة مثلما حدث لأمي". نتيجة للتنوع الحضاري الذي تعرضت إليه ليسينغ خلال حياتها، فقد تمكنت من استخدامه بفعالية في كتاباتها، والتي كانت تتحدث في الغالب عن المشاكل والأحداث في تلك الفترة الزمنية. من أشهر مؤلفاتها "The Golden Notebook" [3]. Doris May Lessing CH (née Tayler; born 22 October 1919) is a British novelist, poet, playwright, librettist, biographer and short story writer. Her novels include The Grass Is Singing (1950), the sequence of five novels collectively called Children of Violence (1952–69), The Golden Notebook (1962), The Good Terrorist (1985), and five novels collectively known as Canopus in Argos: Archives (1979–1983). Early lifeLessing was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature. In doing so the Swedish Academy described her as "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny".[1] Lessing was the eleventh woman and the oldest ever person to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.[2][3][4] In 2001, Lessing was awarded the David Cohen Prize for a lifetime's achievement in British Literature. In 2008, The Times ranked her fifth on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[5] Lessing was born in Iran, then known as Persia, on 22 October 1919, to Captain Alfred Tayler and Emily Maude Tayler (née McVeagh), who were both English and of British nationality. طفولة صعبة. وحدة قاسية في مزرعة نائية. ثم درست في مدرسة كاثوليكية داخلية متزمة. غادرت المدرسة وعمرها 14 سنة. وغادرت منزل والديها وعمرها 15 سنة. تزوجت وعمرها 19 سنة. لا يعرف متى مات والديها وما اسباب مغادرتها في ذلك السن.Her father, who had lost a leg during his service in World War I, met his future wife, a nurse, at the Royal Free Hospital where he was recovering from his amputation.[7][8] Alfred Tayler and his wife moved to Kermanshah, Iran, in order to take up a job as a clerk for the Imperial Bank of Persia and it was there that Doris was born in 1919. The family then moved to the then British colony of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1925 to farm maize, among other plants, when her father purchased around one thousand acres of bush. Lessing's mother attempted to lead an Edwardian lifestyle amidst the rough environment, which would have been easy had the family been wealthy; in reality, such a lifestyle was not feasible. The farm failed to deliver any monetary value in return .[11] - Lessing was educated at the Dominican Convent High School, a Roman Catholic conventall-girls school in Salisbury (now Harare). - She left school at the age of 14, and was self-educated from there on; - she left home at 15 and worked as a nursemaid. She started reading material that her employer gave her, on politics and sociology [8] and began writing around this time. In 1937, Lessing moved to Salisbury to work as a telephone operator, and she soon married her first husband, Frank Wisdom, with whom she had two children (John and Jean), before the marriage ended in 1943.[8] Following her first divorce, Lessing's interest was drawn to the popular community of the Left Book Club, a communist book club which she had joined the year before.[11][13] It was here that she met her future second husband, Gottfried Lessing. They were married shortly after she joined the group, and had a child together (Peter), before the marriage failed and ended in divorce in 1949. After these two failed marriages, she has not been married since. Later on Gottfried Lessing became the East German ambassador to Uganda, and was murdered in the 1979 rebellion against Idi Amin Dada.[8] When she fled to London to pursue her writing career and communist beliefs, she left two toddlers with their father in South Africa (another, from her second marriage, went with her). She later said that at the time she thought she had no choice: "For a long time I felt I had done a very brave thing. There is nothing more boring for an intelligent woman than to spend endless amounts of time with small children. I felt I wasn't the best person to bring them up. I would have ended up an alcoholic or a frustrated intellectual like my mother." == Her childhood was lonely, the nearest neighbours were miles away and there was no real roads between the farms. In 1926 Lessing was sent to a convent school in Salisbury (now Harare), where the Roman Catholic teachers tried to convert her from the family's Protestant faith. "I was cripplingly homesick," Lessing later said. She left the Girls' High School at the age of fourteen and then earned her living as a nursemaid, telephone operator and clerk. At nineteen she married Frank Wisdom, a civil servant; they had two children [ يتيمة اجتماعية. |
جان ماري غوستاف لو كليزيو
(13 أبريل 1940 - ) في مدينة نيس الفرنسية، وقد قضى سنتين من طفولته في نيجيريا، وقام بالتدريس في جامعات في بانكوك وبوسطن ومسكيكو سيتي. روائي فرنسي حائز على جائزة نوبل للآداب 2008. كان لوكليزيو قد اشتهر عالم 1980 بعد نشر رواية "الصحراء" التي اعتبرتها الاكاديمية السويدية تقدم "صورا رائعة لثقافة ضائعة في صحراء شمال أفريقيا". أعماله في عام 1965 صدرت له مجموعة من القصص القصيرة بعنوان الحمَّى ثم مجموعة أخرى في العام التالي بعنوان الطوفان، ثم الأرض المقدسة في عام 1967 يليها «النشوة الحسية» في العام نفسه ثم كتاب «الهرب» عام 1969 ثم «الحرب» عام 1970 ثم «العمالقة» عام 1973. بعد ذلك توالت العناوين على النحو التالي:
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio born 13 April 1940), usually identified as J. M. G. Le Clézio, is a French-Mauritian author and professor. The author of over forty works, he was awarded the 1963 Prix Renaudot for his novel Le Procès-Verbal. Le Clézio was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature as an "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization". Biography Le Clézio's mother was born in the French Riviera city of Nice, his father on the island of Mauritius (which was a British possession, but his father was ethnically French). Both his father's and his mother's ancestors were originally from Morbihan on the south coast of Brittany. His paternal ancestor François Alexis Le Clézio fled France in 1798 and settled with his wife and daughter on Mauritius, which was then a French colony but would soon pass into British hands. The colonists were allowed to maintain their customs and use of the French language. Le Clézio has never lived in Mauritius for more than a few months at a time, but he has stated that he regards himself both as a Frenchman and a Mauritian. He has dual French and Mauritian citizenship (Mauritius gained independence in 1968) and calls Mauritius his "little fatherland"[ - Le Clézio was born in Nice, his mother's native city, during World War II when his father was serving in the British army in Nigeria. - He was raised in Roquebillière, a small village near Nice until 1948 when he, his mother, and his brother boarded a ship to join his father in Nigeria. - His 1991 novel Onitsha is partly autobiographical. In a 2004 essay, he reminisced about his childhood in Nigeria and his relationship with his parents. After studying at the University of Bristol in England from 1958 to 1959,[8] he finished his undergraduate degree at Nice's Institut d’études littéraires.[9] In 1964 Le Clézio earned a master's degree from the University of Provence with a thesis on Henri Michaux.[10] After several years spent in London and Bristol, he moved to the United States to work as a teacher. During 1967 he served in the French military in Thailand, but was quickly expelled from the country for protesting against child prostitution and sent to Mexico to finish his military obligation. From 1970 to 1974, he lived with the Embera-Wounaan tribe in Panama. He has been married since 1975 to Jémia, who is Moroccan, and has three daughters (one by his first marriage). Since the 1990s they have divided their residence between Albuquerque, Mauritius, and Nice.[11] In 1983 he wrote a doctoral thesis on colonial Mexican history for the University of Perpignan, on the conquest of the P'urhépecha people (formerly known as "Tarascans") who inhabit the present day state of Michoacán. It was serialized in a French magazine and published in Spanish translation in 1985.[12] He has taught at a number of universities around the world. A frequent visitor to South Korea, he taught French language and literature at Ewha Womans University in Seoul during the 2007 academic year.[13][14] == Why do we write? I imagine that each of us has his or her own response to this simple question. One has predispositions, a milieu, circumstances. Shortcomings, too. If we are writing, it means that we are not acting. That we find ourselves in difficulty when we are faced with reality, and so we have chosen another way to react, another way to communicate, a certain distance, a time for reflection. If I examine the circumstances which inspired me to write–and this is not mere self-indulgence, but a desire for accuracy–I see clearly that the starting point of it all for me was war. Not war in the sense of a specific time of major upheaval, where historical events are experienced, such as the French campaign on the battlefield at Valmy, as recounted by Goethe on the German side and my ancestor François on the side of the armée révolutionnaire. That must have been a moment full of exaltation and pathos. No, for me war is what civilians experience, very young children first and foremost. Not once has war ever seemed to me to be an historical moment. We were hungry, we were frightened, we were cold, and that is all. I remember seeing the troops of Field Marshal Rommel pass by under my window as they headed towards the Alps, seeking a passage to the north of Italy and Austria. I do not have a particularly vivid memory of that event. I do recall, however, that during the years which followed the war we were deprived of everything, in particular books and writing materials. For want of paper and ink, I made my first drawings and wrote my first texts on the back of the ration books, using a carpenter's blue and red pencil. This left me with a certain preference for rough paper and ordinary pencils. For want of any children's books, I read my grandmother's dictionaries. They were like a marvellous gateway, through which I embarked on a discovery of the world, to wander and daydream as I looked at the illustrated plates, and the maps, and the lists of unfamiliar words. The first book I wrote, at the age of six or seven, was entitled, moreover, Le Globe à mariner. Immediately afterwards came a biography of an imaginary king named Daniel III—could he have been Swedish?—and a tale told by a seagull. It was a time of reclusion. Children were scarcely allowed outdoors to play, because in the fields and gardens near my grandmother's there were land mines. I recall that one day as I was out walking by the sea I came across an enclosure surrounded by barbed wire: on the fence was a sign in French and in German that threatened intruders with a forbidding message, and a skull to make things perfectly clear. It is easy, in such a context, to understand the urge to escape—hence, to dream, and put those dreams in writing. My maternal grandmother, moreover, was an extraordinary storyteller, and she set aside the long afternoons for the telling of stories. They were always very imaginative, and were set in a forest—perhaps it was in Africa, or in Mauritius, the forest of Macchabée—where the main character was a monkey who had a great talent for mischief, and who always wriggled his way out of the most perilous situations. Later, I would travel to Africa and spend time there, and discover the real forest, one where there were almost no animals. But a District Officer in the village of Obudu, near the border with Cameroon, showed me how to listen for the drumming of the gorillas on a nearby hill, pounding their chests. And from that journey, and the time I spent there (in Nigeria, where my father was a bush doctor), it was not subject matter for future novels that I brought back, but a sort of second personality, a daydreamer who was fascinated with reality at the same time, and this personality has stayed with me all my life—and has constituted a contradictory dimension, a strangeness in myself that at times has been a source of suffering. Given the slowness of life, it has taken me the better part of my existence to understand the significance of this contradiction. Books entered my life at a later period. When my father's inheritance was divided, at the time of his expulsion from the family home in Moka, in Mauritius, he managed to put together several libraries consisting of the books that remained. It was then that I understood a truth not immediately apparent to children, that books are a treasure more precious than any real property or bank account. It was in those volumes—most of them ancient, bound tomes—that I discovered the great works of world literature: Don Quijote, illustrated by Tony Johannot; La vida deLazarillo de Tormes; the Ingoldsby Legends; Gulliver's Travels; Victor Hugo's great, inspired novels Quatre-vingt-treize, Les Travailleurs de la Mer, and L'Homme qui rit. Balzac's Les Contesdrôlatiques, as well. But the books which had the greatest impact on me were the anthologies of travellers' tales, most of them devoted to India, Africa, and the Mascarene islands, or the great histories of exploration by Dumont d'Urville or the Abbé Rochon, as well as Bougainville, Cook, and of course The Travels of Marco Polo. In the mediocre life of a little provincial town dozing in the sun, after those years of freedom in Africa, those books gave me a taste for adventure, gave me a sense of the vastness of the real world, a means to explore it through instinct and the senses rather than through knowledge. In a way, too, those books gave me, from very early on, an awareness of the contradictory nature of a child's existence: a child will cling to a sanctuary, a place to forget violence and competitiveness, and also take pleasure in looking through the windowpane to watch the outside world go by. Shortly before I received the—to me, astonishing—news that the Swedish Academy was awarding me this distinction, I was re-reading a little book by Stig Dagerman that I am particularly fond of: a collection of political essays entitled Essäer och texter. It was no mere chance that I was re-reading this bitter, abrasive book. I was preparing a trip to Sweden to receive the prize which the Association of the Friends of Stig Dagerman had awarded to me the previous summer, to visit the places where the writer had lived as a child. I have always been particularly receptive to Dagerman's writing, to the way in which he combines a child-like tenderness with naïveté and sarcasm. And to his idealism. To the clear-sightedness with which he judges his troubled, post-war era—that of his mature years, and of my childhood. One sentence in particular caught my attention, and seemed to be addressed to me at that very moment, for I had just published a novel entitled Ritournelle de la faim. That sentence, or that passage rather, is as follows: "How is it possible on the one hand, for example, to behave as if nothing on earth were more important than literature, and on the other fail to see that wherever one looks, people are struggling against hunger and will necessarily consider that the most important thing is what they earn at the end of the month? Because this is where he (the writer) is confronted with a new paradox: while all he wanted was to write for those who are hungry, he now discovers that it is only those who have plenty to eat who have the leisure to take notice of his existence." (The Writer and Consciousness) عاش بعيدا عن والده لمدة 8 سنوات. يتيم اجتماعي. |
هيرتا مولر (بالألمانية: Herta Müller)؛ (17 أغسطس 1953 -)، روائية ألمانية ولدت في رومانيا. حصلت على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 2009 لتكون المرأة الثانية عشر التي حصلت على الجائزة بهذا الفرع منذ إطلاقها عام 1901.حياتها ولدت مولر في 17 اب/أغسطس 1953 في غرب رومانيا لوالدين من اقلية تتحدث الألمانية. وكان والدها في الحرس الخاص النازي خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية وقام الشيوعيون الرومانيون بترحيل والدتها إلى معسكر اعتقال في الاتحاد السوفياتي بعد الحرب. وطردت مولر من أول عمل لها كمترجمة بعد أن رفضت العمل لحساب الشرطة الخاصة التابعة للديكتاتور السابق نيكولاي تشاوشيسكو. وقررت تكريس حياتها للادب. ومنعت الرقابة في النظام الروماني مجموعتها القصصية القصيرة الأولى التي صدرت في العام 1982 تحت اسم "نيدرونغين" ونشرت بالانكليزية تحت اسم "ناديرز". ولم تنشر الرواية بشكل كامل الا بعد عامين في ألمانيا اثر تهريبها إلى خارج البلاد. وتحدثت مولر عن نفي الرومانيين الالمان إلى الاتحاد السوفياتي في روايتها الأخيرة "أرجوحة النفس" التي صدرت في 2009. وفرت مولر من رومانيا إلى ألمانيا العام 1987 بعد أن منعت من نشر كتاباتها في بلادها، وبعد ذلك تم اكتشافها بشكل كامل في عالم الادب. ومن بين أشهر رواياتها "جواز السفر" التي نشرت العام 1986 في ألمانيا وترجمت في العام 1989، و"الموعد" التي نشرت العام 2001 وتصف القلق الذي تعيشه امرأة بعد أن استدعتها مديرية امن الدولة. وذكر ايوان ماسكوفيسكو رئيس بلدية قرية نيتشدورف التي تتحدر منها مولر، ان المنزل الذي ولدت فيه أصبح الآن من املاك الدولة، لكنها لا تزال تملك ارضا ورثتها هناك رغم أنها لم تزرها مطلقا. ووصفت مولر الديكتاتور الروماني السابق تشاوشيسكو في مقال نشرته صحيفة "فرانكفورتر روندشاو" العام 2007 بانه "محدث نعمة يستخدم الصنابير وادوات الطعام المصنوعة من الذهب كما أن لديه ضعفا خاصا تجاه القصور". وقالت ان رومانيا اصيبت "بفقدان الذاكرة الجماعي" لماضيها القمعي. وقالت ان سكان رومانيا "يتظاهرون بان ذلك الماضي اختفى، ان البلاد جميعها مصابة بفقدان الذاكرة الجماعي"، واضافت "ان (رومانيا) كانت مأوى لاعتى الطغاة في شرق أوروبا واكثرهم شرا بعد ستالين، خلق (تشاوشيسكو) لنفسه صور بطل توازي ما يحدث في كوريا الشمالية". وهي مشهورة بأعمالها الأدبية التي نقلت ظروف الحياة الصعبة في رومانيا في ظل حكم الرئيس الروماني الأسبق عنها
Herta Müller (born 17 August 1953) is a Romanian-born German novelist, poet, essayist and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Niţchidorf, Timiş County in Romania, her native language is German. Since the early 1990s she has been internationally established, and her works have been translated into more than twenty languages.[2][3] من اصول المالنية . لا يعرف متى مات والديها. عاشت طفولة كارثية في ظل الحكم الشيوعي القاسي. كانت امها قد ارسلت للاعتقال والاعمال الشاقة وهي في سن 17 الى الاتحاد السوفيتي. وعادت عام 1950. Müller is noted for her works depicting the effects of violence, cruelty and terror, usually in the setting of Communist Romania under the repressive Nicolae Ceauşescu regime which she has experienced herself. Many of her works are told from the viewpoint of the German minority in Romania and are also a depiction of the modern history of the Germans in the Banat, and Transylvania. Her much acclaimed 2009 novel The Hunger Angel (Atemschaukel) portrays the deportation of Romania's German minority to Stalinist Soviet Gulags during the Soviet occupation of Romania for use as German forced labor. Müller has received more than twenty awards to date, including the Kleist Prize (1994), the Aristeion Prize (1995), the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award (1998) and the Franz Werfel Human Rights Award (2009). On 8 October 2009, the Swedish Academy announced that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, describing her as a woman "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed".[4] Early life Müller was born to Banat Swabian Catholic farmers in Niţchidorf (German: Nitzkydorf), up to the 1980s a German-speaking village in the Romanian Banat in western Romania. Her family was part of Romania's German minority. Her grandfather had been a wealthy farmer and merchant, but his property was confiscated by the communist regime. Her father had been a member of the Waffen SS during World War II, and earned a living as a truck driver in Communist Romania. In 1945 her mother, then aged 17, was along with 100,000 others of the German minority deported to forced labor camps in the Soviet Union, from which she was released in 1950. Müller's native language is German; she learned Romanian only in grammar school.She was a student of German studies and Romanian literature at the Timişoara University. In 1976, Müller began working as a translator for an engineering factory, but was dismissed in 1979 for her refusal to cooperate with the Securitate, the Communist regime's secret police. After her dismissal she initially earned a living by teaching kindergarten and giving private German lessons. مأزومة. |
ماريو بارغاس يوسا (بالإسبانية: Mario Vargas Llosa) روائي وصحفي وسياسي بيروفي / إسباني ولد في روما، 28 مارس 1936. حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 2010 برز في عالم الأدب بعد نشر روايته الأولى "المدينة والكلاب" التي نال عليها جوائز عديدة منها جائزة "ببليوتيكا بريفي" عام 1963 وجائزة "النقد" عام 1998. وقد ترجمت إلى أكثر من عشرين لغة أجنبية. وتتالت أعماله الروائية، وتعددت الجوائز التي حصل عليها، وقد كان من أشهرها حصوله على جائزة ثيربانتس للآداب عام 1994، والتي تعد أهم جائزة للآداب الناطقة بالأسبانية Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, 1st Marquis of Vargas Llosa (Spanish: [ˈmaɾjo ˈbaɾɣas ˈʎosa]; born March 28, 1936) is a Peruvian-Spanish writer, politician, journalist, essayist, and recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature.[2] Born in Peru, Vargas Llosa is one of Latin America's most significant novelists and essayists, and one of the leading authors of his generation. Some critics consider him to have had a larger international impact and worldwide audience than any other writer of the Latin American Boom.[3] Upon announcing the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature, the Swedish Academy said it had been given to Vargas Llosa "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat".[4] Early life and familyVargas Llosa rose to fame in the 1960s with novels such as The Time of the Hero (La ciudad y los perros, literally The City and the Dogs, 1963/1966[5]), The Green House (La casa verde, 1965/1968), and the monumental Conversation in the Cathedral (Conversación en la catedral, 1969/1975). He writes prolifically across an array of literary genres, including literary criticism and journalism. His novels include comedies, murder mysteries, historical novels, and political thrillers. Several, such as Captain Pantoja and the Special Service (1973/1978) and Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter (1977/1982), have been adapted as feature films. He is the person who, in 1990, "coined the phrase that circled the globe",[6] declaring on Mexican television, "Mexico is the perfect dictatorship", a statement which became an adage during the following decade. Many of Vargas Llosa's works are influenced by the writer's perception of Peruvian society and his own experiences as a native Peruvian. Increasingly, however, he has expanded his range, and tackled themes that arise from other parts of the world. In his essays, Vargas Llosa has made many criticisms of nationalism in different parts of the world, among others in Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia.[7] Another change over the course of his career has been a shift from a style and approach associated with literary modernism, to a sometimes playful postmodernism. Like many Latin American authors, Vargas Llosa has been politically active throughout his career; over the course of his life, he has gradually moved from the political left towards liberalism or neoliberalism, a definitively more conservative political position. While he initially supported the Cuban revolutionary government of Fidel Castro, Vargas Llosa later became disenchanted with the Cuban dictator and his authoritarian regime. He ran for the Peruvian presidency in 1990 with the center-right Frente Democrático (FREDEMO) coalition, advocating neoliberal reforms, but lost the election to Alberto Fujimori. - Mario Vargas Llosa was born to a middle-class family[8] on March 28, 1936, in the Peruvian provincial city of Arequipa.[9] - He was the only child of Ernesto Vargas Maldonado and Dora Llosa Ureta (the former a radio operator in an aviation company, the latter the daughter of an old criollo family), who separated a few months before his birth. - Shortly after Mario's birth, his father revealed that he was having an affair with a German woman; consequently, Mario has two younger half-brothers: Enrique and Ernesto Vargas.[ - Vargas Llosa lived with his maternal family in Arequipa until a year after his parents' divorce, when his maternal grandfather was named honorary consul for Peru in Bolivia With his mother and her family, Vargas Llosa then moved to Cochabamba, Bolivia, where he spent the early years of his childhood. - His maternal family, the Llosas, were sustained by his grandfather, who managed a cotton farm. - As a child, Vargas Llosa was led to believe that his father had died—his mother and her family did not want to explain that his parents had separated. During the government of Peruvian President José Bustamante y Rivero, Vargas Llosa's maternal grandfather obtained a diplomatic post in the Peruvian coastal city of Piura and the entire family returned to Peru. While in Piura, Vargas Llosa attended elementary school at the religious academy Colegio Salesiano.[ - In 1946, at the age of ten, he moved to Lima and met his father for the first time.His parents re-established their relationship and lived in Magdalena del Mar, a middle-class Lima suburb, during his teenage years[ While in Lima, he studied at the Colegio La Salle, a Christian middle school, from 1947 to 1949.[15] When Vargas Llosa was fourteen, his father sent him to the Leoncio Prado Military Academy in Lima.[ At the age of 16, before his graduation, Vargas Llosa began working as an amateur journalist for local newspapers He withdrew from the military academy and finished his studies in Piura, where he worked for the local newspaper, La Industria, and witnessed the theatrical performance of his first dramatic work, La huida del Inca.[18] In 1953, during the government of Manuel A. Odría, Vargas Llosa enrolled in Lima's National University of San Marcos, the oldest university of the Americas, to study law and literature.[19] He married Julia Urquidi, his maternal uncle's sister-in-law, in 1955 at the age of 19; she was 10 years older.[17] Vargas Llosa began his literary career in earnest in 1957 with the publication of his first short stories, "The Leaders" انفصل والديه قبل ولادته’ اخبتره امه ان والده مات. التقى بوالده بعد ذلك لاول مرة وهو في العاشرة. يتيم اجتماعي |
توماس يوستا ترانسترومر (بالسويدية: Tomas Gösta Tranströmer، واللفظ [ˈtuːmɑs 'jœstɑ trɑːn'strœmər]) من أكبر شعراء السويد في القرن العشرين، ويعتبر واحداً ممن يشكلون وجه الثقافة السويدية في العالم، في صف واحد مع إمانول سفيدنبوري وأوغست ستريندبرغ وإنغمار برغمان. وقد حصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب عام 2011 «لأنه من خلال صوره المركَّزة الشافة يتيح لنا نظرة جديدة إلى الواقع».[1]سيرته ولد في ستوكهولم في 15 أبريل 1931 وأتم فيها الثانوية، وتخرج من جامعة ستوكهولم (en) باختصاص علم النفس في سنة 1956، وعمل باختصاصه في سجن للأحداث ثم مع أشخاص حصلت لديهم إصابات وخيمة في مكان العمل ومع مدمنين على المخدرات، وقبل أن يصاب بسكتة كان اختصاصياً معروفاً في علم النفس. ترانسترومر عازف بيانو ماهر. بعد أن أصيب بسكتة في بداية تسعينات القرن العشرين ترافقت بفالج في الجهة اليمنى من الجسم وحبسة كلامية، تعلم الكتابة بيده اليسرى وصار يعزف الموسيقا لليد اليسرى، وقد ألف بعض هذه الموسيقا مؤلفون معاصرون له خصيصاً. قضى أغلب عمره في مدينة فيستيروس، وفي الوقت الحاضر يعيش في ستوكهولم مع زوجته مونيكا. أعماله بدأ كتابة الشعر وهو في الثالثة عشرة، ونشر أول مجموعة شعرية بعنوان «17 قصيدة» في سنة 1954، وله حالياً 12 كتاباً شعرياً ونثرياً، ونثره يشبه الشعر. قبل أن ينشر شعره اشتهر كمترجم لشعر السرياليين الفرنسيين مثل أندريه بريتون (en). حصل ترانسترومر على جميع الجوائز الأساسية التي تمنح في الدول الاسكندنافية، وعلى جوائز أوروبية مثل جائزة بترارك (en) في سنة 1981 والإكليل الذهبي[2] في سنة 2003، وعلى جائزة نوبل في الأدب في عام 2011. ترجمت أعماله إلى اللغة العربية مرتين: في سنة 2003 ترجم الشاعر العراقي المقيم في السويد علي ناصر كنانة مختارات من شعره بعنوان «ليلاً على سفر» (نشرتها «المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر»)[3] ثم في سنة 2005 ترجم قاسم حمادي أعماله الكاملة (في حينها)، وراجعها أدونيس، وصدرت عن «دار بدايات».[4] جائزة نوبل في الآداب للعام 2011 منح ترانسترومر جائزة نوبل في الآداب للعام 2011، هو الفائز رقم 108 بالجائزة،[5] وأول سويدي يفوز بها منذ 1974. وقال أمين أكاديمية نوبل "أن أعمال توماس تعيد قراءة الذاكرة والتاريخ والموت بشكل أعمق". وقال أن اسمه كان مطروحاً في كل سنة منذ 1993.[6] Tomas Gösta Tranströmer (Swedish: [ˈtʊːmas ˈjœsˈta ˈtrɑːnˈstrœmər]; born 15 April 1931) is a Swedish poet, psychologist and translator. His poems capture the long Swedish winters, the rhythm of the seasons and the palpable, atmospheric beauty of nature.[1] Tranströmer's work is also characterized by a sense of mystery and wonder underlying the routine of everyday life, a quality which often gives his poems a religious dimension.[2] Indeed, he has been described as a Christian poet.[3] Early lifeTranströmer is acclaimed as one of the most important Scandinavian writers since the Second World War. Critics have praised his poetry for its accessibility, even in translation.[1] His poetry has been translated into over 60 languages.[1] He is the recipient of the 1990 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Literature.[4] Tranströmer was born in Stockholm in 1931 and raised by his mother, a schoolteacher, following her divorce from his father ] PoetryHe received his secondary education at the Södra Latin School in Stockholm, where he began writing poetry. In addition to selected journal publications, his first collection of poems, 17 Poems was published in 1954. He continued his education at Stockholm University, graduating as a psychologist in 1956 with additional studies in history, religion, and literature.[4] Between 1960 and 1966, Tranströmer split his time between working as a psychologist at the Roxtuna center for juvenile offenders and writing poetry.[4] Tranströmer is considered to be one of the "most influential Scandinavian poet[s] of recent decades".[4] Tranströmer has published 15 collected works over his career, which have been translated into over 60 languages.[4] An English translation by Robin Fulton of his entire body of work, New Collected Poems, was published in the UK in 1987 and expanded in 1997. Following the publication of The Great Enigma, Fulton's edition was further expanded into The Great Enigma: New Collected Poems, published in the US in 2006 and as an updated edition of New Collected Poems[6] in the UK in 2011. He published a short autobiography, Minnena ser mig (The Memories see me), in 1993. During the 1950s, Tranströmer became close friends with poet Robert Bly. The two corresponded frequently, and Bly would translate Tranströmer's poems into English. Bonniers, Tranströmer's publisher, released Air Mail, a work consisting of Tranströmer and Bly's mail, in 2001.[4] The Syrian poet Adunis helped spread Tranströmer's fame in the Arab world, accompanying him on readings.[7] يتيم اجتماعي بسبب طلاق والديه. يتيم اجتماعي. |
غوان موييه (الصينية المبسطة: 管谟业; الصينية التقليدية: 管謨業; نظام الكتابة الصينية: Guǎn Móyè) المعروف باسمه الأدبي مو يان (الصينية: 莫言; نظام الكتابة الصينية: Mò Yán العربية: «لا تتحدث» أو «الساكت» أو «اسكت») (ولد في فبراير 17، 1955)، هو كاتب صيني، يوصف بأنه "واحد من أشهر الادباء الصينيين وبأن أعماله من أكثر الأعمال التي تمنع السلطات الصينية نشرها".مو يان روائى صينى اسمه الحقيقي جوان موى من أسرة ريفية في شمال شرق الصين،بعد أن انتهى من دراسته الابتدائية اتجه إلى زراعة الأرض،واستكمل في هذة الأثناء دراسته الثانوية .وفي عام 1976 انضم إلى القوات المسلحة الشعبية للتحرير. وبدت موهبتة الابداعية في مجالات مختلفة،خاصة الرواية والقصة القصيرة من أعمالة : "خطة فول الصويا"1990 مخدع من البللور 1993 النجار 1993 ثلاث عشرة خطوة 1995 ومن بين مجموعاته القصصية النهر والغلطة المرجع موسوعة أدباء نهاية القرن العشرين -محمود قاسم - الدار المصرية اللبنانية ولد مو يان في بلدة شمال غاوما في مقاطعة شاندونغ لعائلة من المزارعين. ترك المدرسة أثناء الثورة الثقافية ليعمل في مصنع ينتج البترول. التحق بجيش التحرير الشعبي في العشرين من عمره، وبدأ الكتابة وهو مايزال جنديا، في العام 1981. بعد ثلاث سنوات بدأ يعمل كمعلم في قسم الآداب بأكاديمية الجيش الثقافية. في 1991 حصل على درجة الماجسير في الآداب من جامعة بكين للمعلمين. في 2012 حاز على جائزة نوبل في الأدب. قالت عنه لجنة نوبل للأدب "الذي يدمج الهلوسة الواقعية بالحكايات الشعبية، والتاريخ والمعاصرة". الاسم القلميمو يان تعني بالصينية "لا تتحدث"، وهو اسمه الأدبي. وفي كلمة القاها في جامعة هونغ كونغ المفتوحة، قال مو إنه اختار هذا الاسم عندما كتب روايته الأولى. وأضاف أنه يعلم أن الحديث العلني الصريح غير مرغوب به في الصين، ولهذا اختار هذا الاسم حتى لا يتحدث كثيرا. Guan Moye (simplified Chinese: 管谟业; traditional Chinese: 管謨業; pinyin: Guǎn Móyè; born 17 February 1955), better known by the pen name Mo Yan (Chinese: 莫言; pinyin: Mò Yán), is a Chinese novelist and short story writer. He has been referred by Donald Morrison of U.S. news magazine TIME as "one of the most famous, oft-banned and widely pirated of all Chinese writers",[2] and by Jim Leach[who?] as the Chinese answer to Franz Kafka or Joseph Heller.[3] He is best known to Western readers for his 1987 novel Red Sorghum Clan, in which the Red Sorghum and Sorghum Wine volumes were later adapted for the film Red Sorghum. In 2012, Mo was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work as a writer "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary". Biography Mo Yan was born in 1955, in Gaomi County in Shandong province to a family of farmers, in Dalan Township (which he fictionalised in his novels as "Northeast Township" of Gaomi County). He left school during the Cultural Revolution to work in a factory that produced petroleum. After the Cultural Revolution he joined the People's Liberation Army (PLA), and began writing while he was still a soldier, in 1981. Three years later, he was given a teaching position at the Department of Literature in the PLA Academy of Art and Literature, where he published his first novella, A Transparent Radish (1984). In 1991, he obtained a master's degree in Literature from Beijing Normal University. Pen name "Mo Yan" — meaning "don't speak" in Chinese — is his pen name. In an interview with Jim Leach, chairman of the National Endowment for the Humanities, he explains that name comes from a warning from his father and mother not to speak his mind while outside, because of China's revolutionary political situation from the 1950s, when he grew up. The pen name also relates to the subject matter of Mo Yan's writings, which reinterpret Chinese political and sexual history. من موليد عام 1955 اي في خضم سنوات الثورة الثقافية التي كانت مثل الكابوس . اخيار اسم " لا تتكلم " يشير الى تلك الظروف الصعبة حتما. لا يعرف تفاصيل طفلته ولا متى مات والديه لكن يمكننا اعتباره مأزوم بسبب ظروف الثورة الثقافية والاستبداد الذي شهدته الصين في طفولته. مأزوم. |
نتائج البيانات الاحصائية لعينة الفائزون بجائزة نوبل: 1- رينه سوليبرودوم .... مأزوم. 2- تيودورمومسن.....................مجهول الطفولة. 3- بيورنستيرنبيورنسون..... مجهول الطفولة. 4- فردريكميسترال..... مجهول الطفولة 5- خوسيهإتشيغاراي...... مجهول الطفولة 6- هنريكسينكيفيتش...... مأزوم . 7- جوزويهكاردوتشي..... يتيم الاب في سن 21+. 8- رودياردكبلنغ..... يتيم اجتماعي. 9- رودلفأوكن...... يتيم الاب وهو صغير. 10- سلمى لاغرلوف.....مأزومة. 11- بولفون هايس....... مجهول الطفولة 12- موريسماترلينك.... مأزوم. 13- غرهارتهاوبتمان.... مجهول الطفولة. 14- رابندراناثطاغور... يتيم الام في سن الـ 13 . 15- عام 1914 ....محجوبة 16- رومان رولان.... مجهول الطفولة 17- فرنر فونهايدنستام.... مأزوم. 18-كارل غيلوروب...... يتيم الاب في سنالثالثة. 19- هنريك بونتوبيدان.... مأزوم. 20- 1918 محجوبة 21- كارل شبيتلر.... يتيم اجتماعي. 22- كنوت همسون.... يتيم اجتماعي. 23- أناتول فرانس...مجهولالطفولة. 24-خاسينتو بينابنتي.... يتيم الاب في سن 16. 25- ويليام بتلر ييتس.....مأزوم. 26- فواديسوافريمونت.... مأزوم. 27- جورج برنارد شو.... يتيم اجتماعي . 28-غراتسيا ديليدا....... يتيمة الاب في سن 21. 29- هنري برغسون ....... مجهول الطفولة. 30-سيغريدأوندست .... يتيمة الاب وعمرها 11سنة. 31-بول توماس مان.... يتيم الاب وعمره 16 سنة. 32- سنكليرلويس.... يتيمالام في سن السادسة. 33-اريك أكسل كارلفلت........ يتيم الاب ي سن 19. 34-جون غلزورثي........؟ 35- إيفان بونين....... مأزوم. 36- لويجي بيرانديلو..... مأزوم. 37- يوجينأونيل...مأزوم. 38- روجه مارتين دو غار.... مجهول الطفولة. 39- بيرل بوك......... مأزومة. 40- فرانس إيميل سيلانبا...... مأزوم. |
تابع ....نتائج البيانات الاحصائية لعينة الفائزون بجائزة نوبل: 52- هالدورلاكسنس.... مجهول الطفولة.41-يوهانس فلهلم ينسن..... مجهول الطفولة. 42-غبريالا ميسترال..... يتيمة الاب في سن الثالثة. 43-هيرمان هسه........ مأزوم. 44-أندريهجيد.......... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 11. 45-توماس ستيرنز إليوت........ مأزوم. 46-ويليام كتبيرت فوكنر.... مأزوم. 47- برتراند أرثر ويليام راسل.... لطيم ...اي يتيم الاب والام فيسنوات الثانية والرابعة 48-بار لاغركفيست........ مأزوم. 49-فرنسوا مورياك......... يتيم الاب في سن الثانية. 50-نستون تشرشل......... يتم الاب في سن الـ 21. 51-إرنست ميلر همينغوي.... مأزوم. 53- خوان رامون خيمينيثمانتيكون يتيم الاب في سنالـ 18 . 54- ألبير كامو......... يتيم الاب في عامهالاول.55-بوريس ليونيدوفيتش باسترناك... مأزوم. 56- كواسيمودو،سالفاتوري... مجهولالطفولة. 57-سان جون بيرس.... يتيمالاب في سن الـ 20 . 58-إيفو أندريتش.... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 2 59- جون شتاينبيك -أو ستاينبيك.... ليس يتيم . 60-جيورجيوس سفريس... مأزوم. 61-جان-بول شارل ايمارد سارتر .... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 2 62-ميخائيل شولوخوف......... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 20. 63-نيلي زاكس......... مأزومة 64-شموئيل يوسيف عجنون....مجهول الطفولة 65-ميغل أنخل أستورياس.... مأزوم. 66-ياسوناري كواباتا..... لطيم في سن الـ 2 67-صمويل باركلى بيكيت.... مأزوم. 68-ألكسندر سولجنيتسين.... يتيمالاب قبل الولادة. 69- بابلونيرودا. يتيم الام السنة الـ 1 بعد شهرين من الولادة 70-هاينريش بول..... مأزوم. 71-باتريك وايت..... مأزوم. 72-إيفند يونسون..... يتيم في سنالرابعة. 73-هاري مارتنسون..... يتيم الاب والام في سن السادسة. 74- أوجينيو مونتالي...... مجهول الطفولة. 75-سول بيلو.......... يتيم الام في سنالسابعة عشرة. 76-فيسنته ألكسندر........ مأزوم 77-إساكسنجر.......... يتيم اجتماعي . 78-أوديسو إليتيس.... مأزوم. 79- تشيسلاف ميلوش....مجهول الطفولة. 80-إلياس كانيتي.... يتيم الاب في سن الس 7 |
81-غابرييل خوسيه غارسيا ماركيز..... يتيم اجتماعي. 82- وليام غولدنغ..... مجهول الطفولة. 83- ياروسلاف سيفرت..... مجهول الطفولة. 84- كلود سيمون........... يتيم الاب في سن الاولى ...1 .، ويتيم الام في السنة الـ 2......لطيم. 85- وولي سوينكا.............؟ 86- يوسف ألكسندروفيتش برودسكي........ مأزوم. 87- نجيب محفوظ........... مأزوم. 88- كاميلو خوسيه ثيلا..... مجهول الطفولة. 89- أُكتافيو باث......... يتيم الاب وهو صغير. 90- نادين غورديمير........... مأزومة. 91- دريك والكوت..........يتم الاب قبل الولادة . 92- توني موريسون.......... مأزومة. 93- كنزابورو أوي.... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 9. 94- شيموس جستين هيني..... مأزوم. 95- فيسوافا شيمبورسكا.... مجهولة الطفولة. 96- داريو فو............؟ 97- جوزيه دي سوزا ساراماغو..... مجهول الطفولة. 98- غونتر غراس..... مأزوم. 99- جاو كسينغجيان..... مأزوم. 100- فيديادر سوراجبراساد نيبول..... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 21 . 101- ايمري كيرتيش.... مأزوم. 102- جون ماكسويل كويتزي...... مأزوم. 103- الفريدي يلينيك.... مأزومة. 104- هارولد بنتر .... مأزوم. 105- أورخان باموق..... يتيم الاب قبل سن 22 106- دوريس ليسينغ.... يتيمة اجتماعية. 107- جان ماري غوستاف لو كليزيو.... يتيم اجتماعي. 108- هيرتا مولر .... مأزومة. 109- ماريو بارغاسيوسا .... يتيم اجتماعي. 110- توماس يوستاترانسترومر... يتيم اجتماعي. 111- غوان موييه ......... مأزوم |
الايتام فعليا: 1- جوزويهكاردوتشي..... يتيم الاب في سن 21+. 2- رودلفأوكن...... يتيم الاب وهو صغير. 3- رابندراناثطاغور... يتيم الام في سن الـ 13 . 4- كارل غيلوروب...... يتيم الاب في سنالثالثة. 5- خاسينتو بينابنتي.... يتيم الاب في سن 16. 6- غراتسيا ديليدا....... يتيمة الاب في سن 21. 7- سيغريدأوندست .... يتيمة الاب وعمرها 11سنة. 8- بول توماس مان.... يتيم الاب وعمره 16سنة. 9- سنكليرلويس.... يتيمالام في سن السادسة. 10- اريك أكسل كارلفلت........ يتيم الاب يسن 19. 12- غبريالا ميسترال..... يتيمة الاب في سنالثالثة. 12- أندريهجيد.......... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 11. 13- برتراند أرثر ويليام راسل.... لطيم ...اي يتيم الاب والام فيسنوات الثانيةوالرابعة. 14- فرنسوا مورياك......... يتيم الاب في سنالثانية. 15- نستون تشرشل......... يتم الاب في سن الـ 21. 16- خوان رامون خيمينيثمانتيكون يتيم الاب في سنالـ 18 . 17- ألبير كامو......... يتيم الاب في عامهالاول. 18- سان جون بيرس.... يتيمالاب في سنالـ 20 . 19- إيفو أندريتش.... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 2 20- جان-بول شارل ايمارد سارتر .... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 2 21- ميخائيل شولوخوف......... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 20. 22- ياسوناري كواباتا..... لطيم في سن الـ 2 23- ألكسندر سولجنيتسين.... يتيمالاب قبل الولادة. 24- بابلونيرودا. يتيم الام السنة الـ 1بعد شهرينمن الولادة 25- إيفند يونسون..... يتيم في سنالرابعة. 26- هاري مارتنسون..... يتيم الاب والام في سنالسادسة. 27- سول بيلو.......... يتيم الام في سنالسابعة عشرة. 28- إلياس كانيتي.... يتيم الاب في سنالس 7 29- كلودسيمون........... يتيم الاب في سن الاولى ...1، ويتيم الام في السنة الـ 2......لطيم. 30- أُكتافيو باث......... يتيم الاب وهوصغير. 31- دريك والكوت..........يتم الابقبل الولادة . 32- كنزابورو أوي.... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 9. 33- فيديادر سوراجبراساد نيبول..... يتيم الاب في سن الـ 21 . 34- أورخان باموق..... يتيم الاب قبل سن 22. |
الايتام اجتماعيا : 1- رودياردكبلنغ..... يتيماجتماعي. 2- كارل شبيتلر.... يتيم اجتماعي. 3- كنوت همسون.... يتيم اجتماعي. 4- جورج برنارد شو.... يتيماجتماعي . 5- إساكسنجر.......... يتيم اجتماعي . 6- دوريس ليسينغ.... يتيمة اجتماعية. 7- جان ماري غوستاف لو كليزيو.... يتيماجتماعي. 8- ماريو بارغاسيوسا.... يتيم اجتماعي. 9- توماس يوستاترانسترومر... يتيم اجتماعي |
المأزومين : 1- رينه سوليبرودوم .... مأزوم. 2- هنريكسينكيفيتش...... مأزوم . 3- سلمىلاغرلوف.....مأزومة. 4- موريسماترلينك.... مأزوم. 5- فرنر فونهايدنستام.... مأزوم. 6- هنريكبونتوبيدان.... مأزوم. 7- ويليام بتلر ييتس.....مأزوم. 8- فواديسوافريمونت.... مأزوم. 9- إيفان بونين....... مأزوم. 10- لويجي بيرانديلو..... مأزوم. 11- يوجينأونيل...مأزوم. 12- بيرل بوك......... مأزومة. 13- فرانس إيميل سيلانبا...... مأزوم. 14- هيرمان هسه........ مأزوم. 15- توماس ستيرنز إليوت........ مأزوم. 16- ويليام كتبيرت فوكنر.... مأزوم. 17- بار لاغركفيست........ مأزوم. 18- إرنست ميلر همينغوي.... مأزوم. 19- بوريس ليونيدوفيتش باسترناك... مأزوم. 20- جيورجيوس سفريس... مأزوم. 21- نيلي زاكس......... مأزومة 22- ميغل أنخل أستورياس.... مأزوم. 23- صمويل باركلى بيكيت.... مأزوم. 24- هاينريش بول..... مأزوم. 25- باتريك وايت..... مأزوم. 26- فيسنته ألكسندر........ مأزوم 27- أوديسو إليتيس.... مأزوم. 28- غابرييل خوسيه غارسياماركيز..... يتيم اجتماعي. 29- يوسفألكسندروفيتش برودسكي........ مأزوم. 30- نجيب محفوظ........... مأزوم. 31- نادين غورديمير........... مأزومة. 32- تونيموريسون.......... مأزومة. 33- شيموس جستين هيني..... مأزوم. 34- غونتر غراس..... مأزوم. 35- جاو كسينغجيان..... مأزوم. 36- ايمري كيرتيش.... مأزوم. 37- جون ماكسويلكويتزي.....مأزوم. 38- الفريدي يلينيك.... مأزومة. 39- هارولد بنتر .... مأزوم. 40- هيرتا مولر .... مأزومة. 41- غوانموييه ......... مأزوم. |
مجهولي الطفولة: 1- تيودورمومسن..............مجهول الطفولة. 2- بيورنستيرنبيورنسون..... مجهول الطفولة. 3- فردريكميسترال..... مجهول الطفولة 4- خوسيهإتشيغاراي...... مجهول الطفولة 5- بولفون هايس....... مجهول الطفولة 6- غرهارتهاوبتمان.... مجهول الطفولة. 7- رومان رولان.... مجهول الطفولة 8- أناتول فرانس...مجهولالطفولة. 9- هنري برغسون ....... مجهول الطفولة. 10- روجه مارتين دوغار.... مجهول الطفولة. 11- يوهانس فلهلمينسن..... مجهول الطفولة. 12- هالدورلاكسنس.... مجهول الطفولة. 13- كواسيمودو،سالفاتوري... مجهولالطفولة. 14- شموئيل يوسيف عجنون....مجهولالطفولة 15- أوجينيو مونتالي...... مجهولالطفولة. 16- تشيسلاف ميلوش....مجهول الطفولة. 17- وليام غولدنغ..... مجهولالطفولة. 18- ياروسلاف سيفرت..... مجهولالطفولة. 19- كاميلوخوسيه ثيلا..... مجهول الطفولة. 20- فيسوافا شيمبورسكا.... مجهولة الطفولة. 21- جوزيه دي سوزا ساراماغو.... مجهول الطفولة. |
| الساعة الآن 10:50 AM |
Powered by vBulletin® Copyright ©2000 - 2024, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.